Array ( [0] => {{Short description|8th-century Indian Buddhist monk and scholar}} [1] => {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}} [2] => {{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}} [3] => {{infobox religious biography/Wikidata [4] => | fetchwikidata=ALL [5] => | religion = [[Buddhism]] [6] => }} [7] => [8] => '''Shantideva''' ([[Sanskrit]]: Śāntideva; {{zh|c=寂天}}; {{bo|t=ཞི་བ་ལྷ།|s=Zhiwa Lha}}; {{lang-mn|Шантидэва гэгээн}}; {{lang-vi|Tịch Thiên}}) was an 8th-century CE [[Indian philosophy|Indian philosopher]], [[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monk]], [[poet]], and [[scholar]] at the [[mahavihara]] of [[Nalanda]]. He was an adherent of the [[Madhyamaka|Mādhyamaka]] philosophy of [[Nagarjuna|Nāgārjuna]]. [9] => [10] => He is also considered to be one of the 84 [[mahasiddhas]] and is known as '''Bhusuku Pa''' (布苏固巴).{{cite book|author=Donald S. Lopez Jr. |title=Seeing the Sacred in Samsara: An Illustrated Guide to the Eighty-Four Mahasiddhas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emWMDwAAQBAJ|date=28 May 2019|publisher=Shambhala|isbn=978-0-8348-4212-0|page=125}} [11] => [12] => ==Biography== [13] => [[File:Shantideva.jpg|thumb|Shantideva]] [14] => The ''Zhansi Lun'' of the [[East Asian Mādhyamaka]] identifies two different individuals given the name "Shantideva": the founder of the Avaivartika [[Mahayana|Mahāyān]]ika [[Sangha]] in 6th century CE (in [[Samataṭa]], modern [[Bangladesh]]) and a later Shantideva who studied at [[Nalanda]] in the 8th century CE and appears to be the source of the Tibetan biographies. Archaeological discoveries support this thesis.{{cite book |last=Rahsid |first=More Harunur |year=2012 |chapter=Deva Dynasty |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Deva_Dynasty |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}[http://www.shantideva.net/index.html Bodhicaryāvatāra Historical Project] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306210334/http://www.shantideva.net/index.html |date=6 March 2016 }} Two [[Tibet]]an sources of the life of Shantideva are the historians [[Buton Rinchen Drub]] and [[Taranatha|Tāranātha]]. Recent scholarship has brought to light a short Sanskrit life of Shantideva in a 14th-century CE Nepalese manuscript.{{citation |last=Pezzali |first=Amalia |title=Śāntideva Mystjique buddhiste des VII et VIIIe siècles |location=Florence |publisher=Vallechi Edtore |year=1968}} An accessible account that follows the Butön closely can be found in Kunzang Pelden, ''The Nectar of Manjushri's speech''.{{citation |author=Shantideva |title=The Way of the Bodhisattva |others=translated by the Padmakara Translation Group |location=Boston l|publisher=Shambala |year=1997 |isbn=1-57062-253-1}} [15] => [16] => Shantideva was born in the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurastra]] (in modern [[Gujarat]]), son of King Kalyanavarman, and he went by the name Śantivarman.{{citation| author=Kunzang Pelden |title=The Nectar of Manjushri's Speech. A Detailed Commentary on Shantideva's Way of the Bodhisattva |page=17 |publisher=Shambala Publications |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-59030-439-6}} [17] => [18] => According to [[Pema Chödrön]], "Shantideva was not well liked at Nalanda."{{cite web|title=Cutting Ties: The Fruits of Solitude|url=http://tricycle.org/magazine/cutting-ties-fruits-solitude |publisher=[[Tricycle: The Buddhist Review]]|access-date=28 October 2015}} [19] => [20] => {{quote|Apparently he was one of those people who didn't show up for anything, never studying or coming to practice sessions. His fellow monks said that his three "realizations" were eating, sleeping, and shitting.}} [21] => [22] => After being goaded into giving a talk to the entire university body, Shantideva delivered ''[[Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra|The Way of the Bodhisattva]]''. [23] => [24] => ==Works== [25] => [26] => ===''Śikṣāsamuccaya''=== [27] => The ''Śikṣāsamuccaya'' ("Training Anthology") is a prose work in nineteen chapters. It is organized as a commentary on twenty-seven short mnemonic verses known as the ''Śikṣāsamuccaya Kārikā''. It consists primarily of quotations (of varying length) from sūtras, authoritative texts considered to be the [[buddhavacana|word of the Buddha]] — generally those sūtras associated with Mahāyāna tradition, including the ''[[Samadhiraja Sutra]]''.{{citation |url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/santideva/ |author=Amod Lele |title=Śāntideva |encyclopedia=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy}} [28] => [29] => ===''Bodhicaryavatara''=== [30] => Shantideva is particularly renowned as the author of the ''[[Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra]]''. A variety of English translations exist, sometimes glossed as "A Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life" or "Entering the Path of Enlightenment."{{cite book | title=The Way of the Bodhisattva: A Translation of the Bodhicharyavatara | translator=the Padmakara Translation Group | publisher=Shambhala Publications | date=2003 | isbn=1590300572}} It is a long poem describing the process of enlightenment from the first thought to full [[buddhahood]] and is still studied by [[Mahayana]] and [[Vajrayana]] Buddhists today. [31] => [32] => An introduction to and commentary on the ''Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra'' by the [[14th Dalai Lama]] called ''A Flash of Lightning in the Dark of Night'' was printed in 1994. A commentary on the Patience chapter was provided by the Dalai Lama in ''Healing Anger'' (1997), and his commentaries on the Wisdom chapter can be found in ''Practicing Wisdom'' (2004). [http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Khenpo_Kunzang_Palden Kunzang Palden] has written a commentary based on that given by [[Patrul Rinpoche]], translated by the Padmakara Translation Group. Patrul Rinpoche was a wandering monk of great scholarship, who dedicated his life to the propagation of the ''Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra''.{{citation |author=Kunzang Palden |title=The Nectar of Manjushri's Speech. A Detailed Commentary on Shantideva's Way of the Bodhisattva |publisher=Shambala Publications |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-59030-439-6}} [33] => [34] => ==Philosophical views== [35] => [36] => ===Personal identity and free will=== [37] => [38] => Following the Buddha, Śāntideva understood that our innate investment in an inherent, personal, self or essence is not only groundless but toxic. Goodman suggests that Śāntideva also touches on the problem of [[free will]] in the ''Bodhicaryāvatāra'', writing that "whatever transgressions (aparādha) and vile actions (pāpa) there are, all arise through the power of conditioning factors, while there is nothing that arises independently."{{Citation |last=Goodman |first=Charles |title=Śāntideva |date=2016 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2016/entries/shantideva/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |edition=Fall 2016 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=2022-07-15}} [39] => [40] => ===Ethical views=== [41] => [42] => In line with his views on personal identity and the nature of the self, Śāntideva wrote that one ought to "stop all the present and future pain and suffering of all sentient beings, and to bring about all present and future pleasure and happiness", in what may have been "the very earliest clearly articulated statement of that view, preceding Jeremy Bentham by approximately a thousand years". [43] => [44] => His basis for preferring altruism over egoism was that "the continuum of consciousness, like a queue, and the combination of constituents, like an army, are not real. The person who experiences suffering does not exist." Similarly, he asks, "when happiness is dear to me and others equally, what is so special about me that I strive after happiness only for myself?" [45] => ==Ancestral debate== [46] => [[Haraprasad Shastri]] considered him as [[Bengalis|Bengali]] for writing this poem: "Aji Bhusuku Bangali hoilii, nio ghorini Chondaley lelii" আজি ভুসুকু বঙ্গালী হইলী। নিঅ ঘরিণী চন্ডালে লেলী" (Because of bhusuku being bengal, today Chandal has taken away his wife) but [[Muhammad Shahidullah]] denied this opinion.Source: History of Bengali Literature, [[Mahbubul Alam (writer)|Mahbubul Alam]]. [47] => [48] => ==Footnotes== [49] => {{Reflist}} [50] => [51] => ==References== [52] => [53] => *{{citation | author=Shantideva |title=The Way of the Bodhisattva |others=translated by the Padmakara Translation Group |location=Boston |publisher=Shambala |year=1997 |isbn=1-57062-253-1 }} [54] => *{{citation |author=Shantideva |title=Guide to the Bodhisattva's way of life : how to enjoy a life of great meaning and altruism |others=translation from Tibetan into English by Neil Elliot |location=Ulverston (UK); Glen Spey, N.Y. |publisher=Tharpa |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-948006-89-0 }} [55] => *{{citation |author=Pema Chödrön |author-link=Pema Chödrön |title=No Time to Lose: A Timely Guide to the Way of the Bodhisattva |others=commentary on Shantideva's ''Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life'' |location=Boston |publisher=Shambhala |year=2005 |isbn=1-59030-135-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/notimetolosetime0000chdr }} [56] => *{{citation |author=Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama) |author-link=14th Dalai Lama |title=A Flash of Lightning in the Dark of Night: A Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life |others=Commentary on Shantideva's ''Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life'' |location=Boston |publisher=Shambhala |year=1994 |isbn=0-87773-971-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/flashoflightning00bsta }} [57] => *{{citation |author=Geshe Kelsang Gyatso |author-link=Geshe Kelsang Gyatso |title=Meaningful to Behold – The Bodhisattva's Way of Life |location=Ulverston (UK); Glen Spey, N.Y. |publisher=Tharpa |year=1980 |isbn=0-948006-35-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/meaningfultobeho00kels }} [58] => *{{citation |author=Geshe Kelsang Gyatso |author-link=Geshe Kelsang Gyatso |title=How to Solve Our Human Problems |publisher=Tharpa Publications |orig-year=2005 |year=2007 |edition=US |isbn=978-0-9789067-1-9 }} [59] => *{{citation |author1=K. Crosby |author2=A. Skilton |title=The Bodhicaryāvatāra |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=0-19-282979-3 }} [60] => *{{citation |author=Stephen Batchelor |author-link=Stephen Batchelor (author) |title=A Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life |location=Dharamsala |publisher=Library of Tibetan Works and Archives |year=1979 }} [61] => *{{citation |author=Kunzang Pelden |title=The Nectar of Manjushri's Speech. A Detailed Commentary on Shantideva's Way of the Bodhisattva |publisher=Shambala Publications |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-59030-439-6 }} [62] => * Śāntideva, Cecil Bendall and W. H. D. Rouse (trans)(1922). [https://archive.org/details/sikshasamuccayac00santuoft Śikshā-samuccaya: a compendium of Buddhist doctrine], compiled by Śāntideva chiefly from earlier Mahāyāna Sūtras. London: Murray [63] => * [https://indica-et-buddhica.org/academic-author/publications/mahoney-richard Of the progresse of the Bodhisattva: the bodhisattvamārga in the Śikṣāsamuccaya] / Richard Mahoney (Oxford: Indica et Buddhica, 2016) {{ISBN|978-0-473-37538-6}}, 978-0-473-40931-9 &c. [64] => * L. D. Barnett (trans) (1909 ). [https://archive.org/details/pathoflight00santiala "The Path of light rendered for the first time into Engl. from the Bodhicharyāvatāra of Śānti-Deva: a manual of Mahā-yāna Buddhism"], New York, Dutton [65] => [66] => ==External links== [67] => {{wikiquote}} [68] => {{Wikisourcelang|bn|লেখক:ভুসুকুপাদ}} [69] => * [https://www.wisdomlib.org/buddhism/book/bodhisattva-cary%C4%81vat%C4%81ra/index.html Śāntideva's Bodhisattva-caryāvatāra] English translation; Readable HTML. [70] => * [http://www.iep.utm.edu/santideva/ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Shantideva by Amod Lele] [71] => * [http://www.audiodharma.org/mp3files/2003-10-27_StephenBatchelor_Shantideva.mp3 Talk about Shantideva by Stephen Batchelor] [72] => * [http://studybuddhism.com/en/tibetan-buddhism/original-texts/sutra-texts/engaging-in-bodhisattva-behavior/the-benefits-of-bodhichitta Engaging in Bodhisattva Behavior, full unpublished translation of the Bodhicaryavatara by Alexander Berzin] [73] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111227143833/http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/nyingma-masters/patrul-rinpoche/bodhicharyavatara-brightly-shining-sun Commentary to Bodhicaryavatara by Patrul Rinpoche (in English )] [74] => * [http://indica-et-buddhica.org/repositorium/santideva/siksasamuccaya-sanskrit-digital-text Śikṣāsamuccaya of Śāntideva: Sanskrit Buddhist text] [75] => * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Shantideva}} [76] => * {{Librivox author |id=10460}} [77] => [78] => {{Buddhism topics}} [79] => {{Bodhisattvas}} [80] => [81] => {{Authority control}} [82] => [83] => [[Category:Bodhisattvas]] [84] => [[Category:8th-century Buddhists]] [85] => [[Category:Indian Buddhist yogis]] [86] => [[Category:Indian scholars of Buddhism]] [87] => [[Category:Indian Buddhist monks]] [88] => [[Category:Mahasiddhas]] [89] => [[Category:Monks of Nalanda]] [90] => [[Category:Mahayana Buddhists]] [91] => [[Category:Madhyamaka scholars]] [92] => [[Category:Scholars from Gujarat]] [93] => [[Category:7th-century births]] [94] => [[Category:8th-century deaths]] [95] => [[Category:Year of death unknown]] [96] => [[Category:8th-century Indian philosophers]] [97] => [[Category:8th-century Indian monks]] [98] => [[Category:Consequentialists]] [99] => [[Category:Poets of Charyapada]] [] => )
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Shantideva

Shantideva (Sanskrit: Śāntideva; ; ; Шантидэва гэгээн; Tịch Thiên) was an 8th-century CE Indian philosopher, Buddhist monk, poet, and scholar at the mahavihara of Nalanda. He was an adherent of the Mādhyamaka philosophy of Nāgārjuna.

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Sanskrit is an ancient Indo-Aryan language that originated in the Indian subcontinent around 2,500 years ago.