Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Ancient Indian physician and surgeon}} [1] => {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}} [2] => {{Use Indian English|date = April 2017}} [3] => {{Infobox academic [4] => | name = Sushruta [5] => | image = Susruta. Pen drawing. Wellcome V0006619.jpg [6] => | caption = Sketch of Sushruta [7] => | birth_name = [8] => | birth_date = {{circa|mid 1st millennium BCE}} [9] => | birth_place = [[Kingdom of Kashi]]''Compendium of Suśruta'' [10] => | death_date = [11] => | death_place = [12] => | body_discovered = [13] => | death_cause = [14] => | discipline = {{hlist |[[Medicine]]|[[Dentistry]]|[[Obstetrics and gynaecology]]}} [15] => | known_for = Author of ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]'' [16] => | native_name_lang = Sanskrit [17] => | workplaces = Banaras University{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1177/0967772016643463|title = Sushruta: Father of plastic surgery in Benares|year = 2019|last1 = Bath|first1 = Khushbir|last2 = Aggarwal|first2 = Sourabh|last3 = Sharma|first3 = Vishal|journal = Journal of Medical Biography|volume = 27|issue = 1|pages = 2–3|pmid = 27885151|s2cid = 6074657}} [18] => | honorific_prefix = [[Maharshi]] [19] => }} [20] => [21] => '''Sushruta''' ({{lang-sa|सुश्रुत|lit=well heard}}, {{IAST3|Suśruta}}{{Cite book|title = A Sanskrit-English Dictionary|last = Monier-Williams|first = Monier|publisher = Clarendon Press|year = 1899|location = Oxford|pages = 1237|url = http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw1237-suvarNya.jpg}}) is the listed author of the ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]'' (''Sushruta's Compendium''), a treatise considered to be one of the most important surviving ancient treatises on medicine and is considered a foundational text of [[Ayurveda]].{{cite book |last1=Wujastyk |first1=Dominik |title=The Roots of Ayurveda |date=2003 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-044824-5 |oclc=708372480 }}{{pn|date=April 2023}} The treatise addresses all aspects of general medicine, but the impressive chapters on surgery have led to the false impression that this is its main topic. The translator G. D. Singhal dubbed Suśruta "the father of plastic surgery" on account of these detailed accounts of surgery.{{Cite book|last1=Susruta |title=Susruta-samhita|last2=Singh|first2=K. P|last3=Singh|first3=L. M|last4=Singhal|first4=G. D|last5=Udupa|first5=K. N|date=1972|publisher=G.D. Singhal |location=Allahabad|language=Sanskrit|oclc=956916023}}{{pn|date=April 2023}}{{cite book |last1=Singhal |first1=G.D. |last2=Dwivedi |first2=R.N. |title=Toxicological Considerations in ancient Indian surgery |series=Ancient Indian Surgery Series ;7 |date=1976 |publisher=Singhal Publications |hdl=2027/mdp.39015019929879 |oclc=581768392 }}{{pn|date=April 2023}}{{cite journal |last1=Champaneria |first1=Manish C. |last2=Workman |first2=Adrienne D. |last3=Gupta |first3=Subhas C. |title=Sushruta: Father of Plastic Surgery |journal=Annals of Plastic Surgery |date=July 2014 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=2–7 |doi=10.1097/SAP.0b013e31827ae9f5 |pmid=23788147 }}{{cite journal |last1=Kansupada |first1=K. B. |last2=Sassani |first2=J. W. |title=Sushruta: the father of Indian surgery and ophthalmology |journal=Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology |date=1997 |volume=93 |issue=1–2 |pages=159–167 |doi=10.1007/BF02569056 |pmid=9476614 |s2cid=9045799 }} [22] => [23] => It is generally accepted by scholars that there were several ancient authors collectively called "Suśruta" who contributed to this text. [24] => [25] => The ''Compendium of Suśruta'' locates its author in [[Varanasi]], India.{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Vibha |title=Sushruta: The father of surgery |journal=National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery |date=2017 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.4103/njms.NJMS_33_17 |pmid=28761269 |pmc=5512402 |doi-access=free }} [26] => [27] => == Authorship == [28] => [[S. K. Ramachandra Rao|Rao]] in 1985 suggested that the author of the original "layer" was "elder Sushruta" (''Vrddha Sushruta''), although this name appears nowhere in the early Sanskrit literature. The text, states Rao, was redacted centuries later "by another Sushruta, then by Nagarjuna, and thereafter Uttara-tantra was added as a supplement".Ramachandra S.K. Rao, Encyclopaedia of Indian Medicine: historical perspective, Volume 1, 2005 Reprint (Original: 1985), [https://books.google.com/books?id=QRvzRGn9QqkC&pg=PA94 pp 94-98], Popular Prakashan It is generally accepted by scholars that there were several ancient authors called "Suśruta" who contributed to this text.{{Cite book|title = A History of Indian Medical Literature|last = Meulenbeld|first = Gerrit Jan| publisher = Brill (all volumes, 1999-2002)| year = 1999|isbn = 978-9069801247|location = Groningen}}{{pageneeded|date=November 2023}} [29] => [30] => == Date == [31] => The early scholar Rudolf Hoernle proposed that some concepts from the ''Suśruta-Saṃhitā'' could be found in the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana|Śatapatha-Brāhmaṇa]]'', which he dates to the 600 BCE. {{cn|date=March 2024}} However, during the last century, scholarship on the history of Indian medical literature has advanced substantially, and firm evidence has accumulated that the ''Suśruta-saṃhitā'' is a work of several historical layers. Its composition may have begun in the last centuries BCE, completed in its present form by another author who redacted its first five chapters and added the long, final chapter, the "Uttaratantra". It is likely that the ''Suśruta-saṃhitā'' was known to the scholar Dṛḍhabala, a contributor to the [[Charaka Samhita]] that wrote between the fourth and fifth centuries CE.{{cite book |last1=Meulenbeld |first1=Gerrit Jan |title=A History of Indian Medical Literature |date=1999 |publisher=E. Forsten |isbn=978-90-6980-124-7 |pages=333–357 }} Additionally, several ancient Indian authors used the name "Suśruta", resulting in potential misattribution. [32] => [33] => == Citations == [34] => In 1907, an influential translator of the ancient Indian epic ''[[Mahabharata|The Mahabharata]]'', named Bhishagratna, argued that Suśruta was one of the sons of the ancient sage [[Vishvamitra]].{{Cite book|last=Bhishagratna|first=Kunjalal|url=https://archive.org/stream/englishtranslati01susruoft#page/n17/mode/2up/search/Vishvamitra|title=An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita, based on Original Sanskrit Text|publisher=Calcutta|year=1907|location=Calcutta|pages=ii (introduction)|ref=bhishagratna}} Bhisagratna also asserted that Sushruta was the name of the clan to which [[Vishvamitra]] belonged. In Chapter 7 of the five-volume ''History of Indian Medical Literature'', published in 1999, physician-scholar [[Gerrit Jan Meulenbeld]] covers a variety of theories on Suśruta's identity and the ''Sushruta Samhita'''s publication history.{{Cite book |last=Meulenbeld |first=Gerrit Jan |url=https://archive.org/details/Meulenbeld-HIML/HIML%201A%20/page/332/mode/2up |title=History of Indian Medical Literature |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Egbert Forsten Publishing]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-90-6980-124-7 |volume=1A |location=Groningen |pages=333–357 |language=English |oclc=165833440}} [35] => [36] => The name Suśruta is listed as one of ten Himalayan sages in a treatise on medicinal garlic that was included in the sixth century CE ''[[Bower Manuscript]]s''.{{Cite book|title = The Roots of Ayurveda|last = Wujastyk|first = Dominik|publisher = Penguin|year = 2003|isbn = 978-0140448245|location = London etc.|pages = 149–160|ref = wuja-root}} [37] => [38] => == Followers == [39] => Sushruta attracted a number of disciples who were known as ''Saushrutas'' and required to study for six years before beginning hands-on surgical training. Before starting their training, they took a solemn oath to devote themselves to healing and to do no harm to others, often compared to [[Hippocratic Oath]]. After the students had been accepted by Sushruta, he would instruct them in surgical procedures by having them practice cutting on vegetables or dead animals to perfect the length and depth of an incision. Once students had proven themselves capable with vegetation, animal corpses, or with soft or rotting wood – and had carefully observed actual procedures on patients – they were then allowed to perform their own surgeries. These students were trained by their master in every aspect of the medical arts, including anatomy.{{Cite web|title=Sushruta|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/sushruta/|access-date=2021-05-15|website=World History Encyclopedia|language=en}}{{Cite journal|last=HS Shukla|first=M Tewari|title=Sushruta:'The Father of Indian Surgery'|url=http://www.bioline.org.br/pdf?is05075|journal=Indian Journal of Surgery|volume=67|pages=2}} [40] => [41] => == Sushruta on medicine and physicians == [42] => [[File:Ancient Hindu text Sushruta samhita yantra, surgical instruments 4 of 4.jpg|thumb|Ancient poster by Sushruta, given in ''Sushruta Samhita'' showing surgical instruments, in which most of them still continue to exist today.|363x363px]]Sushruta wrote the ''Sushruta Samhita'' as an instruction manual for physicians to treat their patients holistically. Disease, he claimed (following the precepts of [[Charaka]]), was caused by imbalance in the body, and it was the physician's duty to help others maintain balance or to restore it if it had been lost. To this end, anyone who was engaged in the practice of medicine had to be balanced themselves. Sushruta describes the ideal medical practitioner, focusing on a nurse, in this way:
That person alone is fit to nurse, or to attend the bedside of a patient, who is cool-headed and pleasant in his demeanor, does not speak ill of anyone, is strong and attentive to the requirements of the sick, and strictly and indefatigably follows the instructions of the physician. (I.34){{Cite book|last=Lal Bhishagratna|first=Kaviraj Kunja|url=https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10154370772061675.pdf|title=THE SUSHRUTA SAMHITA|year=1907–1916}}
[43] => [44] => == Legacy == [45] => {{See also|Sushruta Samhita#Reception}} [46] => Sushruta's medical prowess is exhibited through his writings on [[rhinoplasty]], involving nasal reconstructions using skin from the patient's forehead or cheek, often for criminals punished with amputations. Based on reports in the October 1794 edition of ''[[The Gentleman's Magazine]]'', published in [[London]], Indians maintained Sushruta's surgical practices until the late 18th century.{{cite journal |last1=Davidson |first1=Terence M. |title=The source book of plastic surgery. Edited by Frank McDowell, 509 pp, illus, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1977. $49.95 |journal=Head & Neck Surgery |date=January 1979 |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=281–282 |doi=10.1002/hed.2890010313 }} [47] => [48] => == See also == [49] => * [[Vagbhata]] [50] => * [[Charaka]] [51] => [52] => == References == [53] => {{Reflist}} [54] => [55] => ==External links== [56] => {{Commonscat}} [57] => * [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana Sutrasthana], [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-2-nidanasthana Nidanasthana], [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana Sharirasthana], [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-4-cikitsasthana Cikitsasthana], [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-5-kalpasthana Kalpasthana], [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-6-uttara-tantra Uttaratantra]: ''English translation, proofread, correct spelling, interwoven glossary'' [58] => * [http://sushrutaproject.org The Suśruta Project], a Canadian research project at the [[University of Alberta]] aimed at establishing a new Sanskrit text of the Suśrutasaṃhitā based on recently discovered medieval manuscripts in Nepal [59] => [60] => {{Portal bar|Medicine|India|Biography}} [61] => {{Authority control}} [62] => [63] => {{DEFAULTSORT:Sushruta}} [64] => [[Category:Ayurvedacharyas]] [65] => [[Category:Indian surgeons]] [66] => [[Category:Ancient Indian physicians]] [67] => [[Category:Ancient ophthalmologists]] [68] => [[Category:Ancient Indian writers]] [69] => [[Category:Scientists from Varanasi]] [70] => [[Category:Scholars from Varanasi]] [71] => [[Category:Writers from Varanasi]] [72] => [[Category:8th-century BC Hindus]] [73] => [[Category:People from the Kāsī Kingdom]] [] => )
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Sushruta

Sushruta, also known as Sushruta Ghanapathi, is considered to be one of the greatest ancient Indian physicians and surgeons. He is known for his contributions to the field of medicine and for his compilation of the Sushruta Samhita, an important ancient Indian text on surgery.

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He is known for his contributions to the field of medicine and for his compilation of the Sushruta Samhita, an important ancient Indian text on surgery. Sushruta is believed to have lived around the 6th century BCE in the city of Varanasi, now known as Benares, in present-day Uttar Pradesh, India. He was a prominent member of the Dhanvantari school of Indian Medicine and practiced and taught medicine in this region. The Sushruta Samhita, written by Sushruta, is a comprehensive text that consists of detailed descriptions of various aspects of surgery, including methodical principles, instruments, anesthesia, surgical techniques, obstetrics, and more. It is regarded as one of the oldest and most authoritative texts on surgery in the world. One of Sushruta's most notable contributions to the field of medicine is the development of the concept of plastic surgery. He performed various reconstructive surgeries, including nose reconstructions, using skin grafts from other parts of the body. This concept of reconstructive surgery was highly advanced for its time and still holds relevance in modern surgical practices. Sushruta's work also focused on other branches of medicine, such as Ayurveda, ophthalmology, and pharmacology. His knowledge of ophthalmology, in particular, is considered exceptional, with detailed descriptions of eye diseases and treatments. Although specific details of Sushruta's life and works are not well-documented, his contributions to the field of medicine and surgery have had a lasting impact. His teachings and techniques were passed down from generation to generation, shaping the development of medicine in ancient India and beyond. Overall, Sushruta's legacy lies in his pioneering work in surgery, especially in the area of reconstructive surgery, as well as his valuable contributions to the broader field of medicine. His teachings continue to serve as a foundation for surgical practices today and have solidified his position as one of the most revered figures in the history of medicine.

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