Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Piece of hardware for the collection or disposal of human excreta}} [1] => {{About|the fixture generally|the common flush toilet|flush toilet|a room containing a toilet|Toilet (room)|other uses|Toilet (disambiguation)}} [2] => {{Distinguish|Toilette}} [3] => {{pp-move}} [4] => {{pp-semi-indef}} [5] => {{Multiple image [6] => | align = right [7] => | direction = horizontal [8] => | background color = white [9] => | image1 = Toilet photo.jpg [10] => | width1 = [11] => | alt1 = A Western flush toilet with a paper seat cover dispenser, waste basket, and toilet brush near the German-Austrian border [12] => | image2 = Squat-toilet-with-tank.jpg [13] => | width2 = [14] => | image3 = Raised pit toilet, Informal settlements Kampala (8409884995).jpg [15] => | width3 = [16] => | footer_background = white [17] => | footer_align = center [18] => | footer = Toilets come in various forms around the world, including [[flush toilet]]s used by sitting or [[squat toilet|squatting]], and dry toilets like [[pit latrine]]s. [19] => | total_width = 400 [20] => | alt2 = Squat [21] => | alt3 = Raised pit toilet, Informal settlements Kampala [22] => }} [23] => [24] => [25] => A '''toilet'''{{refn|group=n|For a full list of English synonyms, see "[[wikt:Thesaurus:toilet|toilet]]" in Wiktionary's [[wikt:Wiktionary:Thesaurus|thesaurus]].}} is a piece of [[sanitary]] hardware that collects human [[urine]] and [[Human feces|feces]], and sometimes [[toilet paper]], usually for disposal. [[Flush toilets]] use water, while [[dry toilet|dry or non-flush toilets]] do not. They can be designed for a sitting position popular in Europe and North America with a [[toilet seat]], with [[Accessible toilet|additional considerations for those with disabilities]], or for a squatting posture more popular in Asia, known as a [[squat toilet]]. In urban areas, flush toilets are usually connected to a [[sewer system]]; in isolated areas, to a [[septic tank]]. The waste is known as ''[[Blackwater (waste)|blackwater]]'' and the combined effluent, including other sources, is [[sewage]]. Dry toilets are [[Pit latrine|connected to a pit]], [[Container-based sanitation|removable container]], [[Composting toilet|composting chamber]], or other storage and treatment device, including [[urine diversion]] with a [[Urine-diverting dry toilet|urine-diverting toilet]]. [26] => [27] => The technology used for modern toilets varies. Toilets are commonly made of [[ceramic]] ([[porcelain]]), [[concrete]], [[plastic]], or [[wood]]. Newer toilet technologies include [[Dual flush toilet|dual flushing]], [[Low-flush toilet|low flushing]], [[Toilet seat#Warming|toilet seat warming]], self-cleaning, [[female urinal]]s and [[waterless urinal]]s. Japan is known for [[Toilets in Japan|its toilet technology]]. [[Airplane toilet]]s are specially designed to operate in the air. The need to maintain [[anal hygiene]] post-[[defecation]] is universally recognized and [[toilet paper]] (often held by a [[toilet roll holder]]), which may also be used to wipe the [[vulva]] after urination, is widely used (as well as [[bidet]]s). [28] => [29] => In private homes, depending on the region and style, the toilet may exist in the same [[bathroom]] as the sink, [[bathtub]], and [[shower]]. Another option is to have one room for body [[washing]] (also called "bathroom") and a separate one for the toilet and [[Hand washing|handwashing]] [[sink]] ([[Toilet (room)|toilet room]]). [[Public toilet]]s ([[restrooms]]) consist of one or more toilets (and commonly single [[urinal]]s or ''trough'' urinals) which are available for use by the general public. Products like [[Urinal deodorizer block|urinal blocks]] and [[Toilet rim block|toilet blocks]] help maintain the smell and cleanliness of toilets. [[Toilet seat cover]]s are sometimes used. [[Portable toilet]]s (frequently [[chemical toilet|chemical "porta johns"]]) may be brought in for large and temporary gatherings. [30] => [31] => Historically, [[sanitation]] has been a concern from the earliest stages of [[human settlement]]s. However, many poor households in [[developing countries]] use very basic, and often unhygienic, toilets – and nearly one billion people have no access to a toilet at all; they must [[open defecation|openly defecate]] and urinate.WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170716004247/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/ Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2017 These issues can lead to the spread of [[disease]]s transmitted via the [[Fecal–oral route|fecal-oral route]], or the transmission of [[waterborne diseases]] such as [[cholera]] and [[dysentery]]. Therefore, the [[United Nations]] [[Sustainable Development Goal 6]] wants to "achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and [[hygiene]] for all and end open defecation". [32] => {{TOC limit|3}} [33] => [34] => ==Overview== [35] => The number of different types of toilets used worldwide is large,{{cite book|url=http://www.eawag.ch/en/department/sandec/publications/compendium/|title=Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies|last2=Ulrich|first2=Lukas|last3=Lüthi|first3=Christoph|last4=Reymond |first4=Philippe|last5=Zurbrügg |first5=Chris|publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)|isbn=978-3-906484-57-0|edition= 2nd |location=Duebendorf, Switzerland|last1=Tilley|first1=Elizabeth|year=2014}}{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1993|title=A Collection of Contemporary Toilet Designs|date=2014|publisher=EOOS and WEDC, Loughborough University, UK|isbn=978-1-84380-155-9|pages=40|last1=Shaw|first1=R.}} but can be grouped by: [36] => * Having water (which seals in odor) or not (which usually relates to e.g. [[flush toilet]] versus [[dry toilet]]) [37] => * Being used in a sitting or squatting position (sitting toilet versus [[squat toilet]]) [38] => * Being located in the private household or in public ([[Toilet (room)|toilet room]] versus [[public toilet]]) [39] => Toilets can be designed to be used either in a sitting or in a squatting posture. Each type has its benefits. The "'''sitting toilet'''", however, is essential for those who are movement impaired. Sitting toilets are often referred to as "western-style toilets".Gershenson, Olga; Penner, Barbara (2009): [https://books.google.com/books?id=VN5kFuQQ7lsC&dq=%22squat+toilet%22+common&pg=PA117 ''Ladies and gents – Public toilets and gender.''] Temple University Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Sitting toilets are more convenient than squat toilets for [[people with disabilities]] and the elderly. [40] => [41] => People use different toilet types based on the country that they are in. In [[developing countries]], access to toilets is also related to people's [[Socioeconomic status|socio-economic status]]. Poor people in low-income countries often have no toilets at all and resort to [[open defecation]] instead. This is part of the [[sanitation]] crisis which international initiatives (such as [[World Toilet Day]]) draw attention to.{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/events/toiletday/|title=World Toilet Day 19 November|website=United Nations|access-date=14 November 2017}} [42] => [43] => ==With water== [44] => [45] => ===Flush toilet=== [46] => {{Main|Flush toilet}} [47] => [[File:Toilet_370x580.jpg|thumb|upright|Flush toilet bowl]] [48] => [[File:Toilet-flush.ogg|thumb|Toilet flush sound]] [49] => A typical [[flush toilet]] is a ceramic bowl (pan) connected on the "up" side to a [[Cistern#Toilet cisterns|cistern]] (tank) that enables rapid filling with water, and on the "down" side to a drain pipe that removes the effluent. When a toilet is flushed, the sewage should flow into a [[septic tank]] or into a system connected to a [[sewage treatment plant]]. However, in many [[developing countries]], this treatment step does not take place. [50] => [51] => The water in the toilet bowl is connected to a pipe shaped like an upside-down U. One side of the U channel is arranged as a siphon tube longer than the water in the bowl is high. The siphon tube connects to the drain. The bottom of the drain pipe limits the height of the water in the bowl before it flows down the drain. The water in the bowl acts as a barrier to [[sewer gas]] entering the building. Sewer gas escapes through a vent pipe attached to the sewer line. [52] => [53] => The amount of water used by conventional flush toilets usually makes up a significant portion of personal daily water usage. However, modern [[low flush toilet]] designs allow the use of much less water per flush. [[Dual flush toilet]]s allow the user to select between a flush for urine or feces, saving a significant amount of water over conventional units. One type of dual flush system allows the flush handle to be pushed up for one kind of flush and down for the other,{{cite web|title=Tucson lawmaker wants tax credits for water-conserving toilet|url=http://cronkitenews.jmc.asu.edu/?p=315|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070810105602/http://cronkitenews.jmc.asu.edu/?p=315|archive-date=2007-08-10|access-date=2008-03-12|publisher=Cronkite News Service}} whereas another design is to have two buttons, one for urination and the other for defecation. In some places, users are encouraged not to flush after urination. Flushing toilets can be plumbed to use [[greywater]] (water that was previously used for washing dishes, laundry, and bathing) rather than [[potable water]] (drinking water). Some modern toilets pressurize the water in the tank, which initiates flushing action with less water usage. [54] => [55] => Another variant is the pour-flush toilet. This type of flush toilet has no cistern but is flushed manually with a few liters of a small bucket. The flushing can use as little as {{convert|2|–|3|L}}. This type of toilet is common in many Asian countries. The toilet can be connected to one or two pits, in which case it is called a "pour flush pit latrine" or a "twin pit pour flush to pit latrine". It can also be connected to a septic tank. [56] => [57] => Flush toilets on ships are typically flushed with [[seawater]]. [58] => [59] => ==== Twin pit designs ==== [60] => [[File:Twin Pits for Pour Flush diagram.svg|thumb|Design of a twin pit latrine.]] [61] => [[Twin pit latrine]]s use two pits used alternatively, when one pit gets full over a few months or years.{{cite book|author=Tilley, E. | author2=Ulrich, L. | author3=Lüthi, C. | author4=Reymond, Ph. | author5=Zurbrügg, C. | title=Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies|date=2014|publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)|location=Dübendorf, Switzerland|isbn=978-3-906484-57-0|edition=2|url=http://www.sandec.ch/compendium}} The pits are of an adequate size to accommodate a volume of waste generated over one or two years. This allows the contents of the full pit enough time to transform into a partially sanitized, [[soil]]-like material that can be manually excavated.{{cite web |title=Single Ventilated Improved Pit – Akvopedia |url=https://akvopedia.org/wiki/Single_Ventilated_Improved_Pit |website=akvopedia.org |access-date=21 May 2020}}{{CC-notice|cc=by3}} There is a risk of [[groundwater]] pollution when pits are located in areas with a high or variable water table, and/or fissures or cracks in the bedrock. [62] => [63] => ===Vacuum toilet=== [64] => [[File:Vacuum toilet in a train.jpg|thumb|Vacuum toilet in a train in Switzerland.]] [65] => A [[vacuum]] toilet is a flush toilet that is connected to a [[Vacuum sewer|vacuum sewer system]], and removes waste by suction. They may use very little water (less than a quarter of a liter per flush) or none,{{cite web |title=What are Vacuum Toilets?|url=https://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-vacuum-toilets.htm |website=wiseGEEK|date=22 July 2023 }} (as in [[waterless urinal]]s). Some flush with coloured disinfectant solution rather than with water.{{cite web|title=Aircraft Toilets/Toilets of the World|url=https://toilet-guru.com/aircraft.php|website=Toilets of the World|language=en}} They may be used to separate [[Blackwater (waste)|blackwater]] and [[greywater]], and process them separately{{cite web |title=Vacuum Toilet {{!}} SSWM – Find tools for sustainable sanitation and water management! |url=https://sswm.info/water-nutrient-cycle/water-use/hardwares/toilet-systems/vacuum-toilet |website=sswm.info |language=en}} (for instance, the fairly dry blackwater can be used for [[biogas]] production, or in a [[composting toilet]]). [66] => [67] => [[Passenger train toilets]], [[Aircraft lavatory|aircraft lavatories]], bus toilets, and ships with plumbing often use vacuum toilets. The lower water usage saves weight, and avoids water slopping out of the toilet bowl in motion.{{cite web |title=How does the toilet in a commercial airliner work? |url=https://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/question314.htm |website=HowStuffWorks |language=en |date=1 April 2000}} Aboard vehicles, a portable collection chamber is used; if it is filled by positive pressure from an intermediate vacuum chamber, it need not be kept under vacuum.{{cite web |title=EVAC Bus Vacuum Toilet |url=https://www.evac-train.com/products/vacuum-toilet-systems/evac-bus-toilet/ |website=Evac GmbH}} [68] => [69] => ===Floating toilet=== [70] => A floating toilet is essentially a toilet on a platform built above or floating on the water. Instead of excreta going into the ground they are collected in a tank or barrel. To reduce the amount of excreta that needs to hauled to shore, many use [[urine diversion]]. The floating toilet was developed for residents without quick access to land or connection to a sewer systems.[https://web.archive.org/web/20090625015110/http://www.adb.org/Water/Photos/CAM/floating-toilets/Default.asp "Sample Designs: Floating UDD Toilets"]. Asian Development Bank. It is also used in areas subjected to prolonged flooding.{{Cite web |url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Govt-Bt900bn-needed-30168866.html |title=Article, Govt: Bt900bn needed (in Thailand), The Nation October 31, 2011 |access-date=September 6, 2012 |archive-date=September 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906183531/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Govt-Bt900bn-needed-30168866.html |url-status=live }} The need for this type of toilet is high in areas like [[Cambodia]].Cain, Geoffrey. (April 19, 2010). [http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/asia/100416/cambodia-health-floating-toilets "Floating toilets to clean up Cambodia's act"]. ''Global Post''. [71] => [72] => ==Without water== [73] => {{excerpt|Dry toilet|paragraphs=1|file=no}} [74] => [75] => ===Pit latrine=== [76] => {{excerpt|pit latrine|paragraphs=1|file=no}} [77] => [78] => ===Vault toilet=== [79] => {{anchor|Vault toilet}} [80] => A vault toilet is a non-flush toilet with a sealed container (or vault) buried in the ground to receive the excreta, all of which is contained underground until it is removed by pumping. A vault toilet is distinguished from a pit latrine because the waste accumulates in the vault instead of seeping into the underlying soil. [81] => [82] => ===Urine-diverting toilet=== [83] => {{excerpt|Urine-diverting dry toilet|paragraphs=1|file=no}} [84] => [85] => ===Portable toilet=== [86] => {{excerpt|Portable toilet|paragraphs=1|file=no}} [87] => [88] => ===Chemical toilet=== [89] => {{excerpt|Chemical toilet|paragraphs=1,2|file=no}} [90] => [91] => ===Toilet fed to animals=== [92] => The [[pig toilet]], which consists of a toilet linked to a [[pigsty]] by a chute, is still in use to a limited extent.{{Cite book |date=2012-11-14 |title=Environmental History of Water: Global Views on Community Water Supply and ... – Petri S. Juuti – Google Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x7Ov-mVPjZ0C |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114063115/https://books.google.com/books?id=x7Ov-mVPjZ0C |archive-date=2012-11-14 |access-date=2022-11-06 |page=40|isbn=9781843391104 |last1=Juuti |first1=Petri |last2=Katko |first2=Tapio |last3=Vuorinen |first3=H. |publisher=IWA }} It was common in rural China, and was known in Japan, Korea, and India. The "fish pond toilet" depends on the same principle, of livestock (often [[carp]]) eating human excreta directly. [93] => [94] => ==="Flying toilet"=== [95] => {{excerpt|Flying toilet|paragraphs=1|file=no}} [96] => [97] => ==Squat toilets== [98] => {{excerpt|Squat toilet|paragraphs=1|file=no}} [99] => [100] => {{gallery [101] => |File:Dolmabahce Toilette2.jpg|At [[Topkapı Palace]], Turkey [102] => |File:Lower NTK Estate old squat toilet.jpg|Old-style squat toilet ([[Hong Kong]]) [103] => |File:French Squatter Toilet.jpg|In France [104] => |File:Squattoilet.jpg|Porcelain squat toilet with water tank for flushing ([[Wuhan, China]]) [105] => |File:NCM 0380.JPG|Japanese-style squat toilet with automatic sensor [106] => |align=center}} [107] => [108] => ==Usage== [109] => [110] => ===Urination=== [111] => {{main|Urination}} [112] => [[File:Peeing .jpg|thumb|A man seen from behind urinating while standing.]] [113] => There are cultural differences in socially accepted and preferred voiding positions for urination around the world: in the Middle East and Asia, the squatting position is more prevalent, while in the Western world the standing and sitting position are more common.{{cite web|author=Y. de Jong|title=Influence of voiding posture on urodynamic parameters in men: a literature review (in Dutch)|url=http://www.mednet.nl/wosmedia/1718/mictiehouding_tvu.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714200739/http://www.mednet.nl/wosmedia/1718/mictiehouding_tvu.pdf|archive-date=July 14, 2014|access-date=2014-07-02|publisher=Nederlands Tijdschrift voor urologie}} [114] => [115] => ===Anal cleansing habits=== [116] => {{main|Anal cleansing}} [117] => [[File:Bidet weiss.jpg|thumb|A modern [[bidet]] of the traditional type, available in many [[southern Europe]]an and [[South American]] countries.Roberto Zapperi: ''Zu viel Moralismus macht den Körper schmutzig.'', in: FAZ, 24 aprile 2010.]] [118] => In the [[Western world]], the most common method of cleaning the anal area after [[defecation]] is by [[toilet paper]] or sometimes by using a [[bidet]]. In many [[Muslim countries]], the facilities are designed to enable people to follow [[Islamic toilet etiquette]] ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|Qaḍāʼ al-Ḥājah}}''.{{Citation |url=http://www.msawest.com/islam/fundamentals/pillars/prayer/prescribed/pp1_2.html |publisher=MSA West Compendium of Muslim Texts |last=Shu'aib |first=Tajuddin B. |work=The Prescribed Prayer Made Simple |title=Qadaahul Haajah (Relieving Oneself) |access-date=2009-03-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090819060534/http://www.msawest.com/islam/fundamentals/pillars/prayer/prescribed/pp1_2.html |archive-date=2009-08-19 }} For example, a [[bidet shower]] may be plumbed in. The left hand is used for cleansing, for which reason that hand is considered impolite or polluted in many Asian countries.{{Cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-advice/eight-surprisingly-rude-gestures-to-avoid-when-travelling/story-e6frfqfr-1226764916221|title=Eight surprisingly rude gestures to avoid when travelling|date=November 21, 2013|website=News.com.au|access-date=17 July 2016|archive-date=26 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026165540/http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-advice/eight-surprisingly-rude-gestures-to-avoid-when-travelling/story-e6frfqfr-1226764916221|url-status=dead}} [119] => [120] => The [[Hygiene in Christianity|use of water]] in many [[Christian countries]] is due in part to the [[Hygiene in Christianity|biblical toilet etiquette]] which encourages washing after all instances of defecation.{{cite book|title=Contemporary Biology: Concepts and Implications|first=Mary|last= E. Clark|year= 2006| isbn= 9780721625973|publisher=University of Michigan Press}} The [[bidet]] is common in predominantly [[Catholic countries]] where water is considered essential for [[anal cleansing]],{{cite book|title=Contemporary Biology: Concepts and Implications|first=Mary|last= E. Clark|year= 2006| isbn= 9780721625973| page =613 |publisher=University of Michigan Press|quote= Douching is commonly practiced in Catholic countries. The bidet ... is still commonly found in France and other Catholic countries.}}{{cite book |date= 2013|title= Made in Naples. Come Napoli ha civilizzato l'Europa (e come continua a farlo)|trans-title=Made in Naples. How Naples civilised Europe (And still does it)|language=it |publisher= Addictions-Magenes Editoriale|isbn=978-8866490395}} and in some traditionally [[Eastern Orthodox|Orthodox]] and [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] countries such as Greece and Finland respectively, where [[bidet shower]]s are common.{{Cite web|url=https://en.biginfinland.com/hose-always-next-every-finnish-toilet/|title=A hose: the strange device next to every Finnish toilet|first=Santiago|last=H|date=July 8, 2014}} [121] => [122] => There are toilets on the market with seats having integrated spray mechanisms for anal and genital water sprays (see for example [[Toilets in Japan]]). This can be useful for the elderly or people with disabilities. [123] => [124] => === Accessible toilets === [125] => {{Main|Accessible toilet}} [126] => An [[accessible toilet]] is designed to accommodate people with [[Physical disability|physical disabilities]], such as age related limited mobility or inability to walk due to impairments. Additional measures to add toilet accessibility are providing more space and [[grab bar]]s to ease transfer to and from the [[toilet seat]], including enough room for a [[caregiver]] if necessary. [127] => [128] => ===Public toilets=== [129] => {{excerpt|Public toilet|paragraphs=1|file=no}} [130] => [131] => ==Public health aspects== [132] => {{Further|WASH#Health aspects}} [133] => [[File:2011_07-Internal_ReinventTheToilet_Animation.webm|thumb|Toilets should be innovated and "reinvented" to properly address the global sanitation crisis says the [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]]]] [134] => [135] => To this day, 1 billion people in developing countries have no toilets in their homes and are resorting to [[open defecation]] instead.{{Cite web|url=http://worldtoilet.org/|title=World Toilet|last=manic|website=World Toilet|language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-07}} Therefore, it is one of the targets of [[Sustainable Development Goal 6]] to provide toilets (sanitation services) to everyone by 2030.{{cite web|title=Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html|access-date=28 September 2015|website=UNDP}}{{Cite web |title=Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313) |url=https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=A%2FRES%2F71%2F313&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=undocs.org}} [136] => [137] => Toilets are one important element of a [[sanitation]] system, although other elements are also needed: transport, treatment, disposal, or [[Reuse of excreta|reuse]]. Diseases, including [[Cholera]], which still affects some 3 million people each year, can be largely prevented when effective [[sanitation]] and water treatment prevents fecal matter from contaminating [[waterways]], [[groundwater]], and [[drinking water]] supplies. [138] => [139] => ==History== [140] => {{Further|History of water supply and sanitation}} [141] => [142] => ===Ancient history=== [143] => [[File:Lothal - bathroom structure.jpg|thumb|Sewage and toilet structures in the city of [[Lothal]] of the [[Indus Valley civilisation|Indus river valley]] in around 2350 BC.]] [144] => [[File:Ostia-Toilets.JPG|right|thumb|[[Roman Empire|Roman]] public toilets, [[Ostia Antica]].]] [145] => [[File:කළුදිය පොකුණ 1.jpg|thumb|Squatting toilets at [[Kaludiya Pokuna Forest|Kaludiya Pokuna]] archeological site, Sri Lanka.]] [146] => [[File:Green_glazed_toilet_with_pigsty_model._Eastern_Han_dynasty_25_-_220_CE.jpg|right|thumb|Model of [[Pig toilet|toilet with pigsty]], China, Eastern Han dynasty 25–220 AD]] [147] => [148] => The fourth millennium BC would witness the invention of clay pipes, sewers, and toilets, in [[Mesopotamia]], with the city of [[Uruk]] today exhibiting the earliest known internal pit toilet, from {{Circa|3200 BC}}.{{Cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Piers D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HU6rCwAAQBAJ&q=Tell+Asmar,+Northern+Palace,+sewer&pg=PA30|title=Sanitation, Latrines and Intestinal Parasites in Past Populations|date=2016-03-03|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-05953-0|pages=30|language=en}} The Neolithic village of [[Skara Brae]] contains examples, {{Circa|3000 BC}}, of internal small rooms over a communal drain, rather than pit.{{Cite news|last=Ailes|first=Emma|date=2013-04-19|title=Scotland and the indoor toilet|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-22214728|access-date=2020-05-18}} The [[Indus Valley civilisation]] in northwestern India and Pakistan was home to the world's first known urban sanitation systems. In [[Mohenjo-Daro]] ({{Circa|2800 BC}}), toilets were built into the outer walls of homes.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}} These toilets had vertical chutes, via which waste was disposed of into cesspits or street drains.Teresi et al. 2002 In the Indus city of [[Lothal]] ({{Circa|2350 BC}}), houses belonging to the upper class had private toilets connected to a covered sewer network{{cite book|title=Evolution of Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies Through the Centuries|page=32|year=2014|editor=Andreas N. Angelakis|isbn=9781780404844|publisher=[[International Water Association]] Publishing}} constructed of brickwork held together with a gypsum-based mortar that emptied either into the surrounding water bodies or alternatively into [[cesspits]], the latter of which were regularly emptied and cleaned.{{Cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Saifullah|title=1 Chapter 2 Sanitation and wastewater technologies in Harappa/Indus valley civilization (ca. 2600–1900 BC) |url=https://www.academia.edu/5937322 |publisher=Academia.edu |access-date=9 April 2015}} [149] => [150] => Other very early toilets that used flowing water to remove the waste are found at [[Skara Brae]] in [[Orkney]], Scotland, which was occupied from about 3100 BC until 2500 BC. Some of the houses there have a drain running directly beneath them, and some of these had a cubicle over the drain. Around the 18th century BC, toilets started to appear in [[Minoan Crete]], Pharaonic [[Egypt]], and [[ancient Persia]]. [151] => [152] => In 2012, archaeologists found what is believed to be [[Southeast Asia]]'s earliest latrine during the excavation of a neolithic village in the [[:vi:Di tích khảo cổ học Rạch Núi|Rạch Núi archaeological site]], southern Vietnam. The toilet, dating back 1500 BC, yielded important clues about early Southeast Asian society. More than 30 [[coprolite]]s, containing fish and shattered animal bones, provided information on the diet of humans and dogs, and on the types of parasites each had to contend with.{{Cite web |date=2012-06-14 |title=Old toilet find offers civilsation start clues |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/science/7105724/Old-toilet-find-offers-civilsation-start-clues |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=Stuff |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2021-04-28 |title=Time capsule – Life & Style – Vietnam News {{!}} Politics, Business, Economy, Society, Life, Sports – VietNam News |url=https://vietnamnews.vn/life-style/226384/time-capsule.html |access-date=2022-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428193142/https://vietnamnews.vn/life-style/226384/time-capsule.html |archive-date=2021-04-28 }}{{Cite web |date=2012-06-17 |title=Asia's First Toilet Discovered In Southern Vietnam |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/2012/06/in-the-lab/asia-first-toilet-discovered-in-southern-vietnam-rach-nui-2012/ |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=Asian Scientist Magazine |language=en-US}} [153] => [154] => In [[Sri Lanka]], the techniques of the construction of toilets and lavatories developed over several stages. A highly developed stage in this process is discernible in the constructions at the [[Abhayagiri Vihāra|Abhayagiri]] complex in [[Anuradhapura]] where toilets and baths dating back to 2nd century BC to 3rd century CE are known, later forms of toilets from 5th century CE to 13th century CE in [[Polonnaruwa]] and [[Anuradhapura]] had elaborate decorative motifs carved around the toilets.{{cite journal |last1=W.I. |first1=Siriweera |title=Sanitation and healthcare in ancient Sri Lanka |journal=The Sri Lanka Journal of the Humanities |date=14 December 2004 |url=http://dlib.pdn.ac.lk/bitstream/123456789/2764/1/W.I.%20Siriweera%20-%20Vol.%20XXIX%20%26%20XXX%20Nos.%201%20%26%202.pdf |access-date=14 December 2004}}A History of Medicine in Sri Lanka From the Earliest Times to 1948, Page 151, By C. G. Uragoda (1987), University of MichiganAbhayagiri Vihara at Anuradhapura - Page 46, Tī. Jī Kulatuṅga (1999), Central Cultural Fund, Ministry of Cultural and Religious Affairs, University of Virginia Several types of toilets were developed; these include lavatories with ring-well pits, underground terracotta pipes that lead to septic pits, urinary pits with large bottomless clay pots of decreasing size placed one above the other. These pots under urinals contained "sand, lime and charcoal" through which urine filtered down to the earth in a somewhat purified form. [155] => [156] => In [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] civilization, [[latrines]] using flowing water were sometimes part of public [[Public bathing|bath houses]]. Roman latrines, like the ones pictured here, are commonly thought to have been used in the sitting position. The Roman toilets were probably elevated to raise them above open sewers which were periodically "flushed" with flowing water, rather than elevated for sitting. Romans and [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] also used [[chamber pot]]s, which they brought to meals and drinking sessions.Mattelaer, Johan J. "Some Historical Aspects of Urinals and Urine Receptacles." World Journal of Urology 17.3 (1999): 145–50. Print. Johan J. Mattelaer said, "[[Pliny the Elder|Plinius]] has described how there were large receptacles in the streets of cities such as [[Rome]] and [[Pompeii]] into which chamber pots of urine were emptied. The urine was then collected by fullers." ([[Fulling]] was a vital step in [[textile manufacture]].) [157] => [158] => The [[Han dynasty]] in China two thousand years ago used [[pig toilet]]s. [159] => [160] => ===Post-classical history=== [161] => [[Garderobe]]s were toilets used in the [[Post-classical history]], most commonly found in upper-class dwellings. Essentially, they were flat pieces of wood or stone spanning from one wall to the other, with one or more holes to sit on. These were above chutes or pipes that discharged outside the castle or [[Manor house]].Genc, Melda. "The Evolution of Toilets and Its Current State." Thesis. Middle East Technical University, 2009. Harold B. Lee Library. Brigham Young University, 2009. Web. 28 Nov. 2011. Garderobes would be placed in areas away from bedrooms because of the smell"Middle Ages Hygiene." Middle Ages. The Middle Ages Website. Web. 28 Nov. 2011. and also near kitchens or fireplaces to keep their enclosures warm. [162] => [163] => {{gallery |File:Garderobe2.jpg|Garderobe seat openings [164] => |File:Garderobe1.jpg|View looking down into garderobe seat opening [165] => [166] => [167] => |File:Burg Campen Aborterker.jpg|Exterior view of garderobe at [[Burg Campen|Campen]] castle [168] => |File:Toilet in Rosenborg Castle Copenhagen.jpg|Toilet in Rosenborg Castle Copenhagen [169] => |align=center [170] => }} [171] => [172] => The other main way of handling toilet needs was the [[chamber pot]], a receptacle, usually of ceramic or metal, into which one would excrete waste. This method was used for hundreds of years; shapes, sizes, and decorative variations changed throughout the centuries.Powell, Christine A. "Port Royal Chamberpots Introduction." Nautical Archaeology at Texas A&M University. Texas A&M University, 1 Dec. 1996. Web. 28 Nov. 2011. Chamber pots were in common use in Europe from ancient times, even being taken to the Middle East by medieval pilgrims.{{cite book|title=A History of the Crusades, Volume IV: The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States|year=1977|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-06824-0|pages=47|author1=Setton, Kenneth M.|author2=Harry W. Hazard|name-list-style=amp}} [173] => [174] => ===Modern history=== [175] => [[File:Bourdaloue_dsc02723.jpg|thumb|''Bourdaloue'' chamber pots from the Austrian Imperial household]] [176] => [[File:Townsend House privy - the inside.jpg|thumb|Early 18th century British three-seat privy]] [177] => [[File:Commode,_Europe,_1831-1900_Wellcome_L0057869.jpg|thumb|upright|19th century thunderbox, a heavy wooden commode to enclose chamber pot]] [178] => [179] => By the Early Modern era, chamber pots were frequently made of china or copper and could include elaborate decoration. They were emptied into the gutter of the street nearest to the home. [180] => [181] => In pre-modern Denmark, people generally [[Open defecation|defecated on farmland]] or other places where the [[human waste]] could be collected as [[fertilizer]].{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/06/unexpected-viking-toilet-discovery-leads-to-controversy/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |title=Unexpected Viking toilet discovery leads to controversy |first=Annalee |last=Newitz |date=June 22, 2017}} The [[Old Norse]] language had several terms for referring to [[outhouses]], including ''garðhús'' (yard house), ''náð-/náða-hús'' (house of rest), and ''annat hús'' (the other house). In general, toilets were functionally non-existent in rural Denmark until the [[18th century]]. [182] => [183] => By the 16th century, [[cesspit]]s and cesspools were increasingly dug into the ground near houses in Europe as a means of collecting waste, as urban populations grew and street gutters became blocked with the larger volume of human waste. Rain was no longer sufficient to wash away waste from the gutters. A pipe connected the latrine to the cesspool, and sometimes a small amount of water washed waste through. Cesspools were cleaned out by tradesmen, known in English as [[gong farmer]]s, who pumped out liquid waste, then shovelled out the solid waste and collected it during the night. This solid waste, euphemistically known as [[nightsoil]], was sold as fertilizer for agricultural production (similarly to the closing-the-loop approach of [[ecological sanitation]]). [184] => [185] => In the early 19th century, public officials and public hygiene experts studied and debated sanitation for several decades. The construction of an underground network of pipes to carry away solid and liquid waste was only begun in the mid 19th-century, gradually replacing the cesspool system, although cesspools were still in use in some parts of Paris into the 20th century.{{cite book|last=La Berge|first=Ann Elizabeth Fowler|title=Mission and Method: The Early Nineteenth-Century French Public Health Movement|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52701-9|pages=207–9}} Even London, at that time the world's largest city, did not require indoor toilets in its building codes until after the [[First World War]]. [186] => [187] => {{anchor|integral water closet}} The [[Flush toilet|water closet]], with its origins in [[Tudor period|Tudor]] times, started to assume its currently known form, with an overhead cistern, s-bends, soil pipes and valves around 1770. This was the work of [[Alexander Cumming#s-trap|Alexander Cumming]] and [[Joseph Bramah#Improved water closet|Joseph Bramah]]. Water closets only started to be moved from outside to inside of the home around 1850.{{cite book|last1=Burnett |first1=John |others= Illustrated by Christopher Powell|title=A Social History of Housing, 1815–1985|date=1986|publisher=Methuen|location=London|isbn=0416367704|page=214|edition= 2nd.}} The integral water closet started to be built into middle-class homes in the 1860s and 1870s, firstly on the principal bedroom floor and in larger houses in the maids' accommodation, and by 1900 a further one in the hallway. A toilet would also be placed outside the back door of the kitchen for use by gardeners and other outside staff such as those working with the horses. The speed of introduction was varied, so that in 1906 the predominantly working-class town of [[Rochdale]] had 750 water closets for a population of 10,000. [188] => [189] => The working-class home had transitioned from the rural cottage, to the urban [[Back-to-back house|back-to-back terrace]]s with external rows of privies, to the through terraced houses of the 1880 with their sculleries and individual external WC. It was the [[Tudor Walters Report]] of 1918 that recommended that semi-skilled workers should be housed in suburban cottages with kitchens and internal WC. As recommended floor standards waxed and waned in the building standards and codes, the bathroom with a water closet and later the low-level suite became more prominent in the home.{{cite book|last1=Burnett |first1=John |others= Illustrated by Christopher Powell|title=A Social History of Housing, 1815–1985|date=1986|publisher=Methuen|location=London|isbn=0416367704|pages=336, 337|edition= 2nd.}} [190] => [191] => Before the introduction of indoor toilets, it was common to use the [[chamber pot]] under one's bed at night and then to dispose of its contents in the morning. During the [[Victorian era]], British housemaids collected all of the household's chamber pots and carried them to a room known as the housemaids' cupboard. This room contained a "slop sink", made of wood with a lead lining to prevent chipping china chamber pots, for washing the "bedroom ware" or "chamber utensils". Once running water and flush toilets were plumbed into British houses, servants were sometimes given their own lavatory downstairs, separate from the family lavatory.{{cite book|title=The Victorian House|publisher=HarperCollins|last=Flanders|first=Judith|year=2003|location=London|isbn=0-00-713189-5|pages=64}} The practice of emptying one's own chamber pot, known as [[slopping out]], continued in British prisons until as recently as 2014{{cite news|last1=Cole|first1=Paul|title=Brutal sex killer claims having to slop out cell breaches his human rights|url=http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/brutal-sex-killer-claims-having-7988459|access-date=8 January 2018|work=birminghammail|date=26 October 2014}} and was still in use in 85 cells in Ireland in July 2017.{{cite web|title=Slopping out ended in Cork Prison {{!}} Irish Penal Reform Trust (IPRT)|url=http://www.iprt.ie/contents/2937|website=www.iprt.ie|access-date=8 January 2018|language=en}} [192] => [193] => With rare exceptions, chamber pots are no longer used. Modern related implements are [[bedpan]]s and [[commode chair|commode]]s, used in hospitals and the homes of invalids. [194] => [195] => Long-established sanitary wear manufacturers in the United Kingdom include Adamsez, founded in [[Newcastle-upon-Tyne]] in 1880, by M.J. and S.H. Adams,{{Cite web|url=https://adamsez.com/heritage/|title = Heritage}} and [[Twyford Bathrooms|Twyfords]], founded in [[Hanley, Staffordshire|Hanley]], [[Stoke-on-Trent]] in 1849, by Thomas Twyford and his son [[Thomas William Twyford]].{{Cite web|url=https://www.twyfordbathrooms.com/about-us/history/|title = History – TWYFORD BATHROOMS}} [196] => [197] => ====Development of dry earth closets==== [198] => {{Further|Dry toilet#History}} [199] => [[File:Moule's earth closet design, circa 1909.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Henry Moule]]'s earth closet design, {{Circa|1909}}]] [200] => [201] => Before the widespread adoption of the [[flush toilet]], there were inventors, scientists, and [[public health]] officials who supported the use of "dry earth closets" – nowadays known either as [[dry toilets]] or [[composting toilets]].{{Cite web|title=Fordington, Biography, Rev Henry Moule, 1801–1880|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~fordingtondorset/Files/FordingtonHenryMoule1801-1880.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509061829/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~fordingtondorset/Files/FordingtonHenryMoule1801-1880.html|archive-date=2011-05-09|access-date=2017-03-29|website=freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com}} [202] => [203] => ====Development of flush toilets==== [204] => {{Further|Flush toilet#History}} [205] => [206] => Although a precursor to the flush toilet system which is widely used nowadays was designed in 1596 by [[John Harington (inventor)|John Harington]],{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} such systems did not come into widespread use until the late nineteenth century.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} With the onset of the [[industrial revolution]] and related advances in technology, the flush toilet began to emerge into its modern form. A crucial advance in plumbing, was the [[Trap (plumbing)|S-trap]], invented by the Scottish mechanic [[Alexander Cummings]] in 1775, and still in use today. This device uses the standing water to seal the outlet of the bowl, preventing the escape of foul air from the sewer. It was only in the mid-19th century, with growing levels of urbanisation and industrial prosperity, that the flush toilet became a widely used and marketed invention. This period coincided with the dramatic [[Sewage collection and disposal|growth in the sewage system]], especially in London, which made the flush toilet particularly attractive for health and sanitation reasons. [207] => [208] => Flush toilets were also known as "water closets", as opposed to the earth closets described above. WCs first appeared in Britain in the 1880s, and soon spread to Continental Europe. In America, the chain-pull indoor toilet was introduced in the homes of the wealthy and in hotels in the 1890s. [[William Elvis Sloan]] invented the [[Flushometer]] in 1906, which used pressurized water directly from the supply line for faster recycle time between flushes. [209] => [210] => ====High-tech toilet==== [211] => {{See also|Toilets in Japan}} [212] => "High-tech" toilets, which can be found in countries like Japan, include features such as automatic-flushing mechanisms; [[bidet|water jet]]s or "bottom washers"; blow dryers, or artificial flush sounds to mask noises. Others include medical monitoring features such as urine and stool analysis and the checking of blood pressure, temperature, and blood sugar. Some toilets have automatic lid operation, heated seats, deodorizing fans, or automated replacement of paper toilet-seat-covers. [[Interactive urinal]]s have been developed in several countries, allowing users to play [[video game]]s. The "Toylet", produced by [[Sega]], uses pressure sensors to detect the flow of urine and translates that into on-screen action.{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2011/01/sega-urinal-games/|title='Toylet' Games in Japan's Urinals|author=Geere, Duncan.|date=6 January 2011|magazine=Wired UK|access-date=20 January 2011}} [213] => [214] => Astronauts on the [[International Space Station]] use a [[space toilet]] with [[urine diversion]] which can recover [[potable water]].{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2009/may/HQ_09-096_Recycled_Water_Go.html|title=Gives Space Station Crew 'Go' to Drink Recycled Water|website=www.nasa.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-10-30}} [215] => [216] => ==Names== [217] => {{See also|Toilet (room)#Names|Outhouse#Names}} [218] => [219] => {{anchor|Etymology|Terminology}} [220] => [221] => ===Etymology=== [222] => [[File:Marriage A-la-Mode 4, The Toilette - William Hogarth.jpg|thumb|In ''La Toilette'' from [[William Hogarth|Hogarth]]'s ''Marriage à la Mode'' series (1743), a young countess receives her lover, tradesmen, hangers-on, and an Italian tenor as she finishes her toiletteSee Egerton op cit]] [223] => [[File:Johan Zoffany - Queen Charlotte (1744-1818) with her Two Eldest Sons - Google Art Project (cropped).jpg|thumb|Detail of ''[[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Queen Charlotte]] with her Two Eldest Sons'', [[Johan Zoffany]], 1765, ([[:File:Johan Zoffany - Queen Charlotte (1744-1818) with her Two Eldest Sons - Google Art Project.jpg|the whole painting]]). She is doing her toilet, with her [[silver-gilt]] [[toilet service]] on the dressing-table]] [224] => '''Toilet''' was originally a [[French language|French]] [[loanword]] (first attested in 1540) that referred to the ''{{lang|fr|toilette}}'' ("little cloth") draped over one's shoulders during hairdressing.{{citation |title=Oxford English Dictionary|contribution=toilet, ''n.''|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press}}. During the late 17th century, the term came to be used by [[metonymy]] in both languages for the whole complex of [[personal grooming|grooming]] and body care that centered at a [[dressing table]] (also covered by a cloth) and for the equipment composing a [[toilet service]], including a mirror, hairbrushes, and containers for powder and makeup. The time spent at such a table also came to be known as one's "toilet"; it came to be a period during which close friends or tradesmen were received as "toilet-calls".{{refn|See, e.g., the description of the [[William Hogarth|Hogarth]] painting "The Toilette" from his ''[[Marriage à-la-mode (Hogarth)|Marriage à-la-mode]]'' series in Egerton{{citation |contribution=The British School |title=National Gallery Catalogues |series=New Series |last=Egerton |first=Judy |page=167 |date=1998 |isbn=1-85709-170-1 }}. or the extensive discussion of a lady's toilet in [[Alexander Pope|Pope]].{{citation |last=Pope |first=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Pope |title=The Rape of the Lock |title-link=The Rape of the Lock |date=1717 }}.}} [225] => [226] => The use of "toilet" to describe a special room for grooming came much later (first attested in 1819), following the French ''{{lang|fr|cabinet de toilet}}''. Similar to "powder room", "toilet" then came to be used as a [[euphemism]] for [[toilet (room)|rooms dedicated to urination and defecation]], particularly in the context of signs for [[public toilets]], as [[Passenger train toilet|on trains]]. Finally, it came to be used for the [[plumbing fixture]]s in such rooms (apparently first in the United States) as these replaced [[chamber pot]]s, [[outhouse]]s, and [[latrine]]s. These two uses, the fixture and the room, completely supplanted the other senses of the word during the 20th century except in the form "[[toiletries]]".{{refn|group=n|The French ''[[eau de toilette]]'' ("toilet water") is sometimes used as a sophisticated synonym for [[perfume]] and [[Eau de Cologne|cologne]] but is generally received jokingly, as with ''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]''{{'}}s parody "If it doesn't say 'eau de toilette' on the label, it most likely doesn't come from the famed region of Eau de Toilette in France and might not even come from toilets at all."}} [227] => [228] => ===Contemporary use=== [229] => The word "toilet" was [[Toilet#Etymology|by etymology]] a euphemism, but is no longer understood as such. As old euphemisms have become the standard term, they have been progressively replaced by newer ones, an example of the [[euphemism treadmill]] at work.{{Cite book |last=Bell |first=Vicars Walker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-8WAAAAIAAJ&q=toilet |title=On Learning the English Tongue |date=1953 |publisher=Faber & Faber |language=en}} The choice of word relies not only on [[Dialect|regional variation]], but also on social situation and level of formality ([[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]]) or [[social class]]. American manufacturers show an uneasiness with the word and its class attributes: [[American Standard Companies|American Standard]], the largest firm, sells them as "toilets", yet the higher-priced products of the [[Kohler Company]], often installed in more expensive housing, are sold as ''commodes'' or ''closets'', words which also carry other meanings. Confusingly, products imported from Japan such as [[TOTO (company)|TOTO]] are referred to as "toilets", even though they carry the cachet of higher cost and quality. Toto (an abbreviation of Tōyō Tōki, 東洋陶器, Oriental Ceramics) is used in [[Japanese comics]] to visually indicate toilets or other things that look like toilets (see [[Toilets in Japan]]). [230] => [231] => ===Regional variants=== [232] => Different dialects use "bathroom" and "restroom" ([[American English]]), "bathroom" and "washroom" ([[Canadian English]]), and "WC" (an initialism for "water closet"), "lavatory" and its abbreviation "lav" ([[British English]]). Euphemisms for the toilet that bear no direct reference to the activities of urination and defecation are ubiquitous in modern Western languages, reflecting a general attitude of unspeakability about such bodily function.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} These euphemistic practices appear to have become pronounced following the emergence of European colonial practices, which frequently denigrated colonial subjects in Africa, Asia and South America as 'unclean'.Alison Moore, Colonial Visions of ‘Third World’ Toilets: A Nineteenth-Century Discourse That Haunts Contemporary Tourism. In Olga Gershenson and Barbara Penner (eds.), ''[http://tupress.temple.edu/book/0457 Ladies and Gents: Public Toilets and Gender]'' (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2009), 97–113.{{Cite journal|last=Anderson|first=Warwick|date=2010|title=Crap on the map, or postcolonial waste|journal=Postcolonial Studies|language=en|volume=13|issue=2|pages=169–178|doi=10.1080/13688790.2010.496436|s2cid=143947247|issn=1368-8790}} [233] => [234] => ===Euphemisms=== [235] => "Crapper" was already in use{{Citation needed|date=April 2019}} as a coarse name for a toilet, but it gained currency from the work of [[Thomas Crapper]], who popularized flush toilets in England and held several patents on toilet improvements. [236] => [237] => "The Jacks" is Irish slang for toilet.{{cite web|title=BBC h2g2|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A3225106|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628022630/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/place-lancashire/plain/A3225106|archive-date=28 June 2013|access-date=25 June 2013}} It perhaps derives from "jacques" and "jakes", an old English term.{{cite web|url=http://www.toiletinspector.com/index.asp?pgid=166|title=Toilet Inspector|access-date=25 June 2013}} [238] => [239] => "Loo" – The etymology of loo is obscure. The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' notes the 1922 appearance of "How much cost? Waterloo. Watercloset." in [[James Joyce]]'s novel ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'' and defers to [[Alan S. C. Ross]]'s arguments that it derived in some fashion from [[Waterloo, Belgium|the site]] of [[Napoleon]]'s [[Battle of Waterloo|1815 defeat]].{{citation|title=Oxford English Dictionary|contribution=loo, ''n.⁴''}}.{{citation|last=Ross|first=Alan S.C.|title=Blackwood's Magazine|date=October 1974|author-link=Alan S. C. Ross|pages=309–316}}. In the 1950s the use of the word "loo" was considered one of the markers of [[Social structure of the United Kingdom#Upper class|British upper-class]] speech, featuring in a famous essay, "[[U and non-U English]]".{{citation|last=Ross|first=Alan S.C.|title=Neuphilologische Mitteilungen|date=1954|volume=55|contribution=Linguistic Class-Indicators in Present-Day English|location=Helsinki|pages=113–149}}. "Loo" may have derived from a corruption of French ''{{lang|fr|l'eau}}'' ("water"), ''{{lang|fr|gare à l'eau}}'' – whence [[Scots language|Scots]] ''gardy loo'' – ("mind the water", used in reference to emptying [[chamber pot]]s into the street from an upper-story window), ''{{lang|fr|lieu}}'' ("place"), ''{{lang|fr|lieu d'aisance}}'' ("place of ease", used euphemistically for a toilet), or ''{{lang|fr|lieu à l'anglaise}}'' ("English place", used from around 1770 to refer to English-style toilets installed for travelers).{{Cite book |last=Ashenburg |first=Katherine |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/876714657 |title=The dirt on clean : an unsanitized history |date=2008 |isbn=978-1-4668-6776-5 |edition=First |location=New York |pages=138 |oclc=876714657}}{{OEtymD|loo}}. Other proposed etymologies include a supposed tendency to place toilets in room 100 (hence "loo") in English hotels,{{citation|title=Kottke|date=16 February 2005|contribution=Why do they call it the loo?|contribution-url=http://kottke.org/05/02/loo-etymology|access-date=1 August 2015}}. a sailors' dialectal corruption of the nautical term "[[Leeward|lee]]" in reference to the shipboard need to urinate and defecate with the wind prior to the advent of [[Head (watercraft)|head pumps]],{{refn|group=n|Yachtsmen still tend to refer to their toilets as "loos" rather than "heads".{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}}} or the 17th-century preacher [[Louis Bourdaloue]], whose long sermons at Paris's [[Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis]] prompted his parishioners to bring along chamber pots, and his surname was applied to the pots themselves.{{Cite web|url=http://www.muzeumnocniku.cz/en/collection/chamber-pots|title=Chamber Pots|website=Muzeum historických nočníků a toalet|access-date=17 July 2016}} [240] => [241] => ==Gallery== [242] => {{gallery|align=center|File:Hundertwasser toilet in Kawakawa.jpg|Men's toilet designed by artist and architect [[Hundertwasser]] [243] => |File:Notariskantoor Valkenswaard 10.JPG|Toilet in [[Delftware]] style [244] => |File:Wc-bus.JPG|Toilet bus in [[Samsun]], Turkey [245] => |File:ChildToilet.jpg|Duo toilet for child training in a banquet hall near [[Jerusalem]], Israel [246] => |File:Toilet in Croatian National Theater, Zagreb.jpg|Toilet in [[Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb]], [[Croatia]] [247] => |File:AntipoloToilet.jpg|A public toilet in [[Antipolo]], [[Philippines]] [248] => |File:Commode-pedestal UDDT (English) (4270556587).jpg|Instructions on using a [[urine-diverting dry toilet]] in [[Sri Lanka]] [249] => }} [250] => [251] => ==See also== [252] => {{div col|colwidth=25em}} [253] => * [[Community toilet scheme]] [254] => * [[Electronic toilet]] [255] => * [[Green train corridor]] [256] => * [[Human right to water and sanitation]] [257] => * [[Improved sanitation]] [258] => * [[Sanisette]] [259] => * [[Sulabh International Museum of Toilets]] [260] => * [[Sustainable Sanitation Alliance]] [261] => * [[Swachh Bharat Mission]] [262] => * [[Toilet humour]] [263] => * [[Toilet-related injuries and deaths]] [264] => * [[Vermifilter toilet]] [265] => * [[Waste management]] [266] => * [[World Toilet Day]] [267] => * [[World Toilet Organization]] – organization which focuses on toilets and sanitation at the global level [268] => * [[Workers' right to access the toilet]] [269] => {{div col end}} [270] => [271] => == Explanatory notes == [272] => {{Reflist|group=n}} [273] => [274] => ==References== [275] => {{Reflist}} [276] => [277] => == External links == [278] => {{Wikivoyage|Toilets|Toilets|travel information}} [279] => {{Offline|med}} [280] => * {{Wikiquote-inline}} [281] => * {{Commons-inline}} [282] => [283] => {{Toilets}} [284] => {{Wastewater}} [285] => {{Authority control}} [286] => [287] => [[Category:Toilets| ]] [288] => [289] => [[Category:Ancient inventions]] [290] => [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [291] => [[Category:Bathroom equipment]] [292] => [[Category:Bathrooms]] [293] => [[Category:Sanitation]] [294] => [[Category:Toilet types]] [] => )
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Toilet

The Wikipedia page for "Toilet" provides an extensive overview of this essential sanitation fixture. It covers the history, types, usage, installation, maintenance, cultural aspects, and environmental impact of toilets.

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It covers the history, types, usage, installation, maintenance, cultural aspects, and environmental impact of toilets. The article begins by explaining the historical development of toilets, tracing back to ancient civilizations like the Indus Valley and Egyptian civilizations. The page then delves into various types of toilets, including flush toilets, squat toilets, compost toilets, and portable toilets. It provides details about their designs, functioning, and differences in usage around the world. The article also highlights the importance of proper toilet sanitation in preventing the spread of diseases. Detailed information is given about the process of installing and maintaining toilets, covering aspects like plumbing, water supply, and waste disposal. The article also addresses the cultural significance of toilets, including their portrayal in literature, art, and popular culture. Additionally, the page highlights the environmental impact of toilets, focusing on water consumption and wasteful practices. It explores efforts to develop more water-efficient and sustainable toilet technologies. Throughout the article, relevant statistics, historical anecdotes, and examples from different countries enrich the understanding of toilets' significance in everyday life. The page concludes with information on ongoing research, innovations, and challenges in the field of toilet technology. Overall, the Wikipedia page for "Toilet" provides a comprehensive resource for anyone seeking to learn about the various aspects of this vital and often overlooked sanitary fixture.

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