Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Linux distribution developed by Canonical}} [1] => {{For-multi|the African philosophy|Ubuntu philosophy|other uses}} [2] => {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}} [3] => {{Use British English|date=January 2021}} [4] => [5] => {{Infobox OS [6] => | name = Ubuntu [7] => | logo = File:Ubuntu-logo-2022.svg [8] => | screenshot = Ubuntu 24.04 Noble Numbat Desktop English.png [9] => | caption = Ubuntu 24.04 "Noble Numbat" [10] => | developer = [[Canonical (company)|Canonical Ltd.]] [11] => | family = [[Linux]] ([[Unix-like]]) [12] => | working_state = Current [13] => | source_model = [[Open-source software|Open-source]]{{cite web |title=kernel.ubuntu.com |url=https://kernel.ubuntu.com/git/ |website=kernel.ubuntu.com |access-date=20 April 2018 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821121416/http://kernel.ubuntu.com/git/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Index of /ubuntu |url=https://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ |website=archive.ubuntu.com |access-date=20 April 2018 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511162437/http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ |url-status=live }} [14] => | released = [[Ubuntu version history#Ubuntu 4.10 (Warty Warthog)|Ubuntu 4.10]] (Warty Warthog) / {{Start date and age|2004|10|20|df=yes|paren=yes}} [15] => | latest release version = '''Latest''': {{wikidata|qualifier|preferred|single|references|edit|Q381|P348|P548=Q2804309|P1638}}
'''LTS''': {{wikidata|property|preferred|reference|edit|Q381|P348|P548=Q15726348}} [16] => | latest release date = {{Start date and age|{{wikidata|qualifier|preferred|single|Q381|P348|P548=Q2804309|P577}}}}
{{Start date and age|{{wikidata|qualifier|preferred|single|Q381|P348|P548=Q15726348|P577}}}} [17] => | marketing target = [[Cloud computing]], [[personal computer]]s, [[Server (computing)|servers]], [[supercomputer]]s, [[Internet of things|IoT]] [18] => | latest preview version = [19] => | latest preview date = [20] => | language = More than 55 languages by [[#Local communities (LoCos)|LoCos]] [21] => | updatemodel = [[Software Updater]], [[Ubuntu Software]], [[APT (software)|apt]] [22] => | package_manager = [[GNOME Software]], [[dpkg]] ([[APT (Debian)|APT]]), [[Snap (package manager)|Snap]] – graphical front-end: [[Snap Store]] [23] => | supported_platforms = {{bulleted list |[[x86-64]] |[[ARM64]] |[[RISC-V]] |[[ppc64le]] ([[POWER8]] and later) |[[s390x]]{{cite web |url=https://ubuntu.com/server/docs/installation |quote= Ubuntu 20.04 Server Edition [...] supports four 64-bit architectures: amd64, arm64, ppc64el, s390x |title=Installation |work=Ubuntu Server Documentation |year=2020 |publisher=Canonical Ltd. |access-date=1 January 2022 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129113254/https://ubuntu.com/server/docs/installation |url-status=live }} |[[ARMhf]] ([[ARMv7]] + [[VFPv3-D16]]){{cite web |url=https://ubuntu.com/core/docs/supported-platforms |title=Supported platforms |work=Ubuntu Core Documentation |year=2020 |publisher=Canonical Ltd. |access-date=1 January 2022 |archive-date=1 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101153104/https://ubuntu.com/core/docs/supported-platforms |url-status=live }} }} [24] => | kernel_type = [[monolithic kernel|Monolithic]] ([[Linux kernel]]) [25] => | userland = [[GNU Core Utilities|GNU]] [26] => | ui = [[GNOME]] [27] => | license = [[Free software]] + some [[proprietary software|proprietary]] [[device driver]]s{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/distros/common-distros.html#Ubuntu |title= Explaining Why We Don't Endorse Other Systems |publisher= [[Free Software Foundation]] |access-date= 14 July 2015 |archive-date= 24 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424061731/http://www.gnu.org/distros/common-distros.html#Ubuntu |url-status=live }} [28] => | website = {{Official URL}} [29] => }} [30] => '''Ubuntu''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=|ʊ|ˈ|b|ʊ|n|t|uː}} {{respell|uu|BUUN|too}}){{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/about |title=About the Ubuntu project |last=Canonical |website=Ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428002843/https://www.ubuntu.com/about |url-status=live }} is a [[Linux distribution]] based on [[Debian]] and composed mostly of [[free and open-source software]].{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/licensing |title=Licensing |last=Canonical |website=ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502140026/https://www.ubuntu.com/licensing |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/community/mission |title=Our mission |last=Canonical |website=ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502065850/https://www.ubuntu.com/community/mission |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/community/debian |title=Debian |last=Canonical |website=ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502065355/https://www.ubuntu.com/community/debian |url-status=live }} Ubuntu is officially released in multiple editions: ''[[Desktop computer|Desktop]]'',{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/desktop |title=Ubuntu PC operating system |last=Canonical |website=Ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=16 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916063830/http://www.ubuntu.com/desktop |url-status=live }} ''[[Server (computing)|Server]]'',{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/server |title=Ubuntu Server - for scale out workloads |last=Canonical |website=Ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=23 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223192409/https://www.ubuntu.com/server |url-status=live }} and ''Core''{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/core |title=Ubuntu Core |last=Canonical |website=Ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428002636/https://www.ubuntu.com/core |url-status=live }} for [[Internet of things]] devices{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/internet-of-things |title=Ubuntu for the Internet of Things |last=Canonical |website=Ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428002640/https://www.ubuntu.com/internet-of-things |url-status=live }} and [[robot]]s.{{cite web |url=https://blog.ubuntu.com/2017/12/19/your-first-robot-a-beginners-guide-to-ros-and-ubuntu-core-1-5 |title=Your first robot: A beginner's guide to ROS and Ubuntu Core [1/5] |website=blog.ubuntu.com |access-date=16 August 2018 |archive-date=16 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816162257/https://blog.ubuntu.com/2017/12/19/your-first-robot-a-beginners-guide-to-ros-and-ubuntu-core-1-5 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/open-source-ubuntu-core-connects-robots-drones-and-smart-homes/ |title=Open source Ubuntu Core connects robots, drones and smart homes |first=Richard |last=Trenholm |publisher=CNET |access-date=16 August 2018 |archive-date=16 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816194428/https://www.cnet.com/news/open-source-ubuntu-core-connects-robots-drones-and-smart-homes/ |url-status=live }} The operating system is [[software development|developed]] by the British company [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]],{{Cite web |last=Canonical |title=Canonical and Ubuntu |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/community/canonical |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502065338/https://www.ubuntu.com/community/canonical |archive-date=2 May 2018 |access-date=1 May 2018 |website=ubuntu.com}} and a community of other developers, under a [[Meritocracy|meritocratic]] governance model.{{Cite web |last=Canonical |title=Governance |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/community/governance |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430200635/https://www.ubuntu.com/community/governance |archive-date=30 April 2018 |access-date=1 May 2018 |website=Ubuntu.com}} {{As of|2024|April|}}, the most-recent release is and the current long-term support release is [[Ubuntu version history#Ubuntu 24.04 LTS (Noble Numbat)|24.04]] ("Noble Numbat"). [31] => [32] => As with other Linux distributions, all of the editions can run on a computer alone, or in a [[virtual machine]]. An upgrade to Ubuntu is released every six months, with [[long-term support]] (LTS) releases every two years.{{Cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Releases#Release_cadence |title=Releases - Ubuntu Wiki |website=wiki.ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193700/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Releases#Release_cadence |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LTS |title=LTS - Ubuntu Wiki |website=wiki.ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=5 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805085357/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LTS |url-status=live }} Canonical provides security updates and support for each Ubuntu release, starting from the release date until the release reaches its designated [[end-of-life (product)|end-of-life]] (EOL) date.{{Cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Releases#Support_length |title=Releases - Ubuntu Wiki |website=wiki.ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193700/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Releases#Support_length |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/info/release-end-of-life |title=Release end of life |last=Canonical |website=ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320144709/https://www.ubuntu.com/info/release-end-of-life |url-status=live }} Canonical generates revenue through the sale of premium services related to Ubuntu and donations from those who download the Ubuntu software.{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/support |title=Support and management |last=Canonical |website=ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428002712/https://www.ubuntu.com/support |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/support/plans-and-pricing |title=Plans and pricing |last=Canonical |website=Ubuntu.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428002726/https://www.ubuntu.com/support/plans-and-pricing |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://ubuntu.com/download/desktop/thank-you |title=Thank you for your contribution |last=Canonical |website=Ubuntu.com |access-date=25 August 2021 |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817131745/https://ubuntu.com/download/desktop/thank-you |url-status=live }} [33] => [34] => Ubuntu is named after the [[Nguni people|Nguni]] philosophy of ''{{lang|xh|[[Ubuntu philosophy|ubuntu]]}}'', "humanity to others" with a connotation of "I am what I am because of who we all are". Since the release of the first version in 2004, Ubuntu has become one of the most popular Linux distributions for general purposes{{Cite web |date=2023-10-15 |title=Ubuntu Pulls Its Latest Desktop Release Over Hate Speech Concerns |url=https://me.pcmag.com/en/operating-systems/19901/ubuntu-pulls-its-latest-desktop-release-over-hate-speech-concerns |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=PCMag Middle East |language=en-ae}}{{Cite web|url=https://news.softpedia.com/news/top-five-reasons-why-ubuntu-is-the-most-used-linux-os-491064.shtml|title=Top Five Reasons Why Ubuntu Is the Most Used Linux OS|date=7 September 2015 }} and is backed by large online communities like [[Ask Ubuntu]]. Numerous community-editions of Ubuntu also exist.{{Cite web |last=Evangelho |first=Jason |title=Linux For Beginners: Understanding The Many Versions Of Ubuntu |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonevangelho/2018/11/28/linux-for-beginners-understanding-the-many-versions-of-ubuntu/ |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=Forbes |language=en}} It is also popular for [[cloud computing]], with support for [[OpenStack]].{{Cite web |last=Canonical |title=OpenStack on Ubuntu is your scalable private cloud, by Canonical |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/openstack |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428002409/https://www.ubuntu.com/openstack |archive-date=28 April 2018 |access-date=1 May 2018 |website=ubuntu.com}}[[File:Ubuntu_-_Version_History_-_Visual_Timeline_-_20231019.png|thumb|Ubuntu - Version History - Visual Timeline - 20231019]] [35] => [36] => == Background == [37] => {{See also|Ubuntu version history}} [38] => Ubuntu is built on [[Debian]]'s architecture and infrastructure, and comprises Linux server, desktop and discontinued phone and tablet operating system versions.{{cite web |title=Ubuntu and Debian |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/about/about-ubuntu/ubuntu-and-debian |work=Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=14 December 2013 |archive-date=22 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222053933/http://www.ubuntu.com/about/about-ubuntu/ubuntu-and-debian |url-status=live }} Ubuntu releases updated versions predictably every six months,{{cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/project/about-ubuntu |title=About Ubuntu. The Ubuntu Story |work=Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd. |access-date=21 August 2012 |archive-date=5 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105101448/http://www.ubuntu.com/project/about-ubuntu |url-status=live }} and each release receives free support for nine months (eighteen months prior to 13.04){{cite web |url=https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/03/ubuntu-to-halve-support-window-for-regular-releases |title=Ubuntu To Halve Support Window for 'Regular' Releases |last=Sneddon |first=Joey-Elijah |work=OMG! Ubuntu! |publisher=Ohso Ltd |date=20 March 2013 |access-date=15 May 2013 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821121947/https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/03/ubuntu-to-halve-support-window-for-regular-releases |url-status=live }} with security fixes, high-impact bug fixes and conservative, substantially beneficial low-risk bug fixes.{{cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/TimeBasedReleases |title=Time Based Releases |work=Ubuntu Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=24 October 2013 |archive-date=5 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105074245/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/TimeBasedReleases |url-status=live }} The first release was in October 2004.{{cite web |url=https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-announce/2004-October/000003.html |title=Announcing Ubuntu 4.10 "The Warty Warthog Release" |author=Mark Shuttleworth |date=2004-10-20 |website=lists.ubuntu.com |access-date=2023-08-23}} [39] => [40] => Current [[long-term support]] (LTS) releases are supported for five years, and are released every two years. Since the release of Ubuntu 6.06, every fourth release receives long-term support. Long-term support includes updates for new hardware, security patches and updates to the 'Ubuntu stack' (cloud computing infrastructure).{{cite news |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/04/20/ubuntu_server_10_04/ |title=Ubuntu Server primed for the bigtime |last=Morgan |first=Timothy Prickett |work=[[The Register]] |date=20 April 2010 |access-date=24 October 2013 |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004104124/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/04/20/ubuntu_server_10_04/ |url-status=live }} The first LTS releases were supported for three years on the desktop and five years on the server; since Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, desktop support for LTS releases was increased to five years as well.{{cite news |url=https://fridge.ubuntu.com/2011/10/21/ubuntu-12-04-to-feature-extended-support-period-for-desktop-users/ |title=Ubuntu 12.04 to feature extended support period for desktop users |work=Fridge.Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=1 November 2013 |archive-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101030551/http://fridge.ubuntu.com/2011/10/21/ubuntu-12-04-to-feature-extended-support-period-for-desktop-users/ |url-status=live }}{{cite news |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/05/precision-and-purpose-ubuntu-12-04-and-the-unity-hud-reviewed |title=Precision and purpose: Ubuntu 12.04 and the Unity HUD reviewed |access-date=1 November 2013 |last=Paul |first=Ryan |date=28 May 2012 |work=[[Ars Technica]] |archive-date=23 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523200126/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/05/precision-and-purpose-ubuntu-12-04-and-the-unity-hud-reviewed/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Releases |title=Releases |work=Ubuntu Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=24 October 2013 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193700/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Releases |url-status=live }} LTS releases get regular point releases with support for new hardware and integration of all the updates published in that series to date.{{cite web |url=https://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/146 |title=The Art of Release |date=12 May 2008 |access-date=24 October 2013 |work=MarkShuttleworth.com |first=Mark |last=Shuttleworth |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184036/http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/146 |url-status=live }} [41] => [42] => Ubuntu packages are based on [[Debian]]'s unstable branch, which are synchronized every six months. Both distributions use Debian's [[deb (file format)|deb]] [[Software package (installation)|package]] format and [[package management]] tools (e.g. [[Advanced Packaging Tool|APT]] and [[Ubuntu Software]]). Debian and Ubuntu packages are not necessarily [[binary compatible]] with each other, however, so packages may need to be rebuilt from [[Source code|source]] to be used in Ubuntu.{{cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/MarkShuttleworth#What_about_binary_compatibility_between_distributions.3F |first=Mark |last=Shuttleworth |title=FAQs: Why and Whither for Ubuntu? What about binary compatibility between distributions? |work=Ubuntu Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=4 February 2011 |archive-date=21 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221222056/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/MarkShuttleworth#What_about_binary_compatibility_between_distributions.3F |url-status=live }} Many Ubuntu developers are also maintainers of key packages within Debian. Ubuntu cooperates with Debian by pushing changes back to Debian,{{cite web |url=https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu-website/+bug/154274 |title=Website does not reference Debian visibly |work=Ubuntu Website Bug Tracking [Obsolete] |date=19 October 2007 |publisher=[[Canonical Group]] |via=[[Launchpad (website)|Launchpad]] |access-date=31 August 2010 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821114144/https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu-website/+bug/154274 |url-status=live }} although there has been criticism that this does not happen often enough. [[Ian Murdock]], the founder of Debian, had expressed concern about Ubuntu packages potentially diverging too far from Debian to remain compatible.{{cite web |url=https://ianmurdock.com/debian/ubuntu-vs-debian-reprise/ |title=Ubuntu vs. Debian, reprise |date=20 April 2005 |access-date=21 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819164015/http://ianmurdock.com/debian/ubuntu-vs-debian-reprise/ |archive-date=19 August 2014 }} Before release, packages are imported from [[Unstable (Debian)|Debian unstable]] continuously and merged with Ubuntu-specific modifications. At some point during the release process, the Debian Import Freeze is implemented. This prevents the automatic import of packages from Debian without an explicit request from a developer. In combination with other freezes, this helps packagers ensure that frozen features interoperate well together.{{Cite web |title=UbuntuDevelopment/ReleaseProcess - Ubuntu Wiki |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UbuntuDevelopment/ReleaseProcess |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=wiki.ubuntu.com}}{{Cite web |title=DebianImportFreeze - Ubuntu Wiki |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DebianImportFreeze |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=wiki.ubuntu.com}} [43] => [44] => Ubuntu is currently funded by [[Canonical (company)|Canonical Ltd]]. On 8 July 2005, [[Mark Shuttleworth]] and Canonical announced the creation of the Ubuntu Foundation and provided initial funding of US$10 million. The purpose of the foundation is to ensure the support and [[Software development|development]] for all future versions of Ubuntu. Mark Shuttleworth describes the foundation goal as to ensure the continuity of the Ubuntu project.{{cite web |url=https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-announce/2005-July/000025.html |title=Announcing Launch of ($10 m) Ubuntu Foundation |first=Benjamin Mako |last=Hill |date=8 July 2005 |access-date=19 August 2008 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203618/https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-announce/2005-July/000025.html |url-status=live }} [45] => [46] => On 12 March 2009, Ubuntu announced developer support for third-party [[Cloud computing|cloud]] management platforms, such as those used at [[Amazon EC2]].{{cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/news/rightscale-cloud-management |title=RightScale Adds Full Support for Ubuntu Server to Its Cloud Management Platform |date=12 March 2009 |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=4 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130145702/https://www.ubuntu.com/news/rightscale-cloud-management |archive-date=30 January 2011 }} [47] => [48] => [[32-bit computing|32-bit]] [[x86]] processors were supported up to Ubuntu 18.04. It was decided to support "[[legacy software]]", i.e. select [[32-bit application|32-bit i386 packages]] for Ubuntu 19.10 (since out of support) and 20.04 LTS.{{Cite web |url=https://ubuntu.com/blog/statement-on-32-bit-i386-packages-for-ubuntu-19-10-and-20-04-lts |title=Statement on 32-bit i386 packages for Ubuntu 19.10 and 20.04 LTS |website=Ubuntu |language=en |access-date=2019-10-06 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009140102/https://ubuntu.com/blog/statement-on-32-bit-i386-packages-for-ubuntu-19-10-and-20-04-lts |url-status=live }} [49] => [50] => == Features == [51] => [52] => A [[default (computer science)|default]] installation of Ubuntu as of version 23.10 contains a minimal selection of software, namely a web browser ([[Firefox]]) and basic [[GNOME]] utilities.{{Cite web |date=2023-07-06 |title=Rethinking Ubuntu Desktop: a more thoughtful default installation |url=https://discourse.ubuntu.com/t/rethinking-ubuntu-desktop-a-more-thoughtful-default-installation/36736 |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=Ubuntu Community Hub |language=en-US}} Many additional software packages are accessible from the built-in [[GNOME Software|Ubuntu Software]] (previously [[Ubuntu Software Center]]) as well as any other APT-based [[package management]] tools. Many additional software packages that are no longer installed by default, such as [[Evolution (software)|Evolution]], [[GIMP]], [[Pidgin (software)|Pidgin]], and [[Synaptic (software)|Synaptic]], are still accessible in the repositories and installable by the main tool or by any other APT-based package management tool. Cross-distribution [[Snappy (package manager)|snap packages]] and [[Flatpak]]s are also available,{{Cite web |title=Ubuntu 17.04 review: Don't call it abandonware, per se |work=Ars Technica |date=11 May 2017 |access-date=24 December 2017 |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/05/ubuntu-17-04-review-this-is-unitys-true-swan-song/ |archive-date=25 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225034836/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/05/ubuntu-17-04-review-this-is-unitys-true-swan-song/ |url-status=live }} that both allow installing software, such as some of Microsoft's software, in most of the major Linux operating systems (such as any currently supported Ubuntu version and in [[Fedora (operating system)|Fedora]]). The default file manager is [[GNOME Files]], formerly called Nautilus.{{Cite web |title=DefaultApps - Ubuntu Wiki |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DefaultApps |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=wiki.ubuntu.com}}{{Cite web |title=Files – Apps for GNOME |url=https://apps.gnome.org/Nautilus/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=apps.gnome.org |language=en}} [53] => [54] => All of the application software installed by default is free software. In addition, Ubuntu redistributes some hardware drivers that are available only in binary format, but such packages are clearly marked in the restricted component.{{cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/about/about-ubuntu/licensing |title=Licensing |website=ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=27 February 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110346/http://www.ubuntu.com/about/about-ubuntu/licensing |url-status=live }} [55] => [56] => Ubuntu's default desktop changed back from the in-house [[Unity (user interface)|Unity]] to [[GNOME]] after nearly 6.5 years in 2017 upon the release of version [[Ubuntu version history#1710|17.10]].{{cite web |title=Ubuntu |url=https://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=ubuntu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030013233/https://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=ubuntu |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=26 October 2020 |website=DistroWatch.com |language=en-US }} [57] => [58] => == Security == [59] => [60] => Ubuntu aims to be [[secure by default]].{{cite web |title=Security |url=https://ubuntu.com/security |website=Ubuntu |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808220950/https://ubuntu.com/security |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Security/Features - Ubuntu Wiki |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Security/Features |website=wiki.ubuntu.com |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808220920/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Security/Features |url-status=live }} User programs run with [[Principle of least privilege|low privileges]] and cannot corrupt the operating system or other users' files. For increased security, the [[sudo]] tool is used to assign temporary privileges for performing administrative tasks, which allows the [[root account]] to remain locked and helps prevent inexperienced users from inadvertently making catastrophic system changes or opening security holes.{{cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/RootSudo?highlight=%28sudo%29 |title=Root Sudo |work=Ubuntu Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=19 August 2008 |archive-date=21 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221162133/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/RootSudo?highlight=%28sudo%29 |url-status=live }} [[Polkit]] is also being widely implemented into the desktop.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} [61] => [62] => Most network ports are closed by default to prevent hacking.{{cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DefaultNetworkServices#Service_discovery_processes |title=Default Network Services |work=Ubuntu Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=2 October 2014 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082741/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DefaultNetworkServices#Service_discovery_processes |url-status=live }} A built-in [[Uncomplicated Firewall|firewall]] allows end-users who install network servers to control access. A [[GUI]] ([[Uncomplicated Firewall#GUIs for Uncomplicated Firewall|GUI for Uncomplicated Firewall]]) is available to configure it.{{cite web |url=https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Gufw |title=Gufw |work=Ubuntu Community Help Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=4 February 2011 |archive-date=24 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124182952/https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Gufw |url-status=live }} Ubuntu compiles its packages using [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]] features such as [[position-independent code|PIE]] and [[buffer overflow protection]] to [[Hardening (computing)|harden]] its software.{{cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/CompilerFlags |title=Compiler Flags |work=Ubuntu Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=31 January 2011 |archive-date=26 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226022307/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/CompilerFlags |url-status=live }}{{Relevance inline|discuss=PIE and buffer overflow protection|date=November 2023|reason=These are now widely used}} These extra features greatly increase security at the performance expense of 0.01% in [[x86-64|64-bit]].{{cite web |url=https://d-sbd.alioth.debian.org/www/ |title=Debian: Secure by Default |work=D-SbD.Alioth.Debian.org |publisher=Alioth Project |access-date=31 January 2011 |archive-date=3 November 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041103003535/http://d-sbd.alioth.debian.org/www/ |url-status=live }} [63] => [64] => Ubuntu also supports full disk encryption{{cite web |url=https://help.ubuntu.com/community/FullDiskEncryptionHowto |title=FullDiskEncryptionHowto |work=Ubuntu Community Help Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=13 June 2016 |archive-date=2 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702030350/https://help.ubuntu.com/community/FullDiskEncryptionHowto |url-status=live }} as well as encryption of the home and private directories.{{cite web |url=https://help.ubuntu.com/community/EncryptedHome |title=Encrypted Home |work=Ubuntu Community Help Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=7 April 2015 |archive-date=18 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318012629/https://help.ubuntu.com/community/EncryptedHome |url-status=live }} [65] => [66] => == Installation == [67] => [69] => The system requirements vary among Ubuntu products. For the Ubuntu desktop release 22.04 LTS, a PC with at least 2 GHz [[multi-core processor|dual-core]] processor, 4 [[gigabyte|GB]] of [[random-access memory|RAM]] and 25 [[gigabyte|GB]] of free disk space is recommended.{{cite web |title=Download Ubuntu Desktop |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop |access-date=26 June 2022 |work=Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |url-status=live |archive-date=27 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427161553/https://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop }} For less powerful computers, there are other Ubuntu distributions such as [[Lubuntu]] and [[Xubuntu]]. Ubuntu also supports the [[ARM architecture]].{{cite web |url=https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2115929/ubuntu-1110-support-arm-chips-fight-red-hat |title=Ubuntu 11.10 will support ARM processors to take on Red Hat |work=The Inquirer |date=10 October 2011 |access-date=20 October 2011 |archive-date=5 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105121422/https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2115929/ubuntu-1110-support-arm-chips-fight-red-hat |url-status=unfit }}{{cite news |url=https://arstechnica.com/business/2012/04/precise-pangolin-rolls-out-ubuntu-1204-released-introduces-unity-hud/ |title=Precise Pangolin rolls out: Ubuntu 12.04 released, introduces Unity HUD |date=26 April 2012 |access-date=7 July 2012 |first=Ryan |last=Paul |work=Ars Technica |archive-date=4 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704113915/http://arstechnica.com/business/2012/04/precise-pangolin-rolls-out-ubuntu-1204-released-introduces-unity-hud/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTA0NzA |title=Ubuntu's Already Making Plans For ARM in 2014, 2015 |first=Michael |last=Larabel |date=23 January 2012 |access-date=7 July 2012 |work=Phoronix.com |archive-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002141649/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTA0NzA |url-status=live }}{{cite news |url=https://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/ubuntu-linux-bets-on-the-arm-server/9445 |first=Steven J. |last=Vaughan-Nichols |title=Ubuntu Linux bets on the ARM server |publisher=ZDNet |date=22 August 2011 |access-date=20 October 2011 |archive-date=12 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012221509/http://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/ubuntu-linux-bets-on-the-arm-server/9445 |url-status=live }} It is also available on [[Power ISA]],{{cite web |title=Ubuntu for IBM POWER8 |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/download/server/power8 |work=Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=7 October 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923120709/http://www.ubuntu.com/download/server/power8 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTA3MDc |title=Ubuntu Plans to Drop Non-SMP PowerPC Support |date=14 March 2012 |first=Michael |last=Larabel |access-date=7 July 2012 |work=Phoronix.com |archive-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002141552/https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTA3MDc |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-announce/2007-February/000098.html |title=Technical Board Decision |date=February 2007 |access-date=13 June 2008 |work=Lists.Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |archive-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302093120/https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-announce/2007-February/000098.html |url-status=live }} while older [[PowerPC]] architecture was at one point unofficially supported,{{cite web |url=https://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ports/releases/lucid/release/ |title=Ubuntu 10.04 LTS (Lucid Lynx) |work=CDimage.Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=24 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710193610/http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ports/releases/lucid/release/ |archive-date=10 July 2010}} and now newer [[Power ISA]] CPUs ([[POWER8]]) are supported. The [[x86-64]] ("AMD64") architecture is also officially supported. [70] => [71] => [[Live image]]s are the typical way for users to assess and subsequently install Ubuntu. [72] => [73] => These can be downloaded as a disk image ([[ISO image|.iso]]) and subsequently burnt to a DVD or USB flash drive and then booted. Other methods include running the live version via [[UNetbootin]], [[Universal USB Installer]], or Startup Disk Creator (a pre-installed tool on Ubuntu, available on machines already running the OS) directly from a USB drive (making, respectively, a [[live DVD]] or [[live USB]] medium). Running Ubuntu in this way is slower than running it from a [[hard drive]], but does not alter the computer unless specifically instructed by the user. If the user chooses to boot the live image rather than execute an installer at boot time, there is still the option to then use the Ubuntu Desktop Installer once booted into the live environment.{{cite web |url=https://www.easy-ubuntu-linux.com/ubuntu-installation-606-2.html |title=Installing Ubuntu from the Live CD |work=Easy-Ubuntu-Linux.com |publisher=Integrity Enterprises |access-date=19 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930141030/http://www.easy-ubuntu-linux.com/ubuntu-installation-606-2.html |archive-date=30 September 2008}} The Ubuntu Desktop Installer replaced the former [[Ubiquity (software)|Ubiquity]] installer since Ubuntu 23.04.{{Cite web |title=Ubuntu Desktop 23.04 release roundup |url=https://ubuntu.com/blog/ubuntu-desktop-23-04-release-roundup |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=Ubuntu |language=en}} [[Disk image]]s of all current and past versions are available for download at the Ubuntu web site.{{cite web |url=https://releases.ubuntu.com/ |title=Releases.Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=21 August 2012 |archive-date=8 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708181732/http://releases.ubuntu.com/ |url-status=live }} [74] => [75] => Additionally, [[USB flash drive]] installations can be used to boot Ubuntu and [[Kubuntu]] in a way that allows permanent saving of user settings and portability of the USB-installed system between physical machines (however, the computers' [[BIOS]] must support booting from USB).{{cite web |date=30 April 2010 |title=Boot from USB Ubuntu with Persistence |url=https://pendrivelinux.com/boot-from-usb-ubuntu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430181731/https://pendrivelinux.com/boot-from-usb-ubuntu/ |archive-date=30 April 2010 |access-date=30 April 2010 |work=PenDriveLinux.com}} In newer versions of Ubuntu, the [[Ubuntu Live USB creator]] can be used to install Ubuntu on a USB drive (with or without a live CD or DVD). Creating a bootable USB drive with [[persistence (computer science)|persistence]] is as simple as dragging a slider to determine how much space to reserve for persistence; for this, Ubuntu employs [[Initial ramdisk#Implementation|casper]].{{cite news |url=https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/casper-friendly-and-persistent-ghost |title=Casper, the Friendly (and Persistent) Ghost |work=[[Linux Journal]] |access-date=7 April 2015 |archive-date=10 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510145627/http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/casper-friendly-and-persistent-ghost |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/hardy/man7/casper.7.html |title=casper – a hook for initramfs-tools to boot live systems |work=Manpages.Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=7 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328035250/http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/hardy/man7/casper.7.html |archive-date=28 March 2015}} [76] => [77] => == Package classification and support == [78] => [79] => Ubuntu divides most software into four domains to reflect differences in licensing and the degree of support available.{{cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/project/about-ubuntu/licensing |title=About Ubuntu: Licensing |work=Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=26 July 2011 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722001347/http://www.ubuntu.com/project/about-ubuntu/licensing |url-status=live }} Some unsupported applications receive updates from community members known as "Masters of the Universe" (MOTU),{{Cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/MOTU |title=MOTU - Ubuntu Wiki |website=wiki.ubuntu.com |access-date=7 July 2023 }} but not from Canonical Ltd.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} [80] => [81] => {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;" [82] => |- [83] => !!! Free software [84] => ! Non-free software [85] => |- [86] => ! style="text-align:right;"| Officially supported by Canonical [87] => | Main || Restricted [88] => |- [89] => ! style="text-align:right;"| Community supported/Third party [90] => | Universe || Multiverse [91] => |} [92] => [93] => Free software includes software that has met the Ubuntu licensing requirements, which roughly correspond to the [[Debian Free Software Guidelines]]. Exceptions, however, include [[firmware]], in the Main category, because although [[Binary blob|some firmware is not allowed to be modified]], its distribution is still permitted.{{Cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel/Firmware#Where_Do_You_Get_Firmware.3F |title=Kernel/Firmware - Ubuntu Wiki |website=wiki.ubuntu.com |access-date=1 June 2018 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821120807/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel/Firmware#Where_Do_You_Get_Firmware.3F |url-status=live }} [94] => [95] => Non-free software is usually unsupported (Multiverse), but some exceptions (Restricted) are made for important non-free software. Supported non-free software includes device drivers that can be used to run Ubuntu on some current hardware, such as binary-only [[graphics card]] [[device driver|drivers]]. The level of support in the Restricted category is more limited than that of Main, because the developers may not have access to the [[source code]]. It is intended that Main and Restricted should contain all software needed for a complete desktop environment. [96] => [97] => In addition to the above, in which the software [[feature freeze|does not receive new features]] after an initial release, ''Ubuntu Backports'' is an officially recognised repository for [[backport]]ing newer software from later versions of Ubuntu.{{cite web |url=https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UbuntuBackports |title=Ubuntu Backports |work=Ubuntu Community Help Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=24 September 2010 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503051547/https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UbuntuBackports |url-status=live }} [98] => [99] => The ''-updates'' repository provides stable release updates (SRU) of Ubuntu and are generally installed through update-manager. Each release is given its own -updates repository (e.g. intrepid-updates). The repository is supported by Canonical Ltd. for packages in main and restricted, and by the community for packages in universe and multiverse. All updates to the repository must meet certain requirements and go through the ''-proposed'' repository before being made available to the public.{{cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/StableReleaseUpdates |title=Stable Release Updates |work=Ubuntu Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=2 April 2009 |archive-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420195957/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/StableReleaseUpdates |url-status=live }} Updates are scheduled to be available until the end of life for the release.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} [100] => [101] => In addition to the -updates repository, the unstable ''-proposed'' repository contains uploads that must be confirmed before being copied into -updates. All updates must go through this process to ensure that the patch does truly fix the bug and there is no risk of [[Software regression|regression]].{{cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/StableReleaseUpdates |title=SRU Verification |work=Ubuntu Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=2 April 2009 |archive-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420195957/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/StableReleaseUpdates |url-status=live }} Updates in -proposed are confirmed by either Canonical or members of the community.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} [102] => [103] => Canonical previously hosted a partner repository that let vendors of proprietary software deliver their products to Ubuntu users at no cost through the same familiar tools for installing and upgrading software.{{cite web |url=https://www.canonical.com/engineering-services/certification/application-packaging |title=Application packaging |work=Canonical.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=15 August 2010 |archive-date=30 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830233620/http://www.canonical.com/engineering-services/certification/application-packaging |url-status=dead }} The software in the partner repository was officially supported with security and other important updates by its respective vendors. Canonical supported the packaging of the software for Ubuntu{{cite web |url=https://www.canonical.com/engineering-services/certification/application-packaging |title=Application packaging |publisher=Canonical Ltd. |access-date=15 August 2010 |archive-date=30 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830233620/http://www.canonical.com/engineering-services/certification/application-packaging |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=https://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=723804 |title=Partner Repository Forum FAQ |first=Brian |last=Thomason |access-date=15 August 2010 |via=Ubuntu Forums |publisher=Canonical Ltd |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004185630/https://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=723804 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://www.canonical.com/support/services/support-features |title=Desktop support features |work=Canonical.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=15 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829103851/http://www.canonical.com/support/services/support-features |archive-date=29 August 2010 }} and provided guidance to vendors. However, in anticipation for the release of Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Canonical closed the partner repository, as the only package still hosted in it was [[Adobe Flash]], which would not be released with 22.04.{{Cite web |last=Sneddon |first=Joey |date=2022-01-28 |title=Ubuntu is Axing the Partner Repo Nobody Uses |url=https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2022/01/ubuntu-is-axing-the-partner-repo-nobody-uses |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=OMG! Ubuntu |language=en-GB}} Ubuntu developer Steve Langasek said in a development mailing list that he felt the "Snap Store has matured to the point that I believe it supersedes the partner archive".{{Cite web |last=Langasek |first=Steve |date=Jan 27, 2022 |title=Proposed deprecation of the Canonical partner archive |url=https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-devel/2022-January/041816.html |access-date=2023-05-30}} [104] => [105] => === Package Archives === [106] => [107] => A ''Personal Package Archive'' (PPA) is a [[software repository]] for uploading source packages to be built and published as an [[APT (Package Manager)|Advanced Packaging Tool]] (APT) repository by [[Launchpad (website)|Launchpad]].{{cite web |url=https://help.launchpad.net/Packaging/PPA |title=Packaging/PPA - Launchpad Help |website=help.launchpad.net |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-date=19 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819050104/https://help.launchpad.net/Packaging/PPA |url-status=live }} While the term is used exclusively within Ubuntu, Launchpad's host, [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]], envisions adoption beyond the Ubuntu community.{{cite web |url=https://blog.launchpad.net/ppa/personal-package-archives-for-everyone |title=Launchpad Blog |website=blog.launchpad.net |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-date=3 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903095729/http://blog.launchpad.net/ppa/personal-package-archives-for-everyone |url-status=live }} [108] => [109] => === Third-party software === [110] => [111] => Some third-party software that does not limit distribution is included in Ubuntu's multiverse component. The package ''[[ubuntu-restricted-extras]]'' additionally contains software that may be legally restricted, including support for [[DVD-Video|DVD]] playback, [[mscorefonts|Microsoft TrueType core fonts]], many common audio/video [[codec]]s, and unrar, an unarchiver for files compressed in the [[RAR (file format)|RAR file format]].{{Cite web |title=Ubuntu – Details of package ubuntu-restricted-extras in jammy |url=https://packages.ubuntu.com/jammy/ubuntu-restricted-extras |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=packages.ubuntu.com}} [112] => [113] => Additionally, third-party application suites are available for download via Ubuntu Software and the [[Snap store]],{{cite web |url=https://shop.canonical.com/index.php?cPath=19 |title=Ubuntu Software Center |work=Shop.Canonical.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=27 May 2011 |archive-date=11 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811212235/http://shop.canonical.com/index.php?cPath=19 |url-status=live }} including many games such as [[Braid (video game)|Braid]], [[Minecraft]] and [[Oil Rush]],{{cite web |first=David |last=Planella |url=https://developer.ubuntu.com/2011/12/top-10-ubuntu-software-centre-app-downloads-for-november/ |title=Top 10 Ubuntu Software Centre app downloads for November |work=Developer.Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |date=December 2011 |access-date=29 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108174052/http://developer.ubuntu.com/2011/12/top-10-ubuntu-software-centre-app-downloads-for-november/ |archive-date=8 January 2012 }} software for DVD playback and media codecs.{{Cite web |title=Install VLC on Linux {{!}} Snap Store |url=https://snapcraft.io/vlc |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=Snapcraft |language=en}} [114] => [115] => == Releases == [116] => {{For|further information on all Ubuntu releases, including older ones not covered here |Ubuntu version history}} [117] => [118] => [119] => {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="float:left; text-align:center; margin-left:1em; margin-right:0" [120] => |- [121] => |+Currently supported releases [122] => |- [123] => ! scope="col" | Version [124] => ! scope="col" | Code name [125] => ! scope="col" | Release date [126] => ! scope="col" | General support until [127] => ! scope="col" | Security support (ESM) until [128] => |- [129] => ! scope="row" | [[Ubuntu version history#1404|14.04 LTS]] [130] => | Trusty Tahr [131] => | 2014-04-17{{Cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Releases |title=List of Releases |publisher=wiki.ubuntu.com |access-date=4 June 2019 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193700/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Releases |url-status=live }} [132] => | {{Version|o|2019-04-25}} [133] => | {{Version|co|2024-04}} [134] => |- [135] => ! scope="row" | [[Ubuntu version history#1604|16.04 LTS]] [136] => | Xenial Xerus{{cite web |first=Mark |last=Shuttleworth |title=X marks the spot |url=https://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/1479 |work=MarkShuttleworth.com |access-date=22 October 2015 |date=21 October 2015 |archive-date=23 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023012652/http://markshuttleworth.com/archives/1479 |url-status=live }} [137] => | 2016-04-21{{cite web |url=https://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/04/20/canonical-unveils-6th-lts-release-of-ubuntu-with-16-04 |title=Canonical unveils 6th LTS release of Ubuntu with 16.04 |date=20 April 2016 |access-date=21 April 2016 |website=Ubuntu Insights |publisher=[[Canonical (company)|Canonical Ltd.]] |archive-date=22 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422073003/https://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/04/20/canonical-unveils-6th-lts-release-of-ubuntu-with-16-04 |url-status=live }} [138] => | {{Version|o|2021-04-30}}{{Cite mailing list|url=https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-security-announce/2021-March/005930.html|title=Extended Security Maintenance for Ubuntu 16.04 (Xenial Xerus) begins April 30 2021|work=lists.ubuntu.com|access-date=25 September 2021}} [139] => | {{Version|co|2026-04}} [140] => |- [141] => ! scope="row" | [[Ubuntu version history#1804|18.04 LTS]] [142] => | Bionic Beaver [143] => | 2018-04-26{{cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/BionicBeaver/ReleaseSchedule |title=Bionic Release Schedule |publisher=wiki.ubuntu.com |access-date=16 November 2018 |archive-date=14 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214072006/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/BionicBeaver/ReleaseSchedule |url-status=live }} [144] => | colspan="1" {{Version|o|2023-05-31}}{{Cite web |url=https://ubuntu.com/blog/18-04-end-of-standard-support |title=Time to prepare for Ubuntu 18.04 LTS End of Standard Support on 31 May 2023 |first=Lech |last=Sandecki | date=14 March 2023 |website=Ubuntu Blog}} [145] => | colspan="1" {{Version|co|2028-04|show=}} [146] => |- [147] => ! scope="row" | [[Ubuntu version history#2004|20.04 LTS]] [148] => | Focal Fossa [149] => | 2020-04-23{{Cite web |url=https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2019/10/ubuntu-20-04-release-features |title=Ubuntu 20.04 Release Date & Planned Features (Updated) |date=2019-10-18 |website=OMG! Ubuntu! |language=en-US |access-date=2020-01-17 |archive-date=20 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120102637/https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2019/10/ubuntu-20-04-release-features |url-status=live }} [150] => | colspan="1" {{Version|co|2025-05-29}}{{cite web |title=The Ubuntu lifecycle and release cadence |url=https://ubuntu.com/about/release-cycle |website=Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical |access-date=10 October 2019 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009222201/https://ubuntu.com/about/release-cycle |url-status=live }} [151] => | colspan="1" {{Version|co|2030-04}} [152] => |- [153] => ! scope="row" | [[Ubuntu version history#2204|22.04 LTS]] [154] => | Jammy Jellyfish{{Cite web|url=https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/distro-info-data/0.43ubuntu1.9/+index|title=0.43ubuntu1.9 : distro-info-data package : Ubuntu|website=Launchpad|date=15 October 2021 |access-date=15 October 2021|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027175756/https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/distro-info-data/0.43ubuntu1.9/+index|url-status=live}} [155] => | 2022-04-21{{Cite web|date=|title=Releases - Ubuntu Wiki|url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Releases#Future|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507013814/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Releases#Future|archive-date=2021-05-07|access-date=2021-07-24|website=wiki.ubuntu.com}} [156] => | colspan="1" {{Version|co|2027-06-01}} [157] => | colspan="1" {{Version|co|2032-04}} [158] => |- [159] => ! scope="row" | [[Ubuntu version history#2310|23.10]] [160] => | Mantic Minotaur [161] => | 2023-10-12 [162] => | colspan="1" {{Version|co|2024-07-11}} [163] => | colspan="1" {{n/a|unavailable}} [164] => |- [165] => ! scope="row" | [[Ubuntu version history#2404|24.04 LTS]] [166] => | Noble Numbat [167] => | 2024-04-25{{Cite web|url=https://discourse.ubuntu.com/t/noble-numbat-release-schedule/35649|title=Noble Numbat Release Schedule|date=5 January 2024|website=Ubuntu Community Hub}} [168] => | colspan="1" {{Version|c|2029-05-31}} [169] => | colspan="1" {{Version|c|2034-04-25}} [170] => |- [171] => | colspan="5" | {{Version|l|show=111101}} [172] => |} [173] => {{clear}} [174] => Each Ubuntu release has a [[Software versioning|version number]] that consists of the year and month number of the release.{{cite web |url=https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CommonQuestions#Ubuntu%20Releases%20and%20Version%20Numbers |title=Common Questions: Ubuntu Releases and Version Numbers |work=Ubuntu Community Help Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=24 November 2010 |archive-date=17 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517180549/https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CommonQuestions#Ubuntu%20Releases%20and%20Version%20Numbers |url-status=live }} For example, the first release was Ubuntu 4.10 as it was released on 20 October 2004. [175] => [176] => Ubuntu releases are also given [[alliteration|alliterative]] [[code name]]s, using an adjective and an animal (e.g. "Xenial [[Xerus]]"). With the exception of the first two releases, code names are in alphabetical order, allowing a quick determination of which release is newer, at least until restarting the cycle with the release of ''Artful Aardvark'' in October 2017.{{cite web |title=Development Code Names |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DevelopmentCodeNames |work=Ubuntu Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=8 April 2011 |archive-date=4 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704080821/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DevelopmentCodeNames |url-status=live }} Commonly, Ubuntu releases are referred to using only the adjective portion of the code name; for example, the 18.04 LTS release is commonly known as "Bionic". Releases are timed to be approximately one month after GNOME releases.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} [177] => [178] => Upgrades from one [[Long Term Support|LTS]] release to the next LTS release (e.g. Ubuntu 16.04 LTS to Ubuntu 18.04 LTS and then to Ubuntu 20.04 LTS) are supported,{{cite web |url=https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes |title=Upgrade Notes: General Upgrade Information |work=Ubuntu Community Help Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=26 October 2010 |archive-date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522072522/https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes |url-status=live }} while upgrades from non-LTS have only supported upgrade to the next release, regardless of its LTS status (e.g. Ubuntu 15.10 to Ubuntu 16.04 LTS). However, it is possible to skip an LTS upgrade, going straight from 16.04 LTS to 18.04.5 LTS, by waiting for a point release that supports such updating.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} [179] => [180] => LTS releases have optional extended security maintenance (ESM) support available, including 14.04 "Trusty"{{Cite web |url=https://releases.ubuntu.com/releases/12.04/ |title=Ubuntu 12.04.5 LTS (Precise Pangolin) |website=releases.ubuntu.com |access-date=2019-05-11 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402044055/http://releases.ubuntu.com/releases/12.04/ |url-status=live }} that is otherwise out of public support, adding support for that version up to 2022, later extended to a total of 10 years alongside 16.04 LTS.{{Cite web|title=Ubuntu 14.04 and 16.04 lifecycle extended to ten years|url=https://ubuntu.com/blog/ubuntu-14-04-and-16-04-lifecycle-extended-to-ten-years|access-date=2021-10-09|website=Ubuntu|language=en|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009051508/https://ubuntu.com/blog/ubuntu-14-04-and-16-04-lifecycle-extended-to-ten-years|url-status=live}} [181] => [182] => [[Ubuntu version history#1010|Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat)]], was released on 10 October 2010 (10–10–10). This departed from the traditional schedule of releasing at the end of October in order to get "the perfect 10",{{cite web |url=https://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/336 |title=Shooting for the Perfect 10.10 with Maverick Meerkat |first=Mark |last=Shuttleworth |date=2 April 2010 |work=MarkShuttleworth.com |access-date=8 June 2010 |archive-date=10 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410150834/https://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/336 |url-status=live }} and makes a playful reference to ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'' books, since, in [[Binary numeral system|binary]], 101010 equals [[Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe and Everything|decimal 42]], the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe and Everything" within the series.{{cite web |url=https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-marketing/2010-May/003987.html |title=ubuntu-marketing: 10.10.10 |first=Mark |last=Shuttleworth |date=11 May 2010 |work=Ubuntu Mailing Lists |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=4 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823100915/https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-marketing/2010-May/003987.html |archive-date=23 August 2016}} [183] => [184] => Ubuntu (16.04.5 and later) requires a 2 GB or larger installation medium.{{Cite web |url=https://releases.ubuntu.com/releases/16.04.5/ |title=Index of /releases/16.04.5 |website=releases.ubuntu.com |access-date=7 August 2018 |archive-date=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808012557/http://releases.ubuntu.com/releases/16.04.5/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://releases.ubuntu.com/releases/14.04.5/ |title=Index of /releases/14.04.5 |website=releases.ubuntu.com |access-date=7 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222065656/http://releases.ubuntu.com/releases/14.04.5/|archive-date= 22 February 2017|url-status=dead}} However, there is an option to install it with a Minimal CD.{{cite web |url=https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Installation/MinimalCD |title=Installation/MinimalCD |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=20 April 2018 |archive-date=10 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010053413/https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Installation/MinimalCD |url-status=live }} [185] => {{Clear}} [186] => [187] => == Variants == [188] => {{See also|List_of_Linux_distributions#Ubuntu-based|l1=List of Linux distributions § Ubuntu-based}} [189] => [[File:UbuntuFamilyTree1210.svg|thumb|Ubuntu family tree{{dubious|date=December 2018}}]] [190] => [191] => Ubuntu Desktop (formally named as Ubuntu Desktop Edition, and simply called Ubuntu) is the variant officially recommended for most users. It is designed for desktop and laptop PCs and is officially supported by Canonical. A number of variants are distinguished simply by each featuring a different desktop environment, or, in the case of Ubuntu Server, no desktop. [[LXQt]] and [[Xfce]]{{cite web |url=https://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/329244:alternative-desktop-xfce4 |title=Lightweight Linux Desktop Alternative: Xfce |last=Wallen |first=Jack |work=Linux.com – The Source for Linux Information |access-date=7 April 2015 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626164401/https://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/329244:alternative-desktop-xfce4 |url-status=live }} are often recommended for use with older PCs that may have less memory and processing power available.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} [192] => [193] => === Official distributions === [194] => [195] => Most Ubuntu editions and flavours simply install a different set of default packages compared to the standard Ubuntu Desktop. Since they share the same package repositories, all of the same software is available for each of them.{{cite web |title=Ubuntu flavours |url=https://ubuntu.com/download/flavours |website=Ubuntu |access-date=3 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522151037/http://www.ubuntu.com/products/whatisubuntu/derivatives |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=UbuntuFlavors - Ubuntu Wiki |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UbuntuFlavors |website=wiki.ubuntu.com |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415224252/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UbuntuFlavors |url-status=live }} Ubuntu Core{{Efn|Ubuntu Core is a "containerised" version of Ubuntu. The goal of this Ubuntu edition is to provide a more: minimal; secure; maintainable operating system base that can be expanded by "[[Snap (package manager)|snaps]]".}} is the sole exception as it only has access to packages in the [[Snap (package manager)|Snap]] Store.{{cite web |last1=Salter |first1=Jim |title=Containerize all the things with Ubuntu Core 20 |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/02/ubuntu-core-20-adds-secure-boot-with-hardware-backed-encryption/ |website=Ars Technica |access-date=3 February 2021 |language=en-us |date=2 February 2021 |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202232308/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/02/ubuntu-core-20-adds-secure-boot-with-hardware-backed-encryption/ |url-status=live }} [196] => [197] => {| class="wikitable" [198] => ! colspan="2" |Distribution [199] => !Description [200] => |- [201] => |[[File:Edubuntu Icon.webp|48x48px]] [202] => |[[Edubuntu]] [203] => |Edubuntu, formerly Ubuntu Education Edition, is a flavour of Ubuntu that has been modified for education. It is designed for [[preschool]], [[Primary education|primary]], [[Secondary education|secondary]] and [[Tertiary education|tertiary]] educations through the installation of different packages. [204] => |- [205] => |[[File:Kubuntu Icon.png|48x48px]] [206] => |[[Kubuntu]] [207] => |An Ubuntu flavour using the [[KDE]] interface instead of the [[GNOME]] (and Unity) interface used by Ubuntu Desktop.{{cite web |url=https://kubuntu.org/ |title=Kubuntu - Friendly Computing |access-date=6 May 2019 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224134055/https://kubuntu.org/ |url-status=live }} [208] => |- [209] => |[[File:Lubuntu Icon.png|48x48px]] [210] => |[[Lubuntu]] [211] => |Lubuntu is an Ubuntu flavour that is "lighter, less resource hungry and more energy-efficient", using the [[LXQt]] [[desktop environment]] (used [[LXDE]] before 18.10).{{cite web |url=https://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20090511#news |title=Another day, another Ubuntu derivative. |last=Smart |first=Chris |date=May 2009 |access-date=21 May 2009 |archive-date=21 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121065012/http://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20090511#news |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://blog.lxde.org/?p=208 |title=Lubuntu? LXDE Meet up with Mark Shuttleworth in Berlin |last=[[LXDE]] |date=February 2009 |access-date=21 May 2009 |archive-date=24 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224015352/http://blog.lxde.org/?p=208 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://lubuntu.net/ |title=lubuntu |website=lubuntu |access-date=6 May 2019 |archive-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221225231/https://lubuntu.net/ |url-status=live }} [212] => |- [213] => | [214] => |Ubuntu Core [215] => |An Ubuntu edition focused on IoT and embedded systems. It has no graphical interface, and only allows access over SSH. Unlike other variants, it does not use the traditional apt package manager but relies entirely on [[Snap (package manager)|Snap]] packages. It is designed to be configured via ''model assertions'' which are text documents defining which Snap packages and configurations apply to the OS image.{{Cite web |last=Proven |first=Liam |date=17 June 2022 |title=Ubuntu releases Core 22: Its IoT and edge distr |url=https://www.theregister.com/2022/06/17/ubuntu_core_22/ |url-status=live |website=The Register |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619102229/https://www.theregister.com/2022/06/17/ubuntu_core_22/ }} [216] => |- [217] => |[[File:Ubuntu Budgie Icon.png|48x48px]] [218] => |[[Ubuntu Budgie]] [219] => |An Ubuntu flavour using [[Budgie (desktop environment)|Budgie]]. [220] => |- [221] => |[[File:UbuntuCinnamon.png|48x48px|Cinnamon-logo]] [222] => |[[Ubuntu Cinnamon]] [223] => |An Ubuntu flavour using [[Linux Mint|Linux Mint's]] [[Cinnamon (desktop environment)|Cinnamon desktop]]. Formerly known as Ubuntu Cinnamon Remix.{{Cite web |title=Ubuntu Cinnamon Remix {{!}} Ubuntu Cinnamon Remix, traditionally modern |url=https://ubuntucinnamon.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103175528/https://ubuntucinnamon.org/ |archive-date=3 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-03 |website=Ubuntu Cinnamon Remix |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Sneddon |first=Joey |date=2023-03-28 |title=Ubuntu Cinnamon Now Official Ubuntu Flavour |url=https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2023/03/ubuntu-cinnamon-new-official-flavor |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=OMG! Ubuntu! |language=en-GB}} [224] => |- [225] => |[[File:Ubuntu Kylin Icon.png|48x48px]] [226] => |[[Ubuntu Kylin]] [227] => |An Ubuntu flavour aimed at the Chinese market. [228] => |- [229] => |[[File:Ubuntu MATE Icon.png|48x48px]] [230] => |[[Ubuntu MATE]] [231] => |An Ubuntu flavour using [[MATE (software)|MATE]], a desktop environment forked from the now-defunct GNOME 2 code base, with an emphasis on the [[desktop metaphor]].{{cite news |url=https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/02/ubuntu-15-04-beta-downloads-now-live-ubuntu-mate-made-an-official-flavor |title=Ubuntu 15.04 Beta Available to Download, Ubuntu MATE Is Now An Official Flavor |last=Sneddon |first=Joey |date=1 March 2015 |work=OMG Ubuntu |access-date=1 March 2015 |archive-date=17 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317051604/http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/02/ubuntu-15-04-beta-downloads-now-live-ubuntu-mate-made-an-official-flavor |url-status=live }} [232] => |- [233] => |[[File:Ubuntu and Ubuntu Server Icon.png|48x48px]] [234] => |Ubuntu Server [235] => |Ubuntu has a [[Server (computing)|server]] edition{{cite web |url=https://ubuntu.com/server |title=Ubuntu Server - for scaleout workloads |access-date=30 October 2019 |archive-date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522065522/https://www.ubuntu.com/server |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/BionicBeaver/ReleaseNotes?_ga=2.208102746.998804565.1572421923-262180758.1561889001 |title=BionicBeaver/ReleaseNotes |website=Ubuntu Wiki |access-date=30 October 2019 |archive-date=17 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817191955/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/BionicBeaver/ReleaseNotes?_ga=2.208102746.998804565.1572421923-262180758.1561889001 |url-status=live }} that uses the same APT repositories as the Ubuntu Desktop Edition. The differences between them are the absence of an [[X Window System|X Window environment]] in a default installation of the server edition (although one can easily be installed, including GNOME, KDE, Unity or Xfce), and some alterations to the installation process.{{cite web |url=https://help.ubuntu.com/16.04/serverguide/preparing-to-install.html |title=Preparing to Install |work=Ubuntu Official Documentation |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=11 June 2013 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821114248/https://help.ubuntu.com/16.04/serverguide/preparing-to-install.html |url-status=live }} The server edition uses a screen-mode, [[Text-based user interface|character-based interface]] for the installation, instead of a graphical installation process. This enables installation on machines with a serial or "dumb terminal" interface without graphics support. [236] => [237] => The server edition (like the desktop version) supports [[hardware virtualization]] and can be run in a [[virtual machine]], either inside a host operating system or in a [[hypervisor]], such as [[VMware]] [[ESXi]], [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]], [[Citrix Systems|Citrix]] [[XenServer]], [[Microsoft]] [[Hyper-V]], [[QEMU]], a [[Kernel-based Virtual Machine]], or any other [[IBM PC compatible]] emulator or virtualiser. [[AppArmor]] security module for the [[Linux kernel]] is used by default on key software packages, and the [[Firewall (computing)|firewall]] is extended to common services used by the operating system. [238] => [239] => * Runs on all major ([[64-bit computing|64-bit]]) architectures{{snd}} [[x86-64]], [[ARM v7]], [[ARM64]], [[POWER8]]{{cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/download/server/arm |title=Ubuntu Server for ARM |quote=Ubuntu 20.04 LTS includes support for the very latest ARM-based server systems powered by certified 64-bit processors. [...] Ubuntu delivers server-grade performance on ARM |access-date=11 October 2016 |archive-date=11 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011233553/https://www.ubuntu.com/download/server/arm |url-status=live }} and later, [[IBM System z]] mainframes via [[LinuxONE]],{{cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/server |title=What's new in 16.04 LTS |year=2016 |work=Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=13 June 2016 |archive-date=23 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223192409/https://www.ubuntu.com/server |url-status=live }} and has initial support for [[RISC-V]]. [[SPARC]] is no longer commercially supported nor are Ubuntu (Server) versions for 32-bit [[x86]].{{Cite web|title=Ubuntu Extended Security Maintenance {{!}} Security|url=https://ubuntu.com/security/esm|access-date=2021-07-14|website=Ubuntu|language=en|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712040355/https://ubuntu.com/security/esm|url-status=live}} [241] => * Supports [[ZFS]], a file system with snapshot capabilities, since Ubuntu 16.04 LTS.{{Cite web |url=https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-announce/2016-April/000207.html |title=Ubuntu 16.04 LTS (Xenial Xerus) released |author=Adam Conrad |date=21 April 2016 |work=lists.ubuntu.com |access-date=5 June 2017 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603235252/https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-announce/2016-April/000207.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=ubuntu-xenial-zfs&num=1 |title=Taking ZFS for a Test Drive on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS |last=Larabel |first=Michael |work=Phoronix.com |access-date=25 April 2016 |archive-date=25 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425064534/http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=ubuntu-xenial-zfs&num=1 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://github.com/zfsonlinux/zfs |title=zfs: ZFS on Linux - the official OpenZFS implementation for Linux |date=6 June 2017 |via=GitHub |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-date=14 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314065738/https://github.com/zfsonlinux/zfs |url-status=live }} [242] => * Has LXD, a hypervisor to manage [[LXC]] Linux [[Operating-system-level virtualization|containers]]. [243] => * Includes the first production release of [[DPDK]] for line-speed kernel networking. [244] => * Uses the latest long-term release Linux kernel and [[systemd]] service manager. [245] => * Is certified as a guest on [[Amazon Web Services|AWS]], [[Microsoft Azure]], [[Joyent]], [[IBM cloud computing|IBM]] and [[HP Cloud]]. [246] => * [[Netplan]] support (available since Ubuntu 16.04 LTS) [247] => * [[Snappy (package manager)|snap]] package manager [248] => * [[Logical Volume Manager (Linux)|LVM]] encryption support [249] => [250] => It has versions of key server software pre-installed, including Tomcat, PostgreSQL (v12.2), Docker, Puppet, Python (v3.9), PHP (v8.0), NGINX (v1.17), and MySQL (v8.0). [251] => [252] => |- [253] => |[[File:Ubuntu Studio Icon.png|48x48px]] [254] => |[[Ubuntu Studio]] [255] => |Based on Ubuntu, providing open-source applications for multimedia creation aimed at the audio, video and graphic editors. This release uses the [[KDE Plasma 5]] desktop environment, previously used [[Xfce]]{{cite web |url=https://ubuntustudio.org/ |title=Ubuntu Studio |access-date=17 October 2018 |archive-date=7 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307102013/http://ubuntustudio.org/ |url-status=live }} [256] => |- [257] => |[[File:Ubuntu_Unity_Logo.png|48x48px|Ubuntu Unity Logo]] [258] => |[[Ubuntu Unity]] [259] => |An Ubuntu flavour using [[Unity (user interface)|Unity 7]].{{Cite web |title=Ubuntu Unity |url=https://ubuntuunity.org/ |access-date=2022-01-03 |website=ubuntuunity.org |archive-date=20 June 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200620201816/https://ubuntuunity.org/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=Ubuntu Unity Becoming An Official Flavor With 22.10 Release |url=https://www.phoronix.com/news/Ubuntu-Unity-22.10-Official |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=www.phoronix.com |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022000933/https://www.phoronix.com/news/Ubuntu-Unity-22.10-Official |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Proven |first=Liam |date=20 October 2022 |title=Ubuntu has a new remix in the family: Unity |url=https://www.theregister.com/2022/10/20/ubuntu_2210_kinetic_kudu/ |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=[[The Register]] |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022134739/https://www.theregister.com/2022/10/20/ubuntu_2210_kinetic_kudu/ |url-status=live }} [260] => |- [261] => |[[File:Xubuntu Icon.png|48x48px]] [262] => |[[Xubuntu]] [263] => |An Ubuntu flavour using [[Xfce]]. Xubuntu is intended for use on less-powerful computers or those who seek a highly efficient desktop environment on faster systems, and uses mostly [[GTK]] applications.{{cite web |url=https://xubuntu.org/ |title=Xubuntu |website=xubuntu.org |access-date=6 May 2019 |archive-date=22 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122072947/http://www.xubuntu.org/get |url-status=live }} [264] => |} [265] => [266] => Ubuntu had some official distributions that have been discontinued, such as [[Gobuntu]]; including some previously supported by Canonical, like [[Ubuntu Touch]], that is now maintained by volunteers (UBports Community). [267] => [268] => === Unofficial distributions === [269] => [270] => Alongside the official flavours are those that are unofficial. These are still in the process of becoming recognised as official flavours by Canonical.{{Cite web|last=Pablinux|date=2019-09-23|title=Ubuntu Cinnamon, probably official flavor in the coming months|url=https://www.linuxadictos.com/en/have-you-found-out-that-ubuntu-cinnamon-is-likely-to-become-official-flavor.html|access-date=2022-01-03|website=Linux Adictos|language=en|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103175528/https://www.linuxadictos.com/en/have-you-found-out-that-ubuntu-cinnamon-is-likely-to-become-official-flavor.html|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|last=Nestor|first=Marius|date=2021-10-14|title=Ubuntu Unity 21.10 Released to Keep the Unity7 Desktop Alive in 2021|url=https://9to5linux.com/ubuntu-unity-21-10-released-to-keep-the-unity-desktop-alive-in-2021|access-date=2022-01-03|website=9to5Linux|language=en-US|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103175527/https://9to5linux.com/ubuntu-unity-21-10-released-to-keep-the-unity-desktop-alive-in-2021|url-status=live}} [271] => {| class="wikitable" [272] => ! colspan="2" |Distribution [273] => !Description [274] => |- [275] => |[[File:UbuntuDDE Icon.png|alt=Deepin-logo|48x48px|Deepin logo]] [276] => |UbuntuDDE [277] => |An unofficial Ubuntu flavour using [[Deepin Desktop Environment]].{{Cite web |title=UbuntuDDE - Your Beautiful Ubuntu Linux Distribution |url=https://ubuntudde.com/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |language=en-US |archive-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510204814/https://ubuntudde.com/ |url-status=live }} [278] => |- [279] => | [280] => |Ubuntu Web [281] => |An unofficial Ubuntu flavour using [[GNOME|GNOME Desktop Environment]], with the focus on web applications.{{Cite web |title=Ubuntu Web Remix - A powerful free/libre web OS. |url=https://ubuntu-web.org/ |access-date=2022-11-09 |language=en-US |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228122737/https://ubuntu-web.org/ |url-status=live }} [282] => |- [283] => |} [284] => [285] => === Cloud computing === [286] => [[File:Ubuntu Orange Box-Fossetcon 12.09.2014.jpg|thumb|Cloud Ubuntu Orange Box|alt=]]Ubuntu offers Ubuntu Cloud Images which are pre-installed disk images that have been customised by Ubuntu engineering to run on cloud-platforms such as [[Amazon EC2]], [[OpenStack]], [[Microsoft Azure]] and [[LXC]].{{cite web |url=https://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/ |title=Ubuntu Cloud Images |work=Cloud-images.Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |date=6 February 2014 |access-date=6 February 2014 |archive-date=17 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217202610/http://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/ |url-status=live }} Ubuntu is also prevalent on [[Virtual private server|VPS]] platforms such as [[DigitalOcean]].{{cite web |url=https://www.digitalocean.com/blog_posts/where-do-droplets-form |title=Where ''Do'' Droplets Form? |work=DigitalOcean Company Blog |publisher=[[DigitalOcean]] |date=2 January 2014 |access-date=6 February 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222002531/https://www.digitalocean.com/blog_posts/where-do-droplets-form |url-status=dead }} [287] => [288] => [[File:Eucalyptus full.jpg|thumb|Eucalyptus interface]] [289] => Ubuntu has support for OpenStack, with Eucalyptus to OpenStack migration tools added by Canonical.{{cite news |url=https://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/canonical-switches-to-openstack-for-ubuntu-linux-cloud/8875 |title=Canonical switches to OpenStack for Ubuntu Linux cloud |publisher=ZDNet |date=10 May 2011 |access-date=10 October 2011 |archive-date=12 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012224524/http://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/canonical-switches-to-openstack-for-ubuntu-linux-cloud/8875 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last=Prickett |first=Timothy |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/10/canonical_ubuntu_openstack/ |title=Ubuntu eats OpenStack for clouds |work=[[The Register]] |date=10 May 2011 |access-date=10 October 2011 |archive-date=9 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009040603/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/10/canonical_ubuntu_openstack/ |url-status=live }} [[Ubuntu version history#1110|Ubuntu 11.10]] added focus on OpenStack as the Ubuntu's preferred [[IaaS]] offering though Eucalyptus is also supported. Another major focus is [[Juju (software)|Canonical Juju]] for provisioning, deploying, hosting, managing, and orchestrating enterprise data center infrastructure services, by, with, and for the Ubuntu Server.{{cite interview |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUv5vwHMPk0 |title=Dustin Kirkland of Canonical |first=Dustin |last=Kirkland |interviewer=Barton George |publisher=[[Dell Inc.]] |via=YouTube |date=7 June 2011 |location=Cloud Expo, New York City |access-date=13 January 2012 |archive-date=8 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108223155/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUv5vwHMPk0 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/ServerTeam/Orchestra |title=ServerTeam: Orchestra |work=Ubuntu Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |date=4 January 2012 |access-date=13 January 2012 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416204350/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/ServerTeam/Orchestra |url-status=live }} [290] => [291] => == Adoption and reception == [292] => === Installed base === [293] => [294] => As Ubuntu is distributed freely and historically there was no registration process (still optional{{Cite web|title=WikiGuide/Registration - Community Help Wiki|url=https://help.ubuntu.com/community/WikiGuide/Registration|access-date=2020-11-17|website=help.ubuntu.com|archive-date=22 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922102737/https://help.ubuntu.com/community/WikiGuide/Registration|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=software installation - Why does Ubuntu require us to register an account on Ubuntu website to be able to install a Snap package?|url=https://askubuntu.com/questions/773609/why-does-ubuntu-require-us-to-register-an-account-on-ubuntu-website-to-be-able-t|access-date=2020-11-17|website=Ask Ubuntu|archive-date=19 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319110136/http://askubuntu.com/questions/773609/why-does-ubuntu-require-us-to-register-an-account-on-ubuntu-website-to-be-able-t|url-status=live}}), Ubuntu usage can only be roughly estimated.{{cite web |url=https://www.linuxplanet.com/linuxplanet/reports/7032/1/ |title=Ubuntu Claims 12 Million Users as Lucid Linux Desktop Nears |first=Sean Michael |last=Kerner |date=7 April 2010 |work=LinuxPlanet.com |access-date=7 April 2010 |archive-date=10 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410164921/http://www.linuxplanet.com/linuxplanet/reports/7032/1 |url-status=live }} In 2015, Canonical's Ubuntu Insights page stated "Ubuntu now has over 40 million desktop users and counting".{{cite web |url=https://insights.ubuntu.com/about/ |title=About Ubuntu Insights |work=Insights.Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906185403/http://insights.ubuntu.com/about/ |archive-date=6 September 2015}} [295] => [296] => W3Techs Web Technology Surveys estimated in November 2020 that: [297] => * Ubuntu is by far the most popular [[Linux distribution]] for running [[web server]]s; of the websites they analyze it is "used by 47.3% of all the websites who use Linux",{{Cite web|title=Usage Statistics and Market Share of Linux for Websites, November 2020|url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/os-linux|access-date=2020-11-17|website=w3techs.com|archive-date=1 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001013143/https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/os-linux|url-status=live}} and Ubuntu alone powers more websites than [[Microsoft Windows]], which powers 28.2% of all websites, or 39% of the share Unix has (which includes Linux and thus Ubuntu). All Linux/Unix distributions in total power well over twice the number of hosts as Windows for websites based on W3Techs numbers. Ubuntu and Debian only (which Ubuntu is based on, with the same package manager and thus administered the same way) make up 65% of all Linux distributions for web serving use; the usage of Ubuntu surpassed Debian (for such [[Server (computing)|server]] use) in May 2016.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} [298] => * Ubuntu is the most popular Linux distribution among the top 1,000 sites and gains around 500 of the top 10 million websites per day.{{cite web |url=https://w3techs.com/blog/entry/debian_ubuntu_extend_the_dominance_in_the_linux_web_server_market_at_the_expense_of_red_hat_centos |title=Debian/Ubuntu extend the[ir] dominance in the Linux web server market at the expense of Red Hat/CentOS |work=W3Techs |publisher=Q-Success |date=21 October 2013 |access-date=10 September 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111045036/https://w3techs.com/blog/entry/debian_ubuntu_extend_the_dominance_in_the_linux_web_server_market_at_the_expense_of_red_hat_centos |url-status=live }} [299] => [303] => [304] => W3Techs analyses the top 10 million websites only.{{cite web |url=https://w3techs.com/technologies |title=Web Technologies Statistics and Trends |work=W3Techs |publisher=Q-Success |access-date=11 September 2016 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111042558/https://w3techs.com/technologies |url-status=live }} [305] => [306] => [[Wikimedia Foundation]] data (based on [[user agent]]) for September 2013 shows that Ubuntu generated the most page requests to Wikimedia sites, including Wikipedia, among recognizable Linux distributions.{{cite web |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/archive/squid_reports/2013-09/SquidReportOperatingSystems.htm |title=Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report – Operating Systems |last=Zachte |first=Eric |work=Wikimedia Statistics |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]] |date=September 2013 |access-date=25 October 2013 |archive-date=28 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028025246/http://stats.wikimedia.org/archive/squid_reports/2013-09/SquidReportOperatingSystems.htm |url-status=live }}{{cite news |url=https://www.zdnet.com/a-tale-of-two-distros-ubuntu-and-linux-mint-3040095012/ |title=A tale of two distros: Ubuntu and Linux Mint |date=10 February 2012 |access-date=25 October 2013 |first=Terry |last=Relph-Knight |publisher=ZDNet |archive-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016223722/http://www.zdnet.com/a-tale-of-two-distros-ubuntu-and-linux-mint-3040095012/ |url-status=live }} [307] => [308] => {{As of|November 2020}}, Ubuntu 20.04.1 LTS is used in a [[supercomputer]] on the [[TOP500]] list, currently the fifth-fastest one in the world{{Cite web|title=Selene - NVIDIA DGX A100, AMD EPYC 7742 64C 2.25GHz, NVIDIA A100, Mellanox HDR Infiniband |url=https://www.top500.org/system/179842/|access-date=2020-11-17|website=TOP500|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113053132/https://www.top500.org/system/179842/|url-status=live}} after an upgrade from seventh place, where it entered the list in June. Another Nvidia supercomputer tops the [[Green500]] list (and it and the next one are also Ubuntu-based), a list which is a reordering of former list, ordered by power-efficiency.{{Cite web|title=November 2020 |url=https://www.top500.org/lists/green500/2020/11/|access-date=2020-11-17|website=TOP500|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116223035/https://www.top500.org/lists/green500/2020/11/|url-status=live}} On the TOP500 list, that supercomputer is ranked 172nd.{{Cite web|title=NVIDIA DGX SuperPOD - NVIDIA DGX A100, AMD EPYC 7742 64C 2.25GHz, NVIDIA A100, Mellanox HDR Infiniband |url=https://www.top500.org/system/179910/|access-date=2020-11-17|website=TOP500|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117140346/https://www.top500.org/system/179910/|url-status=live}} [309] => [310] => === Large-scale deployments === [311] => [312] => The public sector has also adopted Ubuntu. {{As of|2009|January}}, the Ministry of Education and Science of [[North Macedonia]] deployed more than 180,000{{cite news |title=A Software Populist Who Doesn't Do Windows |first=Ashlee |last=Vance |author-link=Ashlee Vance |newspaper=The New York Times |date=10 January 2009 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/business/11ubuntu.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=22 February 2009 |archive-date=12 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512232859/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/business/11ubuntu.html?_r=2&th&emc=th |url-status=live }} Ubuntu-based classroom desktops, and has encouraged every student in the country to use Ubuntu-powered computer workstations;{{cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/news/macedonia-school-computers |title=Every Student in the Republic of Macedonia to Use Ubuntu-powered Computer Workstations |date=20 November 2007 |publisher=Canonical Ltd |website=Ubuntu |access-date=2 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403200908/https://www.ubuntu.com/news/macedonia-school-computers |archive-date=3 April 2009}} the Spanish school system has 195,000 Ubuntu desktops. The French police, having already started using [[open-source software]] in 2005 by replacing [[Microsoft Office]] with [[OpenOffice.org]], decided to transition to Ubuntu from [[Windows XP]] after the release of [[Windows Vista]] in 2006.{{cite news |url=https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2009/03/french-police-saves-millions-of-euros-by-adopting-ubuntu.ars |title=French police: We saved millions of euros by adopting Ubuntu |first=Ryan |last=Paul |date=11 March 2009 |work=Ars Technica |access-date=2 December 2010 |archive-date=13 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313044240/http://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2009/03/french-police-saves-millions-of-euros-by-adopting-ubuntu.ars |url-status=live }} By March 2009, the [[National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie Nationale]] had already switched 5,000 workstations to Ubuntu. Based on the success of that transition, it planned to switch 15,000 more over by the end of 2009 and to have switched all 90,000 workstations over by 2015 [[GendBuntu|(GendBuntu project)]]. Lt. Colonel Guimard announced that the move was very easy and allowed for a 70% saving on the IT budget without having to reduce its capabilities. In 2011, Ubuntu 10.04 was adopted by the Indian justice system.{{cite web |url=https://news.softpedia.com/news/India-s-Justice-Sytem-Switches-to-Ubuntu-10-04-228451.shtml |title=India's Justice {{sic|Sy|tem|nolink=y}} Switches to Ubuntu 10.04 |work=News.Softpedia.com |publisher=SoftNews Net SRL |date=18 October 2011 |access-date=21 October 2011 |archive-date=19 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219232124/http://news.softpedia.com/news/India-s-Justice-Sytem-Switches-to-Ubuntu-10-04-228451.shtml |url-status=live }} [313] => [314] => In 2004,{{cite news |title=Munich Mayor Says Switch to Linux Saved Money, Reduced Complaints |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/469542/munich_mayor_says_switch_to_linux_saved_money_reduced_complaints.html |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=[[PCWorld]] |date=March 30, 2012 |quote=The city of Munich started the LiMux project in 2004 and began migrating from Windows NT to a fully open source desktop infrastructure in 2006. |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307153529/https://www.pcworld.com/article/469542/munich_mayor_says_switch_to_linux_saved_money_reduced_complaints.html |url-status=live }} the city of [[Munich]], Germany, started the [[LiMux]] project, and later forked Kubuntu 10.04 LTS for use on the city's computers.{{cite web |url=https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtverwaltung/Direktorium/LiMux.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904212323/http://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtverwaltung/Direktorium/LiMux.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 September 2012 |title=Landeshauptstadt München – Das Projekt LiMux |access-date=9 July 2012 |language=de |trans-title=City of Munich – The Project LiMux |work=Muenchen.de: Das offizielle Stadtportal |publisher=Portal München Betriebs GmbH / Landeshauptstadt München / Stadtwerke München GmbH. }} After originally planning to migrate 12,000 desktop computers to LiMux, it was announced in December 2013 that the project had completed successfully with the migration of 14,800 out of 15,500 desktop computers,{{cite web |url=https://www.cio.co.uk/news/change-management/munich-open-source-completed-successfully/ |title=Munich open-source switch 'completed successfully' |first=Loek |last=Essers |date=13 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013085745/http://www.cio.co.uk/news/change-management/munich-open-source-completed-successfully/ |archive-date=13 October 2014}} but still keeping about 5,000 Windows clients for unported applications. In February 2017 the majority coalition decided, against heavy protest from the opposition,{{cite web |url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/LiMux-Aus-in-Muenchen-Opposition-wettert-gegen-katastrophale-Fehlentscheidung-3622848.html |title=LiMux-Aus in München: Opposition wettert gegen "katastrophale Fehlentscheidung" |last=iX |website=iX |date=12 February 2017 |access-date=2 June 2019 |archive-date=2 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602074626/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/LiMux-Aus-in-Muenchen-Opposition-wettert-gegen-katastrophale-Fehlentscheidung-3622848.html |url-status=live }} to evaluate the migration back to Windows,{{cite web |url=https://www.heise.de/ix/meldung/Von-Linux-zurueck-zu-Microsoft-Schwarz-Rot-in-Muenchen-will-LiMux-rauswerfen-3621178.html |title=Von Linux zurück zu Microsoft: Schwarz-Rot in München will LiMux rauswerfen |last=iX |website=iX |date=9 February 2017 |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-date=21 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421025726/https://www.heise.de/ix/meldung/Von-Linux-zurueck-zu-Microsoft-Schwarz-Rot-in-Muenchen-will-LiMux-rauswerfen-3621178.html |url-status=live }} after Microsoft had decided to move its company headquarters to Munich.{{cite web |url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Buero-der-Zukunft-Microsoft-zieht-nach-Muenchen-Schwabing-2042386.html |title="Büro der Zukunft": Microsoft zieht nach München-Schwabing |last=iX |website=iX |date=8 November 2013 |access-date=2 June 2019 |archive-date=2 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602074626/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Buero-der-Zukunft-Microsoft-zieht-nach-Muenchen-Schwabing-2042386.html |url-status=live }} Governing Mayor [[Dieter Reiter]] cited lack of compatibility with systems outside of the administrative sector, such as requiring a governmental [[mail server]] to send e-mails to his personal [[smartphone]], as reasons for the return, but has been criticised for evaluating administrative IT based on private and business standards.{{cite web |url=https://derstandard.at/2000003144506/Bin-Microsoft-Fan-Muenchner-Buergermeister-kritisiert-Linux-in-Stadtverwaltung |title="Bin Microsoft-Fan": Münchner Bürgermeister kritisiert Linux - derstandard.at/2000003144506/Bin-Microsoft-Fan-Muenchner-Buergermeister-kritisiert-Linux-in-Stadtverwaltung |last=iX |website=iX |access-date=2 June 2019 |archive-date=2 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602074626/https://derstandard.at/2000003144506/Bin-Microsoft-Fan-Muenchner-Buergermeister-kritisiert-Linux-in-Stadtverwaltung |url-status=live }} In May 2020, the recently elected [[Alliance 90/The Greens]] party and the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrat]] party negotiated a new coalition agreement, stating: "Where it is technologically and financially possible, the city will put emphasis on open standards and free open-source licensed software".{{cite news |last1=Schaer |first1=Cathrin |title=Linux not Windows: Why Munich is shifting back from Microsoft to open source – again |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-not-windows-why-munich-is-shifting-back-from-microsoft-to-open-source-again/ |access-date=7 March 2022 |work=ZDNet |date=May 14, 2020 |language=en |archive-date=9 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409220034/https://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-not-windows-why-munich-is-shifting-back-from-microsoft-to-open-source-again/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.gruene-muenchen.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Druckfassung_Koalitionsvertrag-2020_2026.pdf |title=Mit Mut, Visionen und Zuversicht: Ganz München im Blick |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327063010/https://www.gruene-muenchen.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Druckfassung_Koalitionsvertrag-2020_2026.pdf |url-status=live }} [315] => [316] => In March 2012, the government of Iceland launched a project to get all public institutions using free and open-source software. Already, several government agencies and schools have adopted Ubuntu. The government cited cost savings as a big factor for the decision, and also stated that open-source software avoids [[vendor lock-in]]. A 12-month project was launched to migrate the biggest public institutions in Iceland to using open-source software, and help ease the migration for others.{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-03/23/iceland-open-source-software |title=Icelandic government makes a push for open-source software |date=23 March 2012 |access-date=9 July 2012 |first=Mark |last=Brown |magazine=Wired UK |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709055602/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-03/23/iceland-open-source-software |archive-date=9 July 2012}} US president [[Barack Obama]]'s successful [[Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012|campaign]] for re-election in 2012 used Ubuntu in its IT department.{{cite news |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/11/how-team-obamas-tech-efficiency-left-romney-it-in-dust/ |title=How Team Obama's tech efficiency left Romney IT in dust |work=Ars Technica |date=20 November 2012 |last=Gallagher |first=Sean |access-date=6 March 2018 |quote=Key in maximizing the value of the Obama campaign's IT spending was its use of open source tools and open architectures. Linux—particularly Ubuntu—was used as the server operating system of choice. |archive-date=1 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101190642/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/11/how-team-obamas-tech-efficiency-left-romney-it-in-dust/ |url-status=live }} In August 2014, the city of [[Turin]], Italy, announced its migration from [[Windows XP]] to Ubuntu for the 8,300 desktop computers used by the municipality, becoming the first city in Italy to adopt Ubuntu.{{cite web |url=https://news.softpedia.com/news/Turin-to-Be-First-Italian-City-to-Adopt-Ubuntu-Unshackle-from-the-quot-Tyranny-of-Proprietary-Software-quot-454152.shtml |title=Turin to Be First Italian City to Adopt Ubuntu, Unshackle from the 'Tyranny of Proprietary Software' |work=News.Softpedia.com |publisher=SoftNews Net SRL |date=8 August 2014 |last=Stahie |first=Silviu |access-date=16 September 2014 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075109/http://news.softpedia.com/news/Turin-to-Be-First-Italian-City-to-Adopt-Ubuntu-Unshackle-from-the-quot-Tyranny-of-Proprietary-Software-quot-454152.shtml |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://torino.repubblica.it/cronaca/2014/08/03/news/il_comune_rinnova_i_pc_e_d_laddio_a_microsoft_risparmiamo_6_milioni-93067980/ |title=Il Comune di Torino rinnova i pc e dà l'addio a Microsoft: "Risparmiamo 6 milioni" |work=la Repubblica |publisher=Gruppo Editoriale L′Espresso |date=4 August 2014 |last=Guccione |first=Gabriele |access-date=16 September 2014 |archive-date=27 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927103402/http://torino.repubblica.it/cronaca/2014/08/03/news/il_comune_rinnova_i_pc_e_d_laddio_a_microsoft_risparmiamo_6_milioni-93067980/ |url-status=live }} [317] => [318] => Starting in 2008, the [[Wikimedia Foundation]], the non-profit organization behind [[Wikipedia]], switched from multiple different Linux operating systems to Ubuntu.{{cite news|last=Weiss|first=Todd R.|date=October 9, 2008|title=Wikipedia simplifies IT infrastructure by moving to one Linux vendor|newspaper=[[Computerworld]]|url=https://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9116787/Wikipedia_simplifies_IT_infrastructure_by_moving_to_one_Linux_vendor?taxonomyId=154&pageNumber=1&taxonomyName=Servers%20and%20Data%20Center|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005181633/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9116787/Wikipedia_simplifies_IT_infrastructure_by_moving_to_one_Linux_vendor?taxonomyId=154&pageNumber=1&taxonomyName=Servers%20and%20Data%20Center|archive-date=5 October 2012}}{{cite news|last=Paul|first=Ryan|date=9 October 2008|title=Wikipedia adopts Ubuntu for its server infrastructure|newspaper=[[Ars Technica]]|url=https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2008/10/wikipedia-adopts-ubuntu-for-its-server-infrastructure.ars|url-status=live|access-date=November 1, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130021503/http://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2008/10/wikipedia-adopts-ubuntu-for-its-server-infrastructure.ars|archive-date=January 30, 2009}} [319] => [320] => === Reception === [321] => [322] => Ubuntu was awarded the Reader Award for best Linux distribution at the 2005 [[LinuxWorld Conference and Expo]] in London,{{cite web |url=https://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/61/Linuxworld_London_UK_2005.pdf |title=LinuxWorld Expo UK 2005 |first=John |last=Masters |date=June 2005 |work=Linux Magazine |publisher=Linux New Media |access-date=19 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626133319/http://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/61/Linuxworld_London_UK_2005.pdf |archive-date=26 June 2008}} received favorable reviews in online and print publications,{{cite web |url=https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/8253 |title=Linux in Government: Linux Desktop Reviews, Part 6 – Ubuntu |first=Tom |last=Adelstein |date=19 April 2005 |work=Linux Journal |access-date=2 December 2010 |archive-date=2 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502075038/https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/8253 |url-status=live }}{{Cite journal |first=Neil |last=McAllister |title=Gutsy Gibbon: Desktop Linux OS Made Easy |volume=26 |date=January 2008 |journal=PC World |page=84}} and has won [[InfoWorld]]'s 2007 Bossie Award for ''Best Open Source Client OS''.{{cite web |url=https://www.infoworld.com/t/platforms/best-open-source-in-platforms-and-middleware-129 |title=Best of open source in platforms and middleware |first=Paul |last=Venenzia |date=10 September 2007 |work=InfoWorld |access-date=2 December 2010 |archive-date=8 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608205855/http://www.infoworld.com/t/platforms/best-open-source-in-platforms-and-middleware-129 |url-status=live }} In early 2008, ''[[PC World (magazine)|PC World]]'' named Ubuntu the "best all-around Linux distribution available today", though it criticized the lack of an integrated desktop effects manager.{{cite web |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/146400/desktop_linux_faceoff_ubuntu_804_vs_fedora_9.html |title=Desktop Linux Face-Off: Ubuntu 8.04 vs. Fedora 9 |first=Robert |last=Strohmeyer |date=2 June 2008 |work=PC World |access-date=19 August 2008 |archive-date=13 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813223405/http://www.pcworld.com/article/146400/desktop_linux_faceoff_ubuntu_804_vs_fedora_9.html |url-status=live }} Chris DiBona, the program manager for open-source software at Google, said "I think Ubuntu has captured people's imaginations around the Linux desktop," and "If there is a hope for the Linux desktop, it would be them". {{As of|2009|January}}, almost half of Google's 20,000 employees used [[Goobuntu]], a slightly modified version of Ubuntu. In 2012, ''[[ZDNet]]'' reported that Ubuntu was still Google's desktop of choice.{{cite news |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-truth-about-goobuntu-googles-in-house-desktop-ubuntu-linux/ |title=The truth about Goobuntu: Google's in-house desktop Ubuntu Linux |date=29 August 2012 |access-date=17 April 2016 |last=Vaughan-Nichols |first=Steven J. |publisher=ZDNet |quote="Goobuntu use is encouraged and 'All our development tools are for Ubuntu.{{'"}} |archive-date=10 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410030319/http://www.zdnet.com/article/the-truth-about-goobuntu-googles-in-house-desktop-ubuntu-linux/ |url-status=live }} In March 2016, Matt Hartley picked a list of best Linux distributions for [[Datamation]]; he chose Ubuntu as number one.{{cite web |url=https://www.datamation.com/open-source/best-linux-distro-linux-experts-rate-distros-1.html |title=Best Linux Distro: Linux Experts Rate Distros |date=15 March 2016 |access-date=17 April 2016 |last1=Hartley |first1=Matt |last2=Byfield |first2=Bruce |website=[[Datamation]] |quote=Obviously, Ubuntu was going to be at the top of the list.[...] Ubuntu has done more to put desktop Linux into the hands of the common man than any other distribution out there. |archive-date=20 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420085807/http://www.datamation.com/open-source/best-linux-distro-linux-experts-rate-distros-1.html |url-status=live }} [323] => [324] => In 2008, [[Jamie Hyneman]], co-host of the American television series ''[[MythBusters]]'', advocated Linux (giving the example of Ubuntu) as a solution to [[software bloat]].{{cite news |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/upgrade/4243994.html?page=3 |title=MythBusters: 7 Tech Headaches—and How to Fix Them |first=Jamie |last=Hyneman |date=18 February 2008 |work=Popular Mechanics |access-date=2 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324070017/http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/upgrade/4243994.html?page=3 |archive-date=24 March 2010 }} Other celebrity users of Ubuntu include science fiction writer [[Cory Doctorow]]{{Cite book |publisher=Apress |isbn=978-1-4302-1999-6 |last1=Thomas |first1=K. |last2=Channelle |first2=A. |last3=Sicam |first3=J. |title=Beginning Ubuntu Linux |year=2009 |page=xxxii}} and actor [[Stephen Fry]].{{cite web |last=Sneddon |first=Joey |title=Stephen Fry: 'I Use Ubuntu' |url=https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2012/08/stephen-fry-i-use-ubuntu |work=OMG! Ubuntu! |date=27 August 2012 |publisher=Ohso Ltd |access-date=29 August 2012 |archive-date=30 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830041606/http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2012/08/stephen-fry-i-use-ubuntu |url-status=live }} [325] => [326] => [328] => In January 2014, the UK's authority for computer security, [[Communications-Electronics Security Group#CESG|CESG]], reported that [[Ubuntu version history#1204|Ubuntu 12.04 LTS]] was "the only operating system that passes as many as 9 out of 12 requirements without any significant risks", though it was unclear if any other Linux distributions were tested.{{cite web |url=https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/community/osor/news/ubuntu-highest-score-uk-gov-security-test |title=Ubuntu 'highest score' in UK gov security test |last1=Hillenius |first1=Gijs |date=20 January 2014 |website=JoinUp from the European Commission |access-date=2 February 2014 |archive-date=19 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219174736/https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/community/osor/news/ubuntu-highest-score-uk-gov-security-test |url-status=live }} [329] => [330] => === 32-bit "deprecation" controversy === [331] => In June 2019, Canonical announced that they would be deprecating support for [[32-bit application]]s and libraries in Ubuntu 19.10.{{Cite web |last=Langasek |first=Steve |date=18 June 2019 |title=i386 architecture will be dropped starting with eoan (Ubuntu 19.10) |url=https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-devel-announce/2019-June/001261.html |access-date=2023-10-26}} [332] => [333] => Because [[Steam (service)|Steam's]] Linux client depends on these 32-bit libraries, [[Valve Corporation|Valve]] announced that they would no longer be supporting Ubuntu. After uproar from the Linux gaming community, Canonical backtracked on this decision and decided to support select 32-bit libraries. As a result, Valve decided that Steam would support Ubuntu 19.10 again.{{Cite web |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/canonical-returning-32-bit-ubuntu-linux-support-after-gaming-uproar/ |title=Canonical returns 32 bit Ubuntu Linux support after uproar. |last=Vaughan-Nichols |first=Stephen J. |date=24 June 2019 |publisher=[[ZDNet]] |access-date=7 July 2019 |archive-date=3 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703082015/https://www.zdnet.com/article/canonical-returning-32-bit-ubuntu-linux-support-after-gaming-uproar/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/06/24/canonical-ubuntu-linux-32-bit-support/?guccounter=1 |title=Canonical backtracks on pulling 32-bit support from Ubuntu Linux |last=Fisher |first=Christine |date=24 June 2019 |website=[[Engadget]] |access-date=7 July 2019 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111045038/https://www.engadget.com/2019-06-24-canonical-ubuntu-linux-32-bit-support.html |url-status=live }} [334] => [335] => [[Wine (software)|Wine]] needs most of the same 32-bit library packages that the Steam package depends on, and more, to enable its version of [[WoW64]] to run 32-bit Windows applications. The parts of Wine that would continue to function without 32-bit libraries would be limited to the subset of Windows applications that have a 64-bit version, removing decades of Windows compatibility. In Canonical's statement on bringing back the libraries, they mentioned using "container technology" in the future to make sure that Wine continues to function.{{Cite web|title=Statement on 32-bit i386 packages for Ubuntu 19.10 and 20.04 LTS|url=https://ubuntu.com/blog/statement-on-32-bit-i386-packages-for-ubuntu-19-10-and-20-04-lts|access-date=2020-07-19|website=Ubuntu|language=en|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808111807/https://ubuntu.com/blog/statement-on-32-bit-i386-packages-for-ubuntu-19-10-and-20-04-lts|url-status=live}} [336] => [337] => === Conformity with European data privacy law === [338] => [339] => Soon after being introduced in 2012, doubts emerged on the conformance of the ''shopping lens'' (a feature that displays Amazon suggestions in the searching tool [[Unity Dash]]) with the European [[Data Protection Directive]].{{cite web |url=https://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-s-Shopping-Lens-Might-Be-Illegal-In-Europe-298143.shtml |title=Ubuntu's Shopping Lens Might Be Illegal in Europe |date=9 October 2012 |access-date=24 February 2016 |website=Softpedia.com |archive-date=14 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514132800/http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-s-Shopping-Lens-Might-Be-Illegal-In-Europe-298143.shtml |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2012/10/does-ubuntus-amazon-lens-break-eu-law |title=Blogger Claims Ubuntu's New Shopping Lens Breaks EU Law |date=10 October 2012 |access-date=24 February 2016 |work=OMG! Ubuntu! |publisher=Ohso Ltd |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051130/http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2012/10/does-ubuntus-amazon-lens-break-eu-law |url-status=live }} A petition was later signed and delivered to Canonical demanding various modifications to the feature in order to clearly frame it within European law. Canonical did not reply.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} [340] => [341] => In 2013, a formal complaint on the shopping lens was filed with the [[Information Commissioner's Office]] (ICO), the UK data privacy office. Almost one year later the ICO ruled in favor of Canonical, considering the various improvements introduced to the feature in the meantime to render it conformable with the [[Data Protection Directive]].{{cite web|last=Sneddon|first=Joey|date=10 August 2014|title=Unity Shopping Lens Is Legal, Says UK Data Protection Body|url=https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/08/unity-shopping-lens-is-legal-says-ioc-uk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041000/https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/08/unity-shopping-lens-is-legal-says-ioc-uk|archive-date=12 November 2020|access-date=8 February 2021|website=OMG! Ubuntu!}} According to European rules, this ruling is automatically effective in the entirety of the European Union. However, the ruling also made clear that at the time of introduction the feature was not legal, among other things, since it was missing a privacy policy statement.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} [342] => [343] => === System terminal advertising controversies === [344] => Ubuntu has integrated increasing quantities of advertising into the operating system's terminal, leading to multiple controversies with its user base.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} [345] => [346] => In 2017, Canonical placed a message regarding HBO's Silicon Valley in the [[Message of the day|MOTD]] file, causing the message to be shown whenever a terminal session started. Over the following years, more messages would be placed into the MOTD.{{Cite web |last=Popa |first=Bogdan |date=2020-06-26 |title=Canonical Under Fire for Putting Ads in the Ubuntu MOTD |url=https://news.softpedia.com/news/canonical-under-fire-for-putting-ads-in-the-ubuntu-motd-530372.shtml |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=softpedia |language=english}} [347] => [348] => In 2022, ads for Ubuntu's premium service, Ubuntu Advantage, were introduced into the apt system update utility. This move caused controversy in the user community, with some users considering advertising a fair business model to support development, while other users found the inclusion inappropriate and annoying.{{Cite web |last=Borisov |first=Bobby |date=2022-10-15 |title=Ubuntu Once Again Angered Users by Placing Ads in the Terminal |url=https://linuxiac.com/ubuntu-once-again-angered-users-by-placing-ads/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Linuxiac |language=en-US |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101110958/https://linuxiac.com/ubuntu-once-again-angered-users-by-placing-ads/ |url-status=live }} [349] => [350] => == Local communities (LoCos) == [351] => {{Distinguish|Linux User Group}} [352] => [353] => In an effort to reach out to users who are less technical, and to foster a sense of community around the distribution, Local Communities,{{cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LoCoTeams |title=Ubuntu Local Community Teams |work=Ubuntu Wiki |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=27 April 2010 |archive-date=25 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225062242/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LoCoTeams |url-status=live }} better known as "LoCos", have been established throughout the world. Originally, each country had one LoCo Team. However, in some areas, most notably the United States and Canada, each state or province may establish a team.{{cite web |title=Ubuntu LoCo Team Portal |url=https://loco.ubuntu.com/teams/ |access-date=9 November 2015 |work=Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |archive-date=6 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106205449/http://loco.ubuntu.com/teams/ |url-status=live }} A LoCo Council approves teams based upon their efforts to aid in either the development or the promotion of Ubuntu.{{cite web |title=About Local Community (LoCo) Teams |url=https://loco.ubuntu.com/about-loco/ |access-date=9 November 2015 |work=LoCo.Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |archive-date=31 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031050427/http://loco.ubuntu.com/about-loco/ |url-status=live }} [354] => [355] => == Hardware vendor support == [356] => [357] => Ubuntu works closely with OEMs to jointly make Ubuntu available on a wide range of devices.{{cite web |url=https://www.dell.com/us/business/p/xps-13-linux/pd?~srd=true&sk=Ubuntu&scat=prod |title=XPS 13 Developer Edition |work=Dell.com |publisher=Dell Inc. |access-date=25 August 2014 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903133232/http://www.dell.com/us/business/p/xps-13-linux/pd?~srd=true&sk=Ubuntu&scat=prod |url-status=live }} A number of vendors offer computers with Ubuntu pre-installed, including [[Dell]],{{cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/partners/dell |title=Dell and Ubuntu |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=21 August 2012 |archive-date=14 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814141402/http://www.ubuntu.com/partners/dell |url-status=live }} [[Hasee]],{{cite web |url=https://www.linux-community.de/Internal/Nachrichten/Guenstiges-Netbook-aus-China |title=Günstiges Netbook aus China |first=Marcel |last=Hilzinger |work=LinuxCommunity |date=9 December 2008 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910011554/http://www.linux-community.de/Internal/Nachrichten/Guenstiges-Netbook-aus-China |url-status=live }} [[Sharp Corporation]], and Cirrus7.{{cite web |title=Tiny PCs can be beautiful, the Cirrus7 Nimbini is one of those PCs |url=https://www.geek.com/chips/tiny-pcs-can-be-beautiful-the-cirrus7-nimbini-is-one-of-those-pcs-1620484/ |work=Geek.com |access-date=14 January 2016 |archive-date=20 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320150738/http://www.geek.com/chips/tiny-pcs-can-be-beautiful-the-cirrus7-nimbini-is-one-of-those-pcs-1620484/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Cirrus7 Nimbini – The Most Stylish Ubuntu PC Ever Made? |url=https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/04/cirrus7-nimbini-ubuntu-pc-announced |work=OMG! Ubuntu! |date=15 April 2015 |publisher=Ohso Ltd |access-date=14 January 2016 |archive-date=11 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311040145/http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/04/cirrus7-nimbini-ubuntu-pc-announced |url-status=live }} Specifically, [[Dell]] offers the XPS 13 laptop, Developer Edition with Ubuntu pre-installed.{{cite web |url=https://www.dell.com/us/business/p/xps-13-linux/pd? |title=XPS 13 Laptop, Developer Edition |work=Dell.com |publisher=Dell Inc. |access-date=16 November 2018 |archive-date=15 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015072247/http://www.dell.com/us/business/p/xps-13-linux/pd |url-status=live }} Together, Dell, Lenovo, HP, and Acer offer over 200 desktop and over 400 laptop PCs preloaded with Ubuntu.{{Cite web |url=https://certification.ubuntu.com/desktop/ |title=Ubuntu Desktop certified hardware {{!}} Ubuntu |last=Canonical |website=certification.ubuntu.com |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-date=26 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526035334/https://certification.ubuntu.com/desktop/ |url-status=live }} [[System76]] computers are also sold with Ubuntu.{{Cite web |url=https://system76.com/cart/configure/bonw13 |title=Bonobo WS |website=system76.com |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-date=1 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901111753/https://system76.com/cart/configure/bonw13 |url-status=live }} Dell and System76 customers are able to choose between 30-day, three-month, and yearly Ubuntu support plans through Canonical.{{cite web |url=https://www.ubuntu.com/news/system76-certified-servers |title=System76 announces servers with Ubuntu 7.10 and Canonical support services |work=Ubuntu.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=5 March 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080301153610/https://www.ubuntu.com/news/system76-certified-servers |archive-date=1 March 2008 }} Dell computers (running Ubuntu 10.04) include extra support for [[ATI Technologies|ATI]]/[[Advanced Micro Devices|AMD]] Video Graphics, Dell Wireless, [[fingerprint scanner|fingerprint reader]]s, [[HDMI]], [[Bluetooth]], [[DVD-Video|DVD]] playback (using [[LinDVD]]), and [[MP3]]/[[Windows Media Audio|WMA]]/[[Windows Media Video|WMV]].{{cite web |url=https://yourblog.dell.com/2008/07/18/dell-upgrades-consumer-linux-pcs-to-ubuntu-804/ |title=Dell Upgrades Consumer Linux PCs to Ubuntu 8.04 |work=YourBlog.Dell.com |publisher=Dell Inc. |access-date=13 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080802002510/http://yourblog.dell.com/2008/07/18/dell-upgrades-consumer-linux-pcs-to-ubuntu-804/ |archive-date=2 August 2008}} [[Asus]] also sold some [[Asus Eee PC|Eee PCs]] with Ubuntu pre-installed and announced "many more" models running Ubuntu for 2011.{{cite news |url=https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2075819/asus-preload-ubuntu-linux-eee-pcs |title=Asus will preload Ubuntu Linux on three Eee PCs |work=[[The Inquirer]] |date=2 June 2011 |archive-date=9 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609231450/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2075819/asus-preload-ubuntu-linux-eee-pcs |url-status=unfit }}{{cite news |last=Woods |first=Ben |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/asus-preloads-eee-pc-models-with-ubuntu/ |title=Asus preloads Eee PC models with Ubuntu |work=[[ZDNet]] UK |publisher=CBS Interactive |date=3 June 2011 |access-date=28 January 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127133835/https://www.zdnet.com/article/asus-preloads-eee-pc-models-with-ubuntu/ |archive-date=27 January 2022 }}{{cite web |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/news/Ubuntu-Eee-PC-Seashell-Netbooks-Canonical,12878.html |title=Asus Launching Eee PC Netbooks with Ubuntu |work=TomsHardware.com |first=Kevin |last=Parrish |date=3 June 2011 |access-date=15 June 2011 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111045036/https://www.tomshardware.com/news/Ubuntu-Eee-PC-Seashell-Netbooks-Canonical,12878.html |url-status=live }} [[Vodafone]] has made available a notebook for the South African market called "Webbook".{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/10/19/vodafone-brings-arm-and-ubuntu-together-for-south-african-webboo/ |title=Vodafone brings ARM and Ubuntu together for South African Webbook |work=Engadget |publisher=[[AOL]] |first=Terrence |last=O'Brien |date=19 October 2011 |access-date=20 October 2011 |archive-date=20 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020054912/http://www.engadget.com/2011/10/19/vodafone-brings-arm-and-ubuntu-together-for-south-african-webboo/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2011/10/the-ubuntu-powered-vodafone-webbook-launches-tomorrow/ |title=The Ubuntu Powered 'Vodafone Webbook' Launched |work=OMG! Ubuntu! |publisher=Ohso Ltd |date=18 October 2011 |first=Joey-Elijah |last=Sneddon |access-date=20 October 2011 |archive-date=20 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020120524/http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2011/10/the-ubuntu-powered-vodafone-webbook-launches-tomorrow/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-11-10-Powered-Webbook-Sells-at-190-229168.shtml |title=Ubuntu 11.10 Powered Webbook Sells at $190 |work=News.Softpedia.com |publisher=SoftNews Net SRL |date=21 October 2011 |first=Marius |last=Nestor |access-date=21 October 2011 |archive-date=24 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024071037/http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-11-10-Powered-Webbook-Sells-at-190-229168.shtml |url-status=live }} [358] => [359] => [360] => Dell sells computers (initially Inspiron 14R and 15R laptops) pre-loaded with Ubuntu in India and China, with 850 and 350 retail outlets respectively.{{cite press release |title=Dell launch with Ubuntu at retail in India |url=https://ubuntu.com/blog/canonical-and-dell-announce-today-that-dell-laptops-pre-loaded-with-ubuntu-will-be-sold-in-850-retail-outlets-in-india-2 |publisher=Canonical Ltd |date=18 June 2012 |access-date=28 January 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927130222/https://ubuntu.com/blog/canonical-and-dell-announce-today-that-dell-laptops-pre-loaded-with-ubuntu-will-be-sold-in-850-retail-outlets-in-india-2 |archive-date=27 September 2020}}{{cite web |url=https://blog.canonical.com/2012/06/18/dell-extends-ubuntu-retail-into-india/ |title=Dell Extends Ubuntu Retail into India |first=Mark |last=Murphy |date=18 June 2012 |work=Blog.Canonical.com |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=18 June 2012 |archive-date=19 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619001513/http://blog.canonical.com/2012/06/18/dell-extends-ubuntu-retail-into-india/ |url-status=live }} Starting in 2013, Alienware began offering its X51 model gaming desktop pre-installed with Ubuntu at a lower price than if it were pre-installed with Windows.{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2013/04/05/alienware-x51-ubuntu/ |title=Alienware X51 gaming PC now available with Ubuntu, starts at $600 |work=Engadget |publisher=AOL |date=5 April 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013 |archive-date=8 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008221801/http://www.engadget.com/2013/04/05/alienware-x51-ubuntu/ |url-status=live }} [361] => [362] => While Linux already works on IBM's mainframe system ([[Linux on IBM Z]]), IBM in collaboration with Canonical (and [[SUSE S.A.|SUSE]]; "[[Linux Foundation]] will form a new Open Mainframe Project") announced Ubuntu support for their [[z/Architecture]] for the first time (IBM claimed their system, [[IBM zEnterprise System]], version z13, the most powerful computer in the world in 2015;{{Cite press release |title=IBM Launches z13 -- Most Powerful & Secure System Ever Built |url=https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/45808.wss |date=2015-01-13 |website=www-03.ibm.com |language=en-US |access-date=2020-05-05 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801190835/https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/45808.wss |url-status=live }} it was then the largest computer by transistor count; again claimed fastest in 2017 with [[IBM z14 (microprocessor)|IBM z14]]{{Cite press release |title=IBM Mainframe Ushers in New Era of Data Protection |url=https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/52805.wss |date=2017-07-17 |website=www-03.ibm.com |language=en-US |access-date=2020-05-05 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901132125/https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/52805.wss |url-status=live }}), at the time of their "biggest code drop" ("LinuxOne") in Linux history.{{cite web |url=https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2422249/ibm-makes-biggest-code-drop-as-canonical-and-suse-tie-up-brings-linux-to-mainframes |title=IBM makes 'biggest code drop' as Canonical and Suse tie-up brings better Linux to mainframes: UbuntuOne brings industry standard tools to a mainframe environment |first=Chris |last=Merriman |date=17 August 2015 |access-date=17 August 2015 |archive-date=18 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818050302/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2422249/ibm-makes-biggest-code-drop-as-canonical-and-suse-tie-up-brings-linux-to-mainframes |url-status=unfit }} [363] => [364] => In early 2015, Intel launched the [[Intel Compute Stick]] small form factor computer available preloaded with Ubuntu or Windows operating systems.{{Cite web |url=https://www-ssl.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/product-briefs/compute-stick-product-brief.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108223155/https://www-ssl.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/product-briefs/compute-stick-product-brief.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2016 |title=Intel Compute Stick Product Brief |access-date=25 September 2015 |website=Intel.com |publisher=[[Intel]] }} [365] => [366] => == Windows interoperability == [367] => Windows applications can be run on Ubuntu, much like in other Linux distributions, using the [[Wine (software)|Wine]] compatibility layer, which can be managed via frontends such as [https://docs.usebottles.com/ Bottles]. [368] => [369] => Multiple Windows virtual machines can also be installed by KVM/QEMU and Virt-Manager.{{Cite web|url=https://sysguides.com/install-a-windows-11-virtual-machine-on-kvm/|title=How to Properly Install a Windows 11 Virtual Machine on KVM|date=26 August 2023}} Graphics settings are easiest in QXL/SPICE mode. For 3D accelerated graphics performance, there is a third-party VirGL driver or GPU Full Passthrough mode. [370] => [371] => In networked environment, file sharing between Ubuntu Linux and Windows is possible by [[Samba (software)|Samba]] client/server software. Host Ubuntu Linux and the guest Windows virtual machines are also virtually networked in KVM, so file sharing between the host and virtual guest machines can also be done by the Samba in the [[Kernel-based Virtual Machine|KVM]] environment. [372] => [373] => RDP server of GNOME Remote Desktop and [[Remmina]] client software is used for remote desktop connection between Ubuntu Linux and the other OSs. [374] => [375] => In March 2016, [[Microsoft]] announced that it would support the Ubuntu [[user space|userland]] on top of the [[Windows 10]] [[Kernel (operating system)|kernel]] by implementing the Linux [[system call]]s as [[Windows Subsystem for Linux|a subsystem]]. At the time, it was focused on [[command-line tool]]s like [[Bash (Unix shell)|Bash]] and was aimed at [[software developers]].{{cite news |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-and-canonical-partner-to-bring-ubuntu-to-windows-10/ |title=Microsoft and Canonical partner to bring Ubuntu to Windows 10 |publisher=[[ZDNet]] |first=Steven J. |last=Vaughan-Nichols |date=29 March 2016 |access-date=8 June 2016 |archive-date=8 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608062402/http://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-and-canonical-partner-to-bring-ubuntu-to-windows-10/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about |title=Bash on Ubuntu on Windows |work=MSDN |date=3 March 2017 |first=Jack |last=Hammons |access-date=13 June 2016 |archive-date=30 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130090401/https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/ |title=Ubuntu on Windows – The Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers |last=Kirkland |first=Dustin |work=Ubuntu Insights |date=30 March 2016 |publisher=Canonical Ltd |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611182351/http://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers |url-status=live }} WSL was made available with Windows 10, version 1709.{{cite news |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/windows-subsystem-for-linux-graduates-in-windows-10-fall-creators-update/ |title=Windows Subsystem for Linux graduates in Windows 10 Fall Creators Update |publisher=[[ZDNet]] |first=Steven J. |last=Vaughan-Nichols |date=15 October 2017 |access-date=13 February 2018 |archive-date=18 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218061357/http://www.zdnet.com/article/windows-subsystem-for-linux-graduates-in-windows-10-fall-creators-update/ |url-status=live }} As of 2019, other Linux distributions are also supported.{{Cite web |last=Devine |first=Richard |date=2023-01-28 |title=The best Linux distros for WSL on Windows 10 and 11 |url=https://www.windowscentral.com/software-apps/the-best-linux-distros-for-wsl-on-windows-10-and-11 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Windows Central |language=en}} [376] => [377] => In 2019, Microsoft announced the new {{nowrap|WSL 2}} subsystem that includes a [[Linux kernel]], that Canonical announced will have "full support for Ubuntu".{{Cite web |title=Canonical announces support for Ubuntu on Windows Subsystem for Linux 2 |url=https://blog.ubuntu.com/2019/05/06/canonical-announces-support-for-ubuntu-on-windows-subsystem-for-linux-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529084731/https://blog.ubuntu.com/2019/05/06/canonical-announces-support-for-ubuntu-on-windows-subsystem-for-linux-2 |archive-date=29 May 2019 |access-date=2019-06-02 |website=blog.ubuntu.com}} By this time, it was possible to run graphical Linux apps on Windows.{{Cite web|last=Hoffman|first=Chris|date=1 March 2018|title=How to Run Graphical Linux Desktop Applications from Windows 10's Bash Shell|url=https://www.howtogeek.com/261575/how-to-run-graphical-linux-desktop-applications-from-windows-10s-bash-shell/|website=How-To Geek|publisher=Lifesavvy Media|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418050546/https://www.howtogeek.com/261575/how-to-run-graphical-linux-desktop-applications-from-windows-10s-bash-shell/|url-status=live}} In 2021, Microsoft went on to add out-of-the-box support for graphical Linux apps, through the {{Not a typo|WSL|g}} project.{{Cite web|last=Warren|first=Tom|date=21 April 2021|title=Microsoft enables Linux GUI apps on Windows 10 for developers|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/4/21/22396018/microsoft-windows-10-linux-gui-apps-task-manager-app-throttling-features|website=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520135132/https://www.theverge.com/2021/4/21/22396018/microsoft-windows-10-linux-gui-apps-task-manager-app-throttling-features|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|last=Loewen|first=Craig|date=21 April 2021|title=The Initial Preview of GUI app support is now available for the Windows Subsystem for Linux|url=https://devblogs.microsoft.com/commandline/the-initial-preview-of-gui-app-support-is-now-available-for-the-windows-subsystem-for-linux-2/|website=Windows Command Line Blog|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421170903/https://devblogs.microsoft.com/commandline/the-initial-preview-of-gui-app-support-is-now-available-for-the-windows-subsystem-for-linux-2/|url-status=live}} [378] => [379] => In May 2021, Microsoft extended its Threat and Vulnerability Management solution, which was a Windows-only solution thus far, to support Ubuntu, RHEL, and CentOS.{{Cite web|last=Jawad|first=Usama|date=12 May 2021|title=Microsoft Threat and Vulnerability Management now supports Linux|url=https://www.neowin.net/news/microsoft-threat-and-vulnerability-management-now-supports-linux/|website=Neowin|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512060934/https://www.neowin.net/news/microsoft-threat-and-vulnerability-management-now-supports-linux/|url-status=live}} Starting with version 6, [[PowerShell]] runs on Ubuntu and can manage both Windows and Ubuntu computers remotely from either platforms.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} [380] => [381] => == See also == [382] => * [[Comparison of Linux distributions]] [383] => {{Portal bar|Free and open-source software|Linux}} [384] => [385] => == Notes == [386] => {{notelist}} [387] => [388] => == References == [389] => {{Reflist}} [390] => [391] => == External links == [392] => {{Sister project links|auto=1|d=y}} [393] => [394] => * {{Official website}} [395] => * {{DistroWatch|ubuntu|NAME=Ubuntu}} [396] => [397] => {{Ubuntu}} [398] => {{Linux distributions}} [399] => [400] => {{Authority control}} [401] => [402] => [[Category:Ubuntu| ]] [403] => [[Category:2004 software]] [404] => [[Category:ARM Linux distributions]] [405] => [[Category:Debian-based distributions]] [406] => [[Category:Enterprise Linux distributions]] [407] => [[Category:Free software operating systems]] [408] => [[Category:Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media]] [409] => [[Category:Power ISA Linux distributions]] [410] => [[Category:PowerPC Linux distributions]] [411] => [[Category:PowerPC operating systems]] [412] => [[Category:X86-64 Linux distributions]] [413] => [[Category:ARM operating systems]] [414] => [[Category:Linux distributions]] [] => )
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Ubuntu

Ubuntu is a free and open-source Linux operating system based on the Debian architecture. It is developed by Canonical Ltd.

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About

It is developed by Canonical Ltd. and aims to provide an easy-to-use and user-friendly computing experience for both desktop and server environments. The name "Ubuntu" is derived from the Zulu and Xhosa languages, meaning "humanity" or "I am because we are". This reflects the project's commitment to the principles of open-source software development and the Ubuntu community's belief in the importance of collaboration and mutual support. Ubuntu was first released in 2004 and has since become one of the most popular Linux distributions, known for its stability, simplicity, and frequent releases. It includes a wide range of pre-installed software, such as Firefox, LibreOffice, and the GNOME desktop environment, making it suitable for a variety of tasks and needs. The Ubuntu project also maintains a number of official derivatives, including Ubuntu Server, Ubuntu Studio, and Ubuntu MATE, which provide specialized editions for server deployments, multimedia production, and lightweight desktop environments, respectively. Additionally, Ubuntu is the foundation for other popular Linux distributions such as Linux Mint and elementary OS. Ubuntu follows a six-month release cycle, with Long-Term Support (LTS) versions released every two years. These LTS releases are supported for five years, providing stability and security updates for enterprise and professional users. As an open-source project, Ubuntu heavily relies on its worldwide community for development, testing, bug reporting, and documentation. The community-driven nature of Ubuntu has led to the formation of various Ubuntu Local Communities (LoCos) and Ubuntu User Groups, fostering a strong support network and promoting the adoption and growth of Ubuntu worldwide. Overall, Ubuntu has made significant contributions to the Linux ecosystem, playing a pivotal role in making Linux more accessible and user-friendly for both individuals and organizations. Its commitment to open-source principles, regular release cycle, and vibrant community have made it a preferred choice for many users seeking a powerful and reliable operating system.

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