Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Act of freely giving time and labor}} [1] => {{redirect|Volunteer}} [2] => {{Distinguish|text = [[military volunteer]]ing, which is usually paid and/or compensated}} [3] => {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}} [4] => [[File:Vilnius Marathon 2015 volunteers by Augustas Didzgalvis.jpg|thumb|Volunteers of [[Vilnius Marathon]]]] [5] => [6] => [[File:CI boardwalk Sandy sweepers jeh.jpg|thumb|Volunteers sweep the boardwalk in [[Brooklyn]] after the 2012 [[Hurricane Sandy]] ]] [7] => [[File:Two lifeguards of the German DLRG patrolling bathing area of a lake on stand-up paddling boards.jpg|thumb|Semi-professional volunteering: Trained [[lifeguard]]s of the German [[DLRG]], the largest voluntary water rescue organization in the world, patrolling a public bathing area of a lake in [[Munich]]]] [8] => [9] => '''Volunteering''' is a voluntary act of an individual or group [[wikt:gratis|freely]] giving time and labor, often for [[community service]].{{cite journal|last1= Wilson|first1=John|title=Volunteering|journal= Annual Review of Sociology|date= 2000|volume= 26|issue= 26|page=215|doi= 10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.215}}{{cite web|title= Benefits of Volunteering|url= http://nationalservice.gov|access-date= 12 April 2017|website= Corporation for National and Community Service}} Many volunteers are specifically trained in the areas they work, such as [[medicine]], [[education]], or [[emergency rescue]]. Others serve on an as-needed basis, such as in response to a [[natural disaster]]. [10] => [11] => ==Etymology and history== [12] => [13] => The verb was first recorded in 1755. It was derived from the noun ''volunteer'', in {{circa}} 1600, "one who offers himself for military service," from the [[Middle French]] ''voluntaire''.{{OEtymD|volunteer}} In the non-military sense, the word was first recorded during the 1630s. The word ''volunteering'' has more recent usage—still predominantly military—coinciding with the phrase ''community service''.{{cite web|url=http://jocote.org/2010/12/volunteer-whats-in-a-word/|publisher=Jocote.org|title=Volunteer- what's in a word?|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101227120256/http://jocote.org/2010/12/volunteer-whats-in-a-word/|archive-date=27 December 2010|date = 23 December 2010}} [14] => In a military context, a [[volunteer military|volunteer army]] is a military body whose soldiers chose to enter service, as opposed to having been conscripted. Such volunteers do not work "for free" and are given regular pay. [15] => [16] => ===19th century=== [17] => During this time, America experienced the [[Great Awakening]]. People became aware of the disadvantaged and realized the cause for movement against slavery.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/underground/antislav.htm|title=Early Antislavery|website=nps.gov|access-date=2020-02-12}} In 1851, the first [[YMCA]] in the United States was started, followed seven years later by the first [[YWCA]]. During the [[American Civil War]], women volunteered their time to sew supplies for the soldiers and the "Angel of the Battlefield" [[Clara Barton]] and a team of volunteers began providing aid to servicemen. Barton founded the [[American Red Cross]] in 1881 and began mobilizing volunteers for disaster relief operations, including relief for victims of the [[Johnstown Flood]] in 1889. [18] => [19] => ===20th and 21st centuries=== [20] => [21] => [[File:StateLibQld 1 165995 Ithaca influenza epidemic workers, July 1919.jpg|thumb|Volunteers from around the world came to [[Ithaca, Queensland|Ithaca]], [[Queensland]] to address an influenza epidemic through the [[Women's Emergency Corps]] (later the Women's Volunteer Reserve) in July 1919.]] [22] => The [[Salvation Army]] is one of the oldest and largest organizations working for disadvantaged people. Though it is a [[charity organization]], it has organized a number of volunteering programs since its inception. [23] => Prior to the 19th century, few formal charitable organizations existed to assist people in need. [24] => [25] => In the first few decades of the 20th century, several volunteer organizations were founded, including the [[Rotary International]], [[Kiwanis International]], [[Association of Junior Leagues International]], and [[Lions Clubs International]]. [26] => [27] => [[The Great Depression]] saw one of the first large-scale efforts to coordinate volunteering for a specific need in the US. During World War II, thousands of volunteer offices supervised the volunteers who helped with the many needs of the military and the [[home front]], including collecting supplies, entertaining soldiers on leave, and caring for the injured. [28] => [29] => After [[World War II]], people shifted the focus of their altruistic passions to other areas, including [[Helping behavior|helping]] the poor and volunteering overseas. A major development was the [[Peace Corps]] in the United States in 1960. When President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] declared a ''War on Poverty'' in 1964, volunteer opportunities started to expand and continued into the next few decades. The process for finding volunteer work became more formalized, with more volunteer centers forming and new ways to find work appearing on the [[World Wide Web]] through organizations like [[JustServe]] and [[AmeriCorps]].{{cite book|isbn = 1-86287-376-3|title= Volunteers and Volunteering|publisher= The Federation Press |year = 2000|first1= Jeni |last1=Warburton|first2= Melanie|last2= Oppenheimer |author-link2= Melanie Oppenheimer}}{{Cite web |title=Mormons' JustServe helps helpers find places to, well, help |url=https://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=5126049&itype=CMSID |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=The Salt Lake Tribune |language=en-US}} [30] => [[File:Kennedy greeting Peace Corps volunteers, 1961.jpg|thumb|[[John F. Kennedy]] greets volunteers on 28 August 1961]] [31] => According to the Corporation for National and Community Service (in 2012), about 64.5 million Americans, or 26.5 percent of the adult population, gave 7.9 billion hours of volunteer service worth $175 billion. This calculates at about 125–150 hours per year or 3 hours per week at a rate of $22 per hour. Volunteer hours in the UK are similar; the data for other countries is unavailable. [32] => [33] => ==Types== [34] => [35] => === Volunteering as utilized by service learning programs === [36] => Many schools on all education levels offer [[service-learning]] programs, which allow students to serve the community through volunteering while earning educational credit.{{Cite web| title =Service Learning|website = Medical Education at Harvard| url = http://ecommons.med.harvard.edu/ec_vqp.asp?name_GUID=%7B90C81275-4814-4921-BCC6-16F403715FEC%7D |publisher = Harvard College|date = 2010}} According to Alexander Astin in the foreword to ''Where's the Learning in Service-Learning?'' by Janet Eyler and Dwight E. Giles, Jr., "...we promote more wide-spread adoption of service-learning in higher education because we see it as a powerful means of preparing students to become more caring and responsible parents and citizens and of [[Helping behavior|helping]] colleges and universities to make good on their pledge to 'serve society.'"{{Citation [37] => |publisher = Jossey-Bass [38] => |isbn = 0787944831 [39] => |location = San Francisco [40] => |title = Where's the learning in service-learning? [41] => |url = https://archive.org/details/whereslearningin00eyle [42] => |author = Janet Eyler [43] => |date = 1999 [44] => |url-access = registration [45] => }} When describing service learning, the Medical Education at Harvard says, "Service learning unites academic study and volunteer community service in mutually reinforcing ways. ...service learning is characterized by a relationship of partnership: the student learns from the service agency and from the community and, in return, gives energy, intelligence, commitment, time and skills to address human and community needs." Volunteering in service learning seems to have the result of engaging both mind and heart, thus providing a more powerful learning experience; according to Janet Eyler and Dwight E. Giles, it succeeds by the fact that it "...fosters student development by capturing student interest..."{{rp|1–2,8}} [46] => More recent scholarship has found shortcomings in the early assumptions of mutual benefit, since early studies were interested in educational benefits rather than community outcomes. An Indiana study found that the nonprofit agencies hosting student service-learners do not report a positive impact on service capacity, although service-learners do help to increase agency visibility.Gazley, B., L. Littlepage, T. Bennett. 2012. What about the host agency? Nonprofit perspectives on community-based student learning and volunteering. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 41(6): 1029-1050. In the end, service-learning must follow other principles of effective volunteer management such as screening, training, and supervising.{{Editorializing|date=October 2021}} [47] => [48] => ===Skills-based volunteering=== [49] => ''Skills-based volunteering'' is leveraging the specialized skills and the talents of individuals to strengthen the infrastructure of nonprofits, helping them build and sustain their capacity to successfully achieve their missions.{{cite web|url= http://www.nationalserviceresources.org/sbv|publisher=National Service Resources|title=Need of skills based volunteering for Non-Profit activities}} This is in contrast to traditional volunteering, where volunteers do something other than their professional work.{{Cite journal|last=Steimel|first=Sarah|date=2018-02-01|title=Skills-Based Volunteering as Both Work and Not Work: A Tension-Centered Examination of Constructions of "Volunteer"|journal=VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations|language=en|volume=29|issue=1|pages=133–143|doi=10.1007/s11266-017-9859-8|s2cid=151874029|issn=1573-7888|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1184&context=commstudiespapers}} The average hour of traditional volunteering is valued by the Independent Sector at between $18–20 an hour.{{Cite web |url=http://www.i-to-i.com/personal-development-through-volunteering |title=Personal Development through Volunteering – Google Hangout | i to I |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611023041/http://www.i-to-i.com/personal-development-through-volunteering |archive-date=11 June 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }} Skills-based volunteering is valued at $40–500 an hour, depending on the market value of the time.{{cite web|url=http://www.independentsector.org|title=Skills based volunteering|publisher=Independent Sector}}{{failed verification|date=July 2014}} [50] => [51] => ===Virtual volunteering=== [52] => {{Further|Virtual volunteering}} [53] => Also called ''e-volunteering'' or ''online volunteering'', virtual volunteering is a volunteer who completes tasks, in whole or in part, offsite from the organization being assisted. They use the Internet and a home, school, [[telecenter]] or work computer, or other Internet-connected device, such as a [[Personal digital assistant|PDA]] or [[smartphone]]. Virtual volunteering is also known as cyber service, telementoring, and teletutoring, as well as various other names. Virtual volunteering is similar to [[remote work]], except that instead of online employees who are paid, these are online volunteers who are not paid.{{cite web |url=http://www.onlinevolunteering.org/en/index.html |publisher=UN Volunteers |access-date=2012-04-30|title=Online Volunteering|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502044205/http://onlinevolunteering.org/en/index.html|archive-date=2 May 2012|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url= http://www.serviceleader.org/virtual |title=Virtual Volunteering Resources|access-date=2012-04-30|publisher=Service Leader|url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120506055953/http://www.serviceleader.org/virtual|archive-date = 6 May 2012}} Contributing to [[Free and open-source software|free and open source software]] projects or editing [[Wikipedia]] are examples of virtual volunteering.{{Cite book|last1=Feng|first1=Vincent Xuan|last2=Leong|first2=Tuck Wah|title=Proceedings of the 29th Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction |chapter=Digital meaning |date=2017-11-28|series=OZCHI '17|location=New York, NY, US|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|pages=366–370|doi=10.1145/3152771.3156138|isbn=978-1-4503-5379-3|s2cid=9250571|doi-access=free}} [54] => [55] => ===Micro-volunteering=== [56] => {{Further|Micro-volunteering}} [57] => Micro-volunteering is a task performed via an internet-connected device. An individual typically does this task in small, un-paid increments of time. Micro-volunteering is distinct from "virtual volunteering" in that it typically does not require the individual volunteer to go through an application process, screening process, or training period.{{cite web|url=http://nonprofit.about.com/od/volunteers/a/microvol.htm| title=Micro-Volunteering via Mobile Phones – Using Spare Time to Micro-Volunteer|website = About.com |url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090421014559/http://nonprofit.about.com/od/volunteers/a/microvol.htm |archive-date = 21 April 2009|first = Joanne|last = Fritz}}{{cite web|url=http://www.i-volunteer.org.uk/helpfromhome/micro-volunteering-changing-the-world-in-just-your-pyjamas/ |title=Micro Volunteering – Changing The World in Just Your Pyjamas! |publisher=I-volunteer.org.uk |access-date=2013-09-17}} [58] => [59] => ===Environmental volunteering=== [60] => {{Further|Environmental volunteering}} [61] => [62] => Environmental volunteering refers to the volunteers who contribute towards environmental management or conservation. Volunteers conduct a range of activities including [[environmental monitoring]], [[ecological restoration]] such as re-vegetation and weed removal, protecting endangered animals, and educating others about the natural environment.{{cite web|url=http://www.peacecorps.gov/index.cfm?shell=learn.whatvol|title=Environmental Volunteer Work|publisher=PeaceCorps|access-date=2012-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503110349/http://www.peacecorps.gov/index.cfm?shell=learn.whatvol|archive-date=3 May 2012|url-status=dead}} [63] => [64] => ===Volunteering in an emergency=== [65] => [[File:FEMA - 15322 - Photograph by Andrea Booher taken on 09-05-2005 in Texas.jpg|thumb|Volunteers assist survivors at the Houston Astrodome following [[Hurricane Katrina]] in September 2005.]] [66] => Volunteering often plays a pivotal role in the recovery effort following natural disasters, such as tsunamis, floods, droughts, hurricanes, and earthquakes. For example, the 1995 [[Great Hanshin earthquake|Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake]] in Japan was a watershed moment, bringing in many first-time [[Great Hanshin earthquake#Volunteerism|volunteers for earthquake response]]. The [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]] attracted a large number of volunteers worldwide, deployed by [[non-governmental organization]]s, government agencies, and the [[United Nations]].{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2004/usslav/#summary/|publisher=United States Geological Survey|title=USGS Tsunami 2004 Summary|access-date=11 September 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110119233314/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2004/usslav/#summary/|archive-date=19 January 2011|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/0504/excerpt2.html |work= National Geographic Adventure Magazine|title=The Tsunami Volunteers|first = Matthew |last=Power|date = April 2005|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110218050741/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/0504/excerpt2.html|archive-date= 18 February 2011}} [67] => [68] => During the 2012 hurricane Sandy emergency, [[Occupy Sandy]] volunteers formed a ''laterally organized rapid-response team'' that provided much needed help during and after the storm, from food to shelter to reconstruction. It is an example of [[Mutualism (economic theory)|mutualism]] at work, pooling resources and assistance and leveraging social media. [69] => [70] => ===Volunteering in schools=== [71] => [72] => Resource poor schools around the world rely on government support or on efforts from volunteers and private donations, in order to run effectively. In some countries, whenever the economy is down, the need for volunteers and resources increases greatly.{{cite web|url=http://www.greatschools.net/news/back-to-school-poll-results.page|title=The Economy's Impact on Back to School|publisher=Great Schools|date=2009-08-06|access-date=2009-11-20}} There are many opportunities available in school systems for volunteers. Yet, there are not many requirements in order to volunteer in a school system. Whether one is a high school or TEFL (Teaching English as a Foreign Language) graduate or college student, most schools require just voluntary and selfless effort.{{cite web|url=http://smhp.psych.ucla.edu/pdfdocs/volunteer/volunt.pdf|publisher=School Mental Health Project|title=Volunteer teaching effort can help students to learn better in schools|access-date=2011-12-14}} [73] => [74] => Much like the benefits of any type of volunteering there are great rewards for the volunteer, student, and school. In addition to intangible rewards, volunteers can add relevant experience to their resumes. Volunteers who travel to assist may learn foreign culture and language. "Volunteering can give the students the sufficient experience in order to support and strengthen their CVs and resumes."{{Cite web |title=Why include volunteering on your CV |url=https://www.vcth.org.uk/include-volunteering-on-your-cv/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=Volunteer Centre Tower Hamlets |language=en-GB}} [75] => [76] => Volunteering in schools can be an additional teaching guide for the students and [[Helping behavior|help]] to fill the gap of local teachers. Cultural and language exchange during teaching and other school activities can be the most essential learning experience for both students and volunteers. [77] => [78] => ===Corporate volunteering=== [79] => {{Further|Volunteer grant}} [80] => Benefacto, a volunteering brokerage, describe corporate volunteering as "Companies giving their employees an allowance of paid time off annually, which they use to volunteer at a charity of their choice."{{cite web|url = http://benefacto.org/what-is-corporate-volunteering/ |first = Ben|last = Darlington|title = What is Corporate Volunteering?|work = Benefacto|date = 9 February 2016}} [81] => [82] => A majority of the companies at the [[Fortune 500]] allow their employees to volunteer during work hours. These formalized Employee Volunteering Programs (EVPs), also called Employer Supported Volunteering (ESV), are regarded as a part of the companies' sustainability efforts and their social responsibility activities.{{cite web|url=http://www.bcccc.net/index.cfm?fuseaction=document.showDocumentByID&DocumentID=1308|title=Mapping Success in Employee Volunteering – The Drivers of Effectiveness for Employee Volunteering and Giving Programs and Fortune 500 Performance (2009)|publisher=Boston College Center for Corporate Citizenship 2009|access-date=2010-04-21}} About 40% of Fortune 500 companies provide monetary [[donations]], also known as [[volunteer grant]]s, to nonprofits as a way to recognize employees who dedicate significant amounts of time to volunteering in the community.{{cite web|url=https://www.qgiv.com/blog/dos-and-donts-for-volunteers/|title=Fortune 500's monetary donation programs for voluntary service|publisher=Qgiv.com|access-date=2012-03-07}} [83] => [84] => According to the information from [[VolunteerMatch]], a service that provides Employee Volunteering Program solutions, the key drivers for companies that produce and manage EVPs are building [[brand awareness]] and affinity, strengthening trust and loyalty among consumers, enhancing [[corporate image]] and reputation, improving [[employee retention]], increasing [[workforce productivity|employee productivity]] and loyalty, and providing an effective vehicle to reach strategic goals.{{cite web|url= http://www.volunteermatch.org/corporations/resources/businesscase.jsp |publisher=VolunteerMatch.org|title= Does Employee Volunteerism Work?|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100528133814/http://www.volunteermatch.org/corporations/resources/businesscase.jsp|archive-date = 28 May 2010}} [85] => [86] => In April 2015, David Cameron pledged to give all UK workers employed by companies with more 250 staff mandatory three days' paid volunteering leave, which if implemented will generate an extra 360 million volunteering hours a year.{{Cite web|url=https://benefacto.org/three-days-paid-volunteering-leave-an-update-from-rob-wilsons-office/|title=Three days' Paid Volunteering Leave: Conservative Manifesto Pledge Updates|date=2016-04-12|website=Benefacto|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-07-16}} [87] => [88] => ===Community volunteer work=== [89] => [[File:Volunteers installing windows at the Sumac Centre.jpg|thumb|Volunteers fit new windows at the [[Sumac Centre]] in [[Nottingham]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom|UK]].]] [90] => Community volunteering, in the US called "[[community service]]", refers globally to those who work to improve their local community. This activity commonly occurs through not for profit organizations, local governments and churches; but also encompasses ad-hoc or informal groups such as recreational sports teams.{{cite book|last1=Winfield|first1=Mark|title=The Essential Volunteer Handbook|date=21 May 2013|publisher=FriesenPress|isbn=978-1-4602-1583-8|url=http://www.markwinfield.ca}} [91] => [92] => ===Social volunteering or welfare volunteering=== [93] => In some European countries government organisations and non-government organisations provide auxiliary positions for a certain period in institutions like hospitals, schools, memorial sites and welfare institutions. The difference to other types of volunteering is that there are strict legal regulations, what organisation is allowed to engage volunteers and about the period a volunteer is allowed to work in a voluntary position. Due to that fact, the volunteer is getting a limited amount as a pocket money from the government. Organizations having the biggest manpower in [[Europe]] are the [[Voluntary social year]] (German: ''Freiwilliges Soziales Jahr''), with more than 50.000 volunteers per year, and the [[Federal volunteers service]] (German: ''Bundesfreiwilligendienst''), with about 30.000 to 40.000 volunteers per year.{{Cite web |url=https://www.bundesfreiwilligendienst.de/fileadmin/de.bundesfreiwilligendienst/content.de/Service/Downloads/BFD_Flyer_engl_web_RZ.pdf |title=It's time to do the right thing.|access-date=27 April 2018 |archive-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093548/https://www.bundesfreiwilligendienst.de/fileadmin/de.bundesfreiwilligendienst/content.de/Service/Downloads/BFD_Flyer_engl_web_RZ.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.fsj.at/|title=Freiwilliges Soziales Jahr|website=FSJ – Freiwilliges Soziales Jahr|language=de-DE|access-date=2019-07-16}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.pro-fsj.de/|title=PRO FSJ {{!}}|website=pro-fsj.de|access-date=2019-07-16}} [94] => [95] => === Volunteering at major sporting events === [96] => 25,000 volunteers worked at the [[2014 Winter Olympics|2014 Sochi Winter Olympics]]. They supported the organisers in more than 20 functional areas: meeting guests, assisting navigation, organising the opening and closing ceremonies, organising food outlets, etc. Volunteer applications were open to any nationals of Russia and other countries. The Sochi 2014 Organising Committee received about 200,000 applications, 8 applicants per place. Volunteers received training over the course of more than a year at 26 volunteer centres in 17 cities across Russia. The majority of participants were between 17 and 22 years old. At the same time, 3000 applications were submitted from people over 55 years old. Some of them worked as volunteers during the [[1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Olympics]] in Moscow. It was the first experience with such a large-scale volunteer program in the contemporary Russia. [97] => [98] => The FIFA World Cup in 2018 was supported by 17,040 volunteers of the Russia 2018 Local Organising Committee.{{Cite news|url=https://ru.fifa.com/worldcup/news/%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%8B-%D1%87%D0%BC-2018-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B-2922854|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529203637/http://ru.fifa.com/worldcup/news/%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%8B-%D1%87%D0%BC-2018-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B-2922854|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 May 2018|title=Чемпионат мира по футболу FIFA 2018 в России™ – Новости – Победители конкурса "Наследие волонтерской программы ЧМ-2018" награждены в "Сколково" – FIFA.com|publisher=FIFA|access-date=2018-06-14|language=ru-RU}} [99] => [100] => === Medical Volunteering === [101] => Volunteering in the context of delivering medical care is referred to as [[Medical volunteerism|medical volunteering]]. In general, [[Medical volunteerism|medical volunteering]] has been lauded as a "ethical responsibility to aid the needy. The activities are often offered by both for profit and not for profit associations. [[Volunteers in Medicine|Medical volunteers]] typically participate in unpaid medical volunteer programs in hospitals, clinics, and underserved areas. Typically, these regions are in underdeveloped nations or nations battling natural disasters, sickness, or violence. These activities typically involves volunteer physicians and nurses. [[Dental volunteering]] is a part of medical volunteering which predominantly focused on dental care.{{Cite journal |last1=Holmgren |first1=C. |last2=Benzian |first2=H. |date=June 2011 |title=Dental volunteering – a time for reflection and a time for change |journal=British Dental Journal |language=en |volume=210 |issue=11 |pages=513–516 |doi=10.1038/sj.bdj.2011.426 |pmid=21660012 |s2cid=25475844 |issn=1476-5373|doi-access=free }} [102] => [103] => === Seva === [104] => In [[Hinduism]], ''seva'' means selfless service and is often associated with ''[[karma yoga]]'', disciplined action, and ''[[bhakti yoga]]'', disciplined devotion. Seva is also connected to other Sanskrit concepts such as ''[[dāna]]'' (gift giving), ''karunā'' (compassion), and ''preman'' (kindness). Seva is also performed as a form of [[Self-concept|ego]]-transcending spiritual practise known as ''[[Sādhanā|Sadhana]],'' and plays a large role in modern Hinduism. This is because a key concept in Hinduism is liberation (''[[Moksha]]'') from the cycle of births and deaths (''[[Saṃsāra]])'', and sadhana is the effort one makes to strive for liberation, highlighting the importance of service to others.{{cite book | last=Jacobs | first=Stephen | title=Hinduism Today | publisher=A&C Black | publication-place=London ; New York | date=2010-06-24 | isbn=978-0-8264-3065-6 | oclc=466343867 | page=43}} [105] => [106] => In [[Sikhism]], the word ''seva'' also means "to worship, to adore, to pay homage through the act of love." In the writings of [[Sikh gurus]], these two meanings of ''seva'' (service and worship) have been merged. ''Seva'' is expected to be a labour of love performed without desire and intention, and with humility. [107] => [108] => ==Volunteer days, weeks and years== [109] => Designated days, weeks and years observed by a country or as designated by the [[United Nations]] to encourage volunteering / community service [110] => {{div col |colwidth=20em}} [111] => * [[Global Youth Service Day]] [112] => * [[International Volunteer Day]] [113] => * [[International Year of Volunteers]] [114] => * [[Join Hands Day]] [115] => * [[Mandela Day]] [116] => * [[Martin Luther King Jr. Day#MLK Day of Service|MLK Day of service]] [117] => * [[Mitzvah Day International|Mitzvah Day]] [118] => * [[Random Acts of Kindness Day]] [119] => * [[Sewa Day]] [120] => * [[USA Weekend#Make A Difference Day|Make A Difference Day]] [121] => * [[World Kindness Day]] [122] => {{div col end}} [123] => [124] => ==Political view== [125] => {{Further|Gift economy}} [126] => Modern societies share a common value of people helping each other; not only do volunteer acts assist others, but they also benefit the volunteering individual on a personal level.http://www.picketnews.com/archiveDetail.asp?cID=3&id=8327|publisher=Picket News Despite having similar objectives, tension can arise between volunteers and state-provided services. In order to curtail this tension, most countries develop policies and enact legislation to clarify the roles and relationships among governmental stakeholders and their voluntary counterparts; this regulation identifies and allocates the necessary legal, social, administrative, and financial support of each party. This is particularly necessary when some voluntary activities are seen as a challenge to the authority of the state (e.g., on 29 January 2001, President Bush cautioned that volunteer groups should supplement—not replace—government agencies' work).[http://www.policyalmanac.org/government/charity_and_volunteering.shtml Bush Announces Faith-Based Initiative]{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [127] => [128] => Volunteering that benefits the state but challenges paid counterparts angers labor unions that represent those who are paid for their volunteer work; this is particularly seen in combination departments, such as [[volunteer fire department]]s. [129] => [130] => ===Difficulties in cross-national aid=== [131] => {{see also|International volunteering}} [132] => Difficulties in the cross-national aid model of volunteering can arise when it is applied across national borders. The presence of volunteers who are sent from one state to another can be viewed as a breach of [[sovereignty]] and showing a lack of respect towards the national government of the proposed recipients. Thus, motivations are important when states negotiate offers to send aid and when these proposals are accepted, particularly if donors may postpone assistance or stop it altogether. Three types of conditionality have evolved: [133] => #'''Financial accountability''': Transparency in funding management to ensure that what is done by the volunteers is properly targeted [134] => #'''Policy reform''': Governmental request that developing countries adopt certain social, economic, or environmental policies; often, the most controversial relate to the privatization of services traditionally offered by the state [135] => #'''Development objectives''': Asking developing countries to adjust specific time-bound economic objectives [136] => [137] => Some international volunteer organizations define their primary mission as being altruistic: to fight poverty and improve the living standards of people in the developing world, (e.g. [[Voluntary Services Overseas]] has almost 2,000 skilled professionals working as volunteers to pass on their expertise to local people so that the volunteers' skills remain long after they return home). When these organizations work in partnership with governments, the results can be impressive. However, when other organizations or individual First World governments support the work of volunteer groups, there can be questions as to whether the organizations' or governments' real motives are poverty alleviation. Instead, a focus on creating wealth for some of the poor or developing policies intended to benefit the donor states is sometimes reported.{{cite book | last=Noble | first=Joy | last2=Johnston | first2=Fiona | title=Volunteering Visions | date=2001 | isbn=978-1-86287-404-6 | author-link2 = Fiona Johnston }} Many low-income countries' economies suffer from industrialization without prosperity and investment without growth. One reason for this is that development assistance guides many Third World governments to pursue development policies that have been wasteful, ill-conceived, or unproductive; some of these policies have been so destructive that the economies could not have been sustained without outside support.{{cite web|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDS_IBank_Servlet?pcont=details&eid=000009265_3980429111119|title=Aid, taxation, and development: analytical perspectives on aid effectiveness in Sub-Saharan Africa|publisher=World Bank|date=1998-02-28|access-date=2007-07-12}} [138] => [139] => Indeed, some offers of aid have distorted the general spirit of volunteering, treating local voluntary action as contributions in kind, i.e., existing conditions requiring the modification of local people's behavior in order for them to earn the right to donors' [[Charity (practice)|charity]]. This can be seen as patronizing and offensive to the recipients because the aid expressly serves the policy aims of the donors rather than the needs of the recipients. [140] => [141] => ==Moral resources, political capital and civil society== [142] => [[File:Some help files iin a volunteers station in Shenzhen,China .jpg|thumb|250px|right|Some files for helping people in a volunteers station in [[Shenzhen]], [[People's Republic of China]]]] [143] => Based on a case study in China, Xu and Ngai (2011) revealed that the developing grassroots volunteerism can be an enclave among various organizations and may be able to work toward the development of civil society in the developing countries. The researchers developed a "Moral Resources and Political Capital" approach to examine the contributions of volunteerism in promoting the civil society. Moral resource means the available morals could be chosen by NGOs. Political capital means the capital that will improve or enhance the NGOs' status, possession or access in the existing political system.{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Y |last2=Ngai |first2=N. P. |year=2011 |title= Moral Resources and Political Capital: Theorizing the Relationship Between Voluntary Service Organizations and the Development of Civil Society in China |journal=Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=247–269|doi=10.1177/0899764009340229 |s2cid=154058761 |access-date=17 April 2011 |url= http://nvs.sagepub.com/content/40/2/247}} [144] => [145] => Moreover, Xu and Ngai (2011) distinguished two types of Moral Resources: Moral Resource-I and Moral Resource-II (ibid). [146] => #Moral Resource I: Inspired by [[Immanuel Kant]]'s (1998 [1787]) argument of "What ought I to do," Moral Resource-I will encourage the NGOs' confidence and then have the courage to act and conquer difficulties by way of answering and confirming the question of "What ought I to do."Kant, I. (1998). Critique of pure reason ([[J. M. D. Meiklejohn]], Trans.). Raleigh, NC: Alex Catalogue. [147] => #Moral Resource II: given that Adorno (2000) recognizes that moral or immoral tropes are socially determined, Moral Resource-II refers to the morals that are well accepted by the given society.Adorno, T. (2000). Problems of moral philosophy (T. Schroder, Ed. & R. Livingstone, Trans.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. [148] => [149] => Thanks to the intellectual heritage of Blau and Duncan (1967), two types of political capital were identified: [150] => #Political Capital-I refers to the political capital mainly ascribed to the status that the NGO inherited throughout history (e.g., the CYL). [151] => #Political Capital-II refers to the Political Capital that the NGOs earned through their hard efforts.Blau, P. M., & Duncan, O. D. (1967). The American occupational structure. New York: Wiley. [152] => Obviously, "Moral resource-I itself contains the self-determination that gives participants confidence in the ethical beliefs they have chosen",{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Y |last2=Ngai |first2=N. P. |year=2011 |title= Moral Resources and Political Capital: Theorizing the Relationship Between Voluntary Service Organizations and the Development of Civil Society in China |journal=Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly |volume=40 |issue=2 |page=260 |doi=10.1177/0899764009340229 |s2cid=154058761 |access-date=17 April 2011 |url=http://nvs.sagepub.com/content/40/2/247.abstract}} almost any organizations may have Moral Resource-I, while not all of them have the societal recognized Moral Resource-II. However, the voluntary service organizations predominantly occupy Moral Resource-II because a sense of moral superiority makes it possible that for parties with different values, goals and cultures to work together in promoting the promotion of volunteering. Thus the voluntary service organizations are likely to win the trust and support of the masses as well as the government more easily than will the organizations whose morals are not accepted by mainstream society. In other words, Moral Resource II helps the grassroots organizations with little Political Capital I to win Political Capital-II, which is a crucial factor for their survival and growth in developing countries such as China. Therefore, the voluntary service realm could be an enclave of the development of civil society in the developing nations. [153] => [154] => == Potential benefits of volunteering == [155] => [156] => === Academic === [157] => {{further|Service-learning#Effects}} [158] => Volunteering for community service as part of a college curriculum ([[service-learning]]) provides opportunities for students to surround themselves with new people which helps them learn how to work together as a group, improve teamwork and relational skills, reduce [[stereotypes]], and increases appreciation of other cultures. Students participating in [[Service learning programs|service-learning programs]] are shown to have more positive attitudes toward self, attitudes toward school and learning, civic engagement, social skills, and academic performance.{{cite journal |last1=Celio |first1=Christine I. |last2=Durlak |first2=Joseph |last3=Dymnicki |first3=Allison |title=A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Service-Learning on Students |journal=Journal of Experiential Education |date=1 September 2011 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=164–181 |doi=10.1177/105382591103400205 |s2cid=11537949 }}{{Cite journal|last=Boru|first=Nese|date=June 2017|title=The Effects of Service Learning and Volunteerism Activities on University Students in Turkey|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1141430.pdf|journal=Journal of Education and Training Studies|volume=5|issue=6|pages=146–166|doi=10.11114/jets.v5i6.2405|doi-access=free}} They are also more likely to complete their degree.{{Cite book|last=Astin|first=A.W.|url=https://archive.org/details/whatmattersincol0000asti|title=What Matters in College: Four Critical Years Revisited|publisher=Jossey-Bass|year=1992|location=San Francisco|url-access=registration}}{{Cite book|last=Pascarella and Terenzini|first=E.T. and P.T.|url=https://archive.org/details/howcollegeaffect00pasc|title=How College Affects Students: Findings and Insights from Twenty Years of Research|publisher=Jossey-Bass|year=1991|location=San Francisco|url-access=registration}} [159] => [160] => === Longevity === [161] => Volunteers are observed to have a reduced mortality risk compared to non-volunteers.{{cite journal |last1=Ayalon |first1=Liat |title=Volunteering as a predictor of all-cause mortality: what aspects of volunteering really matter? |journal=International Psychogeriatrics |date=2008 |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=1000–1013 |doi=10.1017/S1041610208007096 |pmid=18397546 |s2cid=19529297 }} Therefore, it is worth noting that the various types of work as a volunteer and psychological effects of such altruistic work may produce enough side-effects to contribute to a longer and more fulfilling life. A systematic review shows that adults over age of 65 years who volunteer may experience improved physical and mental health and potentially reduced mortality.{{Cite journal|last1=Filges|first1=Trine|last2=Siren|first2=Anu|last3=Fridberg|first3=Torben|last4=Nielsen|first4=Bjørn C. V.|date=2020|title=Voluntary work for the physical and mental health of older volunteers: a systematic review|journal=Campbell Systematic Reviews|language=en|volume=16|issue=4|pages=e1124|doi=10.1002/cl2.1124|pmid=37016617 |pmc=8356337 |issn=1891-1803|doi-access=free}} [162] => [163] => === Mental health === [164] => A worldwide survey was conducted in a study, suggesting that people who experience the highest levels of happiness are the most successful in terms of close relationships and volunteer work.{{cite journal |last1=Oishi |first1=Shigehiro |last2=Diener |first2=Ed |last3=Lucas |first3=Richard E. |title=The Optimum Level of Well-Being: Can People Be Too Happy? |journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science |date=1 December 2007 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=346–360 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00048.x|pmid=26151972 |s2cid=17932140 }} In comparison, charity in the form of monetary [[donations]], which is another form of [[altruism]] (volunteering being one of them) is also known to have a similar effect.{{cite journal |last1=Aknin |first1=LB |author-link=Lara Aknin |last2=Barrington-Leigh |first2=CP |last3=Dunn |first3=EW |last4=Helliwell |first4=JF |last5=Burns |first5=J |author-link5=Justine Burns |last6=Biswas-Diener |first6=R |last7=Kemeza |first7=I |last8=Nyende |first8=P |last9=Ashton-James |first9=CE |last10=Norton |first10=MI |date=2013 |title=Prosocial spending and well-being: Cross-cultural evidence for a psychological universal |url=https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/psp-104-4-635.pdf |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=635–652 |doi=10.1037/a0031578 |pmid=23421360 |s2cid=5403883}}{{cite journal |last1=Dunn |first1=E. W. |last2=Aknin |first2=L. B. |last3=Norton |first3=M. I. |title=Spending Money on Others Promotes Happiness |journal=Science |date=21 March 2008 |volume=319 |issue=5870 |pages=1687–1688 |doi=10.1126/science.1150952|pmid=18356530 |bibcode=2008Sci...319.1687D |s2cid=29589887 }} Another study finds that [[Helping behavior|helping]] others is associated with higher levels of mental health, above and beyond the benefits of receiving help.{{cite journal |last1=Schwartz |first1=Carolyn |last2=Meisenhelder |first2=Janice Bell |last3=Ma |first3=Yunsheng |last4=Reed |first4=George |title=Altruistic Social Interest Behaviors Are Associated With Better Mental Health |journal=Psychosomatic Medicine |year=2003 |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=778–785 |doi=10.1097/01.PSY.0000079378.39062.D4|pmid=14508020 |s2cid=20644442 }} This is true across age groups. Observational evidence indicates that volunteering helps improve the mental health of adolescents.{{cite journal | last1 = Ballard | first1 = P.J. | last2 = Daniel | first2 = S.S. | last3 = Anderson | first3 = G. | last4 = Nicolotti | first4 = L. | last5 = Caballero Quinones | first5 = E. | last6 = Koehler | first6 = A.N. | year = 2021 | title = Incorporating Volunteering Into Treatment for Depression Among Adolescents: Developmental and Clinical Considerations | journal = Frontiers in Psychology | volume = 12 | pages = 1581 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.642910 | pmid = 34025511 | pmc = 8131855 | doi-access = free }} Moreover, on the subject of service-learning, undergraduate students who volunteered 1 to 9 hours per week were less likely to feel depressed than students who did not volunteer.{{cite journal |last1=Lederer |first1=Alyssa M. |last2=Autry |first2=Dana M. |last3=Day |first3=Carol R. T. |last4=Oswalt |first4=Sara B. |title=The Impact of Work and Volunteer Hours on the Health of Undergraduate Students |journal=Journal of American College Health |date=18 August 2015 |volume=63 |issue=6 |pages=403–408 |doi=10.1080/07448481.2015.1015028 |pmid=25692931 |s2cid=205583711 }} Among people aged 65 years old or above, volunteering may reduce the risk of depression. [165] => [166] => Volunteering in the aftermath of the [[2011 Christchurch earthquake|2011 Christchurch Earthquake]] was found to build [[social capital]], increasing the social connectedness of individuals as well as community wellbeing. The researchers suggested healthcare professionals could prescribe volunteering to improve the health of individuals.{{Cite journal |last=Vannier |first=Clémence |last2=Mulligan |first2=Hilda |last3=Wilkinson |first3=Amanda |last4=Elder |first4=Susie |last5=Malik |first5=Ambika |last6=Morrish |first6=Daniel |last7=Campbell |first7=Malcolm |last8=Kingham |first8=Simon |last9=Epton |first9=Michael |date=2021 |title=Strengthening community connection and personal well‐being through volunteering in New Zealand |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hsc.13340 |journal=Health & Social Care in the Community |language=en |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=1971–1979 |doi= |issn=0966-0410}} [167] => [168] => ==Statistics== [169] => In the United States, statistics on volunteering have historically been limited, according to volunteerism expert [[Susan J. Ellis]].{{Cite web|url=https://www.energizeinc.com/hot-topics/2006/june|title=Wouldn't It Be Nice to Really Know {{!}} Energize: Volunteer Management Resources for Directors of Volunteers|website=energizeinc.com|access-date=2016-10-12}} In 2013, the U.S. [[Current Population Survey]] included a volunteering supplement which produced statistics on volunteering.{{Cite web|url=https://www.volunteeringinamerica.gov/about/research_faqs.cfm|title=National Veteran Corps|website=volunteeringinamerica.gov|access-date=2016-10-12}} [170] => [171] => ==Criticisms== [172] => In the 1960s, [[Ivan Illich]] offered an analysis of the role of American volunteers in Mexico in his speech entitled "To Hell With Good Intentions". His concerns, along with those of critics such as [[Paulo Freire]] and [[Edward Said]], revolve around the notion of [[altruism]] as an extension of Christian [[missionary]] [[ideology]]. In addition, he mentions the sense of [[Moral responsibility|responsibility]]/[[obligation]] as a factor, which drives the concept of [[noblesse oblige]]—first developed by the French [[aristocracy]] as a [[morality|moral]] [[duty]] derived from their wealth. Simply stated, these apprehensions propose the extension of power and authority over indigenous cultures around the world. Recent critiques of volunteering come from Westmier and Kahn (1996) and [[bell hooks]] (née Gloria Watkins) (2004). Also, [http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415809153/ Georgeou (2012)] has critiqued the impact of [[neoliberalism]] on international aid volunteering. [173] => [174] => The field of the [[medical tourism]] (referring to [[International volunteering|volunteers who travel overseas]] [[Medical volunteerism|to deliver medical care]]) has recently attracted negative criticism when compared to the alternative notion of sustainable capacities, i.e., work done in the context of long-term, locally-run, and foreign-supported infrastructures. A preponderance of this criticism appears largely in scientific and peer-reviewed literature.Bezruchka, S. (2000). Medical Tourism as Medical Harm to the Third World: Why? For Whom? ''[[Wilderness and Environmental Medicine]]'', 11, 77–78.Roberts, M. (2006). Duffle Bag Medicine. ''[[Journal of the American Medical Association]]'', 295, 1491–1492.Pinto, A.D., & Upshur, R.E.G. (2009). Global Health Ethics for Students. ''[[Developing World Bioethics]]'', 9, 1–10. Recently, media outlets with more general readerships have published such criticisms as well.{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/think-looking-after-turtles-in-costa-rica-for-three-weeks-is-good-for-your-cv-think-again-66148#comment_1125331|title=Think looking after turtles in Costa Rica for three weeks is good for your CV? Think again|publisher=The Conversation|date=2016-11-04|access-date=2016-11-11}} This type of volunteering is pejoratively referred to as "medical voluntourism".{{Cite journal|last=McLennan|first=Sharon|date=2014-04-01|title=Medical voluntourism in Honduras: 'Helping' the poor?|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1464993413517789|journal=Progress in Development Studies|language=en|volume=14|issue=2|pages=163–179|doi=10.1177/1464993413517789|s2cid=144772758|issn=1464-9934}} [175] => [176] => Another problem noted with volunteering is that it can be used to replace low paid entry positions. This can act to decrease social mobility, with only those capable of affording to work without payment able to gain the experience.{{cite report|last1=McGuinness |first1= F.|last2= Ward|first2= M.|date=2017|title = State of the Nation Report by the Social Mobility Commission|url = http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CDP-2017-0099/CDP-2017-0099.pdf}} Trade unions in the United Kingdom (UK) have warned that long term volunteering is a form of exploitation, used by charities to avoid minimum wage legislation.Trade Union Congress (TUV) (2018) Guide to Internships. Accessed online at: https://www.tuc.org.uk/workplace-guidance/internships Some sectors now expect candidates for paid roles to have undergone significant periods of volunteer experience whether relevant to the role or not, setting up 'Volunteer Credentialism'.{{cite journal|url = https://www.academia.edu/38023758 |title = 'Own Transport Preferred': Potential problems with long-term volunteering and internships|first = Mark|last = Walker|journal = ECOS|date = 2018}} [177] => [178] => Volunteers can be exposed to [[Psychological stress|stressful]] situations and attitudes, which can cause them to suffer from burnout which in turn reduces their activism and overall well-being.{{Citation|last=Konieczny|first=Piotr|title=Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change|chapter=Volunteer Retention, Burnout and Dropout in Online Voluntary Organizations: Stress, Conflict and Retirement of Wikipedians|date=2018-01-01|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1108/S0163-786X20180000042008|volume=42|pages=199–219|series=Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change|publisher=Emerald Publishing Limited|doi=10.1108/s0163-786x20180000042008|isbn=978-1-78756-895-2|s2cid=155122668|access-date=2021-04-29}} There is also a clear evidence that volunteering can become a moral obligation that prompts feelings of guilt when not performed.Gill MJ. (2021) Understanding the Spread of Sustained Employee Volunteering: How Volunteers Influence Their Coworkers' Moral Identity Work. Journal of Management. [179] => [180] => ==See also== [181] => {{div col |colwidth=30em}} [182] => * [[Association for Leaders in Volunteer Engagement]] (AL!VE) [183] => * [[Association for Volunteer Administration]] (AVA) [184] => * [[Avocation]] [185] => * [[Community service]] [186] => * [[Crossing guard]] [187] => * [[European Solidarity Corps]] [188] => * [[Federal volunteers service]] [189] => * [[Helping behavior]] [190] => * [[Intentional living]] [191] => * [[International volunteering]] [192] => * [[List of volunteer awards]] [193] => * [[Micro-volunteering]] [194] => * [[Peace Corps]] [195] => * [[Pro bono]] [196] => * [[Prosocial behavior]] [197] => * ''[[Subbotnik]]'' [198] => * [[Scout leader]] [199] => * ''[[Technisches Hilfswerk]]'' (THW) [200] => * [[Voluntary social year]] [201] => {{div col end}} [202] => [203] => ==References== [204] => {{Reflist}} [205] => * Geiser, Ch.; Okun, M. A.; Grano, C. (2014). [http://www.psychologie-aktuell.com/fileadmin/download/ptam/1-2014_20140324/01_Geiser.pdf "Who is motivated to volunteer? A latent profile analysis linking volunteer motivation to frequency of volunteering"]. Psychological Test and Assessment Modeling. 56(1). pp. 3–24. [206] => [207] => == Further reading == [208] => * Georgeou, Nichole (2012). ''[https://www.routledge.com/Neoliberalism-Development-and-Aid-Volunteering/Georgeou/p/book/9780415629706 Neoliberalism, Development, and Aid Volunteering]''. New York: Routledge. {{ISBN|9780415809153}}. [209] => [210] => ==External links== [211] => {{wiktionary|volunteering}} [212] => [213] => {{Wikisource|Category:National Volunteer Week}} [214] => {{Commons category}} [215] => {{Wikiquote}} [216] => *{{curlie|Society/Philanthropy/Volunteering/|Volunteering}} [217] => *[http://www.ipu.org/PDF/publications/volunteer_en.pdf Volunteerism and legislation: a Guidance Note] [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]], [[United Nations Volunteers]], [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies]], 2004 [218] => [219] => {{Charity}} [220] => {{Employment}} [221] => [222] => {{Authority control}} [223] => [224] => [[Category:Volunteering| ]] [225] => [[Category:Work]] [] => )
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Volunteering

Volunteering is a selfless act where individuals or groups offer their time, skills, and resources to help others or to contribute to a cause without expecting any financial gain. It is a widely-practiced activity that exists in various forms and sectors worldwide.

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It is a widely-practiced activity that exists in various forms and sectors worldwide. This Wikipedia page provides an overview of volunteering, discussing its definition, history, types, benefits, and challenges. The page begins by defining volunteering as a commitment made willingly and voluntarily to assist others or society, usually through nonprofit organizations or community initiatives. It explores the historical roots of volunteering, which can be traced back to ancient civilizations, religious institutions, and humanitarian movements. The page also explores the evolution of volunteering in different cultures and countries. The types of volunteering are categorized into formal, informal, and virtual volunteering. Formal volunteering refers to structured activities usually organized through organizations, whereas informal volunteering occurs spontaneously through individuals contributing their time and effort. Virtual volunteering involves utilizing internet platforms to remotely assist organizations and causes. The page also highlights the benefits of volunteering for individuals and communities. These benefits include personal growth, social connections, skill development, sense of purpose, and positive impact on the recipients of volunteer efforts. Research findings and statistical data are provided to support these claims. Furthermore, the page acknowledges the challenges and limitations of volunteering. It discusses potential issues such as volunteer burnout, organization mismanagement, and lack of sustainability. It also touches upon debates regarding the ethics of volunteering, particularly in international contexts. Throughout the article, notable examples and organizations engaged in volunteering are mentioned, along with their impact on various social, environmental, and humanitarian issues. The page explores how volunteering contributes to promoting social justice, economic development, environmental conservation, education, health, disaster response, and other pressing global concerns. In conclusion, the Wikipedia page on volunteering serves as a comprehensive resource providing a thorough understanding of volunteering, its historical context, various forms, benefits, and challenges. It aims to inspire and inform readers about the importance and potential of this selfless act in making a positive difference in the world.

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