Array ( [0] => {{short description|Country in West Asia}} [1] => {{redirect|Hayastan|other uses|Armenia (disambiguation)|and|Hayastan (disambiguation)}} [2] => {{pp|small=yes}} [3] => {{pp-move}} [4] => {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}} [5] => {{Infobox country [6] => | conventional_long_name = Republic of Armenia [7] => | common_name = Armenia [8] => | native_name = {{native name|hy|Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն|italics=off}}
{{small|{{transliteration|hy|Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun}}}} [9] => | national_motto = {{lang|el|Մեկ ազգ, մեկ մշակույթ}}
{{transliteration|el|Mek Azg, Mek Mshakouyt}}
(English: "One nation, one culture") [10] => | image_flag = Flag of Armenia.svg [11] => | image_coat = Coat of arms of Armenia.svg [12] => | national_anthem = {{native name|hy|Մեր Հայրենիք|paren=off}}
{{transliteration|hy|[[Mer Hayrenik]]}}
"Our Fatherland"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Mer Hayrenik instrumental.ogg]]}} [13] => | image_map = Armenia (orthographic projection).svg [14] => | map_caption = Location of Armenia [15] => | capital = [[Yerevan]] [16] => | coordinates = {{Coord|40|11|N|44|31|E|type:city(1,100,000)_region:AM-ER|display=inline,title}} [17] => | largest_city = capital [18] => | official_languages = [[Armenian language|Armenian]]{{cite web|title=Constitution of Armenia, Article 20|url=https://president.am/en/constitution-2015|publisher=president.am|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203013237/https://president.am/en/constitution-2015/|archive-date=3 December 2022|url-status=live}} [19] => | ethnic_groups = {{Unbulleted list |98.1% [[Armenians]] |1.1% [[Yazidis in Armenia|Yazidis]] |0.8% [[Demographics of Armenia|other]]}} [20] => | ethnic_groups_year = 2022{{cite web | url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623 | title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022 / Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia }} [21] => | religion = {{unbulleted list [22] => |{{Tree list}} [23] => *96.7% [[Christianity in Armenia|Christianity]] [24] => **95.2% [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] [25] => **0.6% [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]] [26] => **0.5% [[Evangelicalism]] [27] => **0.2% [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] [28] => **0.2% [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] [29] => {{Tree list/end}} [30] => |0.5% [[Yazidism]] [31] => |2.2% [[Religion in Armenia|none or refused to answer]] [32] => |0.6% [[Religion in Armenia|other]]}} [33] => | religion_ref = {{cite web |url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|work=2022 Armenian census |title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022 / Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia }}{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/|title=CIA World Factbook|date=5 March 2024 }} [34] => | demonym = [[Armenians|Armenian]] [35] => | government_type = [[Unitary parliamentary republic]] [36] => | leader_title1 = [[President of Armenia|President]] [37] => | leader_name1 = [[Vahagn Khachaturyan]] [38] => | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Armenia|Prime Minister]] [39] => | leader_name2 = [[Nikol Pashinyan]] [40] => | leader_title3 = [[President of the National Assembly of Armenia|President of the National Assembly]] [41] => | leader_name3 = [[Alen Simonyan]] [42] => | legislature = [[National Assembly (Armenia)|National Assembly]] [43] => | sovereignty_type = [[History of Armenia|Establishment]] [44] => | established_event1 = [[Hayasa-Azzi]] [45] => | established_date1 = 16th century BC - 13th century BC [46] => | established_event2 = [[Urartu]]{{cite journal|last=Diakonoff|first=Igor M|title=First Evidence of the Proto-Armenian Language in Eastern Anatolia|journal=Annual of Armenian Linguistics|year=1992|volume=13|pages=51–54|issn=0271-9800}} [47] => | established_date2 = 860 BC – 590 BC [48] => | established_event3 = [[Orontid dynasty]] [49] => | established_date3 = 6th century BC [50] => | established_event4 = [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Armenia]]{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Armenia/History |title=Armenia – History |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannia |edition=Online |access-date=14 March 2022}} [51] => | established_date4 = 321 BC–428 AD [52] => | established_event5 = {{nowrap|[[Artaxiad dynasty]]{{cite book |editor1-last=de Laet |editor1-first=Sigfried J. |editor2-last=Herrmann |editor2-first=Joachim |title=History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. |date=1996 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-92-3-102812-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=WGUz01yBumEC&pg=PA128 128] |edition=1st |quote=The ruler of the part known as Greater Armenia, Artaxias (Artashes), the founder of a new dynasty, managed to unite the country...}}{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia Americana: Ankara to Azusa |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaamer02scho |url-access=registration |date=2005 |publisher=[[Scholastic Library Publishing]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaamer02scho/page/393 393] |isbn=9780717201389 |quote=It was named for Artaxias, a general of Antiochus the Great, who founded the kingdom of Armenia about 190 B.C.}}}} [53] => | established_date5 = 190 BC [54] => | established_event6 = [[Arsacid dynasty of Armenia|Arsacid dynasty]] [55] => | established_date6 = 52–428 [56] => | established_event7 = [[Bagratid Armenia]] [57] => | established_date7 = 885–1045 [58] => | established_event8 = [[Kingdom of Vaspurakan]] [59] => | established_date8 = 908–1021 [60] => | established_event9 = [[Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget]] [61] => | established_date9 = 979–1118 [62] => | established_event10 = [[Kingdom of Syunik]] [63] => | established_date10 = 987–1170 [64] => | established_event11 = [[Kingdom of Artsakh]] [65] => | established_date11 = 1000–1261 [66] => | established_event12 = [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Kingdom of Cilicia]] [67] => | established_date12 = 1198–1375 [68] => | established_event13 = [[Principality of Khachen]] [69] => | established_date13 = 1261–1603 [70] => | established_event14 = [[Melikdoms of Karabakh]] [71] => | established_date14 = 1603–1822 [72] => | established_event15 = [[First Republic of Armenia|Republic of Armenia]] [73] => | established_date15 = 28 May 1918 [74] => | established_event16 = [[Red Army invasion of Armenia|Soviet conquest]]; [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic]] [75] => | established_date16 = 29 November 1920 [76] => | established_event17 = [[1991 Armenian independence referendum|Independence]] [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|restored]] [77] => | established_date17 = 23 September 1991 [78] => | established_event18 = [[Alma-Ata Protocol|CIS accession]] [79] => | established_date18 = 21 December 1991 [80] => | established_event19 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 735|Admitted to the]] [[United Nations]] [81] => | established_date19 = 2 March 1992 [82] => | established_event20 = [[Constitution of Armenia|Current constitution]] [83] => | established_date20 = 5 July 1995 [84] => | area_km2 = 29,743 [85] => | area_rank = 138th [86] => | area_sq_mi = 11,484 [87] => | percent_water = 4.71{{cite web|title=The World Fact Book – Armenia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/ |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=17 July 2010 }} [88] => | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 3,165,000{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Armenia|access-date=24 September 2022}} [89] => | population_estimate_year = 2024 [90] => | population_estimate_rank = 138th [91] => | population_density_km2 = 101.5 [92] => | population_density_sq_mi = 262.9 [93] => | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $64.432 billion{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=911,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=21 April 2024 |location=Washington, D.C. |date=April 2024}} [94] => | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 [95] => | GDP_PPP_rank = 114th [96] => | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $21,746 [97] => | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 77th [98] => | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $25.408 billion [99] => | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 [100] => | GDP_nominal_rank = 115th [101] => | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $8,575 [102] => | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 84th [103] => | Gini = 27.9 [104] => | Gini_year = 2022 [105] => | Gini_change = steady [106] => | Gini_ref = {{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AM |title=Gini index - Armenia |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=22 April 2024}} [107] => | HDI = 0.786 [108] => | HDI_year = 2022 [109] => | HDI_change = increase [110] => | HDI_ref = {{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=19 March 2024|access-date=19 March 2024}} [111] => | HDI_rank = 76th [112] => | currency = [[Armenian dram|Dram]] ([[Armenian dram sign|֏]]) [113] => | currency_code = AMD [114] => | time_zone = [[Armenia Time|AMT]] [115] => | utc_offset = +4 [116] => | date_format = dd.mm.yyyy [117] => | drives_on = right [118] => | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Armenia|+374]] [119] => | cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.am]] |[[.հայ]]}} [120] => | official_website = {{URL|https://www.gov.am}} [121] => | religion_year = 2022 [122] => }} [123] => '''Armenia''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Armenia.ogg|ɑr|ˈ|m|iː|n|i|ə}} {{respell|ar|MEE|nee|ə}}),"[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/armenia?s=t Armenia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210220614/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/armenia?s=t |date=10 December 2015}}." Dictionary.com Unabridged. 2015.{{efn|{{lang-hy|Հայաստան|translit=Hayastan}} {{IPA-hy|hɑjɑsˈtɑn|IPA}} |group=pron}} officially the '''Republic of Armenia''',{{efn|{{lang-hy|Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն|translit=Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun}}, {{IPA-hy|hɑjɑstɑˈni hɑnɾɑpɛtutʰˈjun|IPA}}}} is a [[landlocked country]] in the [[Armenian Highlands]] of [[West Asia]].The [[UN]] [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm classification of world regions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020625192322/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm |date=25 June 2002 }} places Armenia in West Asia; the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] [[The World Factbook|World Factbook]] {{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/ |title=Armenia |work=The World Factbook |publisher=[[CIA]] |access-date=2 September 2010 }} {{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/society/education-resources/?xpop=1 |title=Armenia |publisher=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]] |access-date=16 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808084113/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=asia&Rootmap=armeni&Mode=d&SubMode=w |archive-date=8 August 2007 |url-status=live }}, {{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/35178/Armenia |title=Armenia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=16 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401081831/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/35178/Armenia |archive-date=1 April 2009 |url-status=live }}, {{cite book|title=Calendario Atlante De Agostini|date=2015|publisher=Istituto Geografico De Agostini|location=Novara|language=it|isbn=9788851124908|page=sub voce|edition=111}} and ''Oxford Reference Online'' {{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=World Encyclopedia |title=Oxford Reference |publisher=Oxford Reference Online |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001 |year=2004 |isbn=9780199546091 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/worldencyclopedi00oxfo }} also place Armenia in Asia.{{cite web|title= General information about Republic of Armenia|url= https://www.mfa.am/en/overview/|publisher= [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Armenia)]]|access-date= October 2, 2023|location= Armenia|quote= The country is situated in western part of Asia, occupies the north-eastern part of Armenian plateau – between Caucasus and Nearest Asia}} It is a part of the [[Caucasus]] region and is bordered by [[Turkey]] to the west, [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] to the north and [[Azerbaijan]] to the east, and [[Iran]] and the Azerbaijani [[exclave]] of [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]] to the south.{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-19-510507-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse/page/156 156]|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse/page/156}} [[Yerevan]] is the [[Capital city|capital]], largest city and [[Economy of Armenia|financial center]]. [124] => [125] => Armenia is a [[Unitary state|unitary]], multi-party, democratic [[Nation state|nation-state]] with an ancient cultural heritage. The first Armenian state of [[Urartu]] was established in 860 BC, and by the 6th century BC it was replaced by the [[Satrapy of Armenia]]. The [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Armenia]] reached its height under [[Tigranes the Great]] in the 1st century BC and in the year 301 became the first state in the world to adopt [[Christianity]] as its [[State religion|official religion]].({{cite book |last=Garsoïan|first=Nina|author-link=Nina Garsoïan|title=Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times|editor=R.G. Hovannisian|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=1997|page=81|volume=1}}){{cite book|last=Stringer|first=Martin D.|title=A Sociological History of Christian Worship|url=https://archive.org/details/sociologicalhist00stri|url-access=limited|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-81955-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/sociologicalhist00stri/page/n101 92]}}{{cite book|first=René|last=Grousset|title=Histoire de l'Arménie|publisher=Payot|year=1947|edition=1984|page=122}}. Estimated dates vary from 284 to 314. Garsoïan (''op.cit.'' p. 82), following the research of Ananian, favours the latter.{{efn|Smaller nations that have claimed a prior official adoption of Christianity include [[Osroene]], the [[Silures]], and [[San Marino]]. See [[Timeline of official adoptions of Christianity]].}} Armenia still recognises the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]], the world's oldest [[national church]], as the country's primary religious establishment.{{Cite web|url=https://president.am/en/constitution-2015|title=Constitution of Armenia - Library - The President of Armenia|website=president.am|access-date=7 March 2020|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203013237/https://president.am/en/constitution-2015/|url-status=live}}{{efn|The republic has [[separation of church and state]].}} The ancient Armenian kingdom was split between the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] and [[Sasanian Empire]]s around the early 5th century. Under the [[Bagratuni dynasty]], the [[Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia]] was restored in the 9th century before falling in 1045. [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Cilician Armenia]], an Armenian principality and later a kingdom, was located on the coast of the [[Mediterranean Sea]] between the 11th and 14th centuries. [126] => [127] => Between the 16th and 19th centuries, the traditional Armenian homeland composed of [[Eastern Armenia]] and [[Western Armenia]] came under the rule of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and [[Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)|Persian]] empires, repeatedly ruled by either of the two over the centuries. By the 19th century, Eastern Armenia had been conquered by the [[Russian Empire]], while most of the western parts of the traditional Armenian homeland remained under Ottoman rule. During [[World War I]], up to 1.5 million Armenians living in their ancestral lands in the Ottoman Empire were systematically exterminated in the [[Armenian genocide]]. In 1918, following the [[Russian Revolution]], all non-Russian countries declared their independence after the Russian Empire ceased to exist, leading to the establishment of the [[First Republic of Armenia]]. By 1920, the state was incorporated into the [[Soviet Union]] as the [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic| Armenian SSR]]. The modern Republic of Armenia became independent in 1991 during the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]]. [128] => [129] => Armenia is a [[developing country]] and ranks 85th on the [[Human Development Index]] (2021). [[Economy of Armenia|Its economy]] is primarily based on industrial output and mineral extraction. While Armenia is geographically located in the [[South Caucasus]], it is generally considered [[Geopolitics|geopolitically]] European. Since Armenia aligns itself in many respects geopolitically with [[Europe]], the country is a member of numerous European organizations including the [[Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe]], the [[Council of Europe]], the [[Eastern Partnership]], [[Eurocontrol]], the [[Assembly of European Regions]], and the [[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development]]. Armenia is also a member of certain regional groups throughout [[Eurasia]], including the [[Asian Development Bank]], the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]], the [[Eurasian Economic Union]], and the [[Eurasian Development Bank]]. Armenia supported the once ''de facto'' independent [[Republic of Artsakh]] (Nagorno-Karabakh), which was proclaimed in 1991 on territory internationally recognized as part of [[Azerbaijan]], until the republic's [[2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh|dissolution]] in September 2023. [130] => [131] => ==Etymology== [132] => {{Main|Name of Armenia}} [133] => The original native [[Armenian language|Armenian]] name for the country was {{lang|hy|Հայք}} (''{{lang|hy-Latn|[[wikt:Հայք|Hayk’]]}}''); however, it is currently rarely used. The contemporary name {{lang|hy|Հայաստան}} (''[[wikt:Հայաստան|Hayastan]]'') became popular in the [[Middle Ages]] by addition of the [[Persian language|Persian]] suffix ''[[-stan]]'' (place).{{cite book|last= Acharian|first= Hrachia|author-link= Hrachia Acharian|title= Hayocʿ anjnanunneri baṙaran|trans-title= Dictionary of Personal Names of Armenians|publisher= Yerevan University Press|volume= 3|language= hy|page= 29|url= http://www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=35&query=%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6|year= 1946|location= Yerevan}} However the origins of the name Hayastan trace back to much earlier dates and were first attested in {{Circa|5th century}} in the works of [[Agathangelos]],Ագաթանգեղոս §§ 13 (ի Հայաստան աշխարհէս), 16 (Հայաստան աշխարհիս 2x, ի Հայաստան աշխարհիս), 35 (Հայաստան աշխարհին), 160 (Հայաստան աշխարհիս), 249 (Հայաստան աշխարհիս), 715 (Հայաստան աշխարհիս), 776 (Հայաստան աշխարհին), 784 (Հայաստան աշխարհին), 796 (ի մէջ Հայաստան աշխարհի), 808 (հասանէին ի Հայաստան աշխարհն)։Ագաթանգեղոս § 885 (ի Հայաստան երկրին) [[Faustus of Byzantium]],Փաւստոս Բուզանդ 1883=1984, էջ 1 (Հայաստան աշխարհին)Փաւստոս Բուզանդ 1883=1984, 4.բ, էջ 56 (Հայաստան երկրին) [[Ghazar Parpetsi]],904=1985, էջ 2 (Հայաստան աշխարհիս), 110 (կանայս ի Հայաստան աշխարհիս) [[Koryun]],Կորիւն 1994, էջ 83 (Հայաստան աշխարհի), 93 (Հայաստան աշխարհին), 103 (ի Հայաստան աշխարհին), 120 (ի Հայաստան աշխարհէս) and [[Sebeos]].ժը (սեռ. Հայաստանեայց, բացառ. ի Հայաստանեայց), տես Աբգարյան 1979, էջ 66, 90 [134] => [135] => The name has traditionally been derived from [[Hayk]] ({{lang|hy|Հայկ}}), the legendary patriarch of the [[Armenians]] and a great-great-grandson of [[Noah]], who, according to the 5th-century AD author [[Moses of Chorene|Moses of Chorene (Movsis Khorenatsi)]], defeated the [[List of Kings of Babylon|Babylonian king]] Bel in [[3rd millennium BC|2492 BC]] and established his nation in the [[Ararat, Armenia|Ararat]] region.Razmik Panossian, The Armenians: From Kings And Priests to Merchants And Commissars, [[Columbia University Press]] (2006), {{ISBN|978-0-231-13926-7}}, p. 106. The further origin of the name is uncertain. It is also further postulatedRafael Ishkhanyan, "Illustrated History of Armenia," Yerevan, 1989Elisabeth Bauer. ''Armenia: Past and Present'' (1981), p. 49 that the name ''Hay'' comes from one of the two confederated, Hittite vassal states{{snd}}the [[Hayasa|Ḫayaša]]-Azzi (1600–1200 BC). [136] => [137] => The [[exonym and endonym|exonym]] ''Armenia'' is attested in the [[Old Persian]] [[Behistun Inscription]] (515 BC) as ''[[wikt:𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴#Old Persian|Armina]]'' ({{cuneiform|peo|𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴}}). The [[Ancient Greek]] terms {{wikt-lang|grc|Ἀρμενία}} (''Armenía'') and {{wikt-lang|grc|Ἀρμένιος|Ἀρμένιοι}} (''Arménioi'', "Armenians") are first mentioned by [[Hecataeus of Miletus]] ({{circa|550 BC}} – {{circa|476 BC}})."{{lang|grc|Χαλύβοισι πρὸς νότον Ἀρμένιοι ὁμουρέουσι}} (The Armenians border on the [[Chalybes]] to the south)". [138] => {{cite book|last=Chahin|first=Mark|title=The Kingdom of Armenia|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2001|location=London|page=fr. 203|isbn=978-0-7007-1452-0}} [[Xenophon]], a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC.{{cite book |last=[[Xenophon]]|title=Anabasis|pages=IV.v.2–9|title-link=Anabasis (Xenophon)}} [139] => [140] => Some scholars have linked the name ''Armenia'' with the Early Bronze Age state of ''[[Armani (kingdom)|Armani (Armanum, Armi)]]'' or the Late Bronze Age state of ''[[Shupria|Arme (Shupria)]]''.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WqaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|title= Armenia Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments|author= Ibp Inc| page=42|isbn= 978-1438773827|date= 1 September 2013|publisher= International Business Publications, USA}} These connections are inconclusive as it is not known what languages were spoken in these kingdoms. Additionally, while it is agreed that Arme was located to the immediate west of [[Lake Van]] (probably in the vicinity of [[Sason]], and therefore in the greater Armenia region), the location of the older site of Armani is a matter of debate. Some modern researchers have placed it near modern [[Samsat]],{{cite journal|last=Archi|first=Alfonso|title=Egypt or Iran in the Ebla Texts?|journal=Orientalia|date=2016|volume=85|page=3 |url=https://www.academia.edu/34915656}} and have suggested it was populated, at least partially, by an early Indo-European-speaking people.{{cite journal |vauthors=Kroonen G, Barjamovic G, Peyrot M |title=Linguistic supplement to Damgaard et al. 2018: Early Indo-European languages, Anatolian, Tocharian and Indo-Iranian |date=9 May 2018 |page=3 |journal=Zenodo |doi=10.5281/zenodo.1240524 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1240524 |access-date=8 June 2019 |archive-date=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629152739/https://zenodo.org/record/1240524|url-status=live}} It is possible that the name ''Armenia'' originates in ''Armini'', Urartian for "inhabitant of Arme" or "Armean country".Armen Petrosyan. ''The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic''. ''Journal of Indo-European Studies.'' Institute for the Study of Man. 2002. p. 184. [https://www.academia.edu/3656244/The_Indo_European_and_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Sources_of_the_Armenian_Epic_Washington_D_C_2002?auto=download] The Arme tribe of Urartian texts may have been the Urumu, who in the 12th century BC attempted to invade Assyria from the north with their allies the [[Mushki]] and the [[Kaskians]]. The Urumu apparently settled in the vicinity of Sason, lending their name to the regions of Arme and the nearby lands of Urme and Inner Urumu.Armen Petrosyan. ''The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic''. ''Journal of Indo-European Studies''. Institute for the Study of Man. 2002. pp. 166–167. [https://www.academia.edu/3656244/The_Indo_European_and_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Sources_of_the_Armenian_Epic_Washington_D_C_2002?auto=download] Given that this was an [[exonym]], it may have meant "wasteland, dense forest", cf. ''[http://www.aina.org/cad/cad_a2.pdf armutu]'' (wasteland), ''[https://www.assyrianlanguages.org/akkadian/dosearch.php?searchkey=8112&language=id armaḫḫu]'' (thicket, thick woods), ''[http://www.maravot.com/Akkadian.dictionary.html armāniš]'' (tree). The southerners considered the northern forests to be the abode of dangerous beasts. [141] => [142] => According to the histories of both Moses of Chorene and Michael Chamchian, ''Armenia'' derives from the name of [[Aram (given name)|Aram]], a lineal descendant of Hayk.Moses of Chorene,[http://www.vehi.net/istoriya/armenia/khorenaci/index.html ''The History of Armenia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030419093358/http://www.vehi.net/istoriya/armenia/khorenaci/index.html |date=19 April 2003 }}, Book 1, Ch. 12 {{in lang|ru}}''History of Armenia'' by Father Michael Chamich from B.C. 2247 to the Year of Christ 1780, or 1229 of the Armenian era, Bishop's College Press, Calcutta, 1827, p. 19: "[Aram] was the first to raise the Armenian name to any degree of renown; so that contemporary nations... called them the Aramians, or followers of [[Aram (given name)|Aram]], a name which has been corrupted into Armenians; and the country they inhabited, by universal consent, took the name of Armenia." In the [[Hebrew Bible]]/[[Old Testament]], the [[Table of Nations]] lists [[Aram, son of Shem|Aram]] as the son of [[Shem]], to whom the [[Book of Jubilees]] attests, {{blockquote|And for Aram there came forth the fourth portion, all the land of Mesopotamia between the Tigris and the Euphrates to the north of the Chaldees to the border of the mountains of Asshur and the land of 'Arara'.{{cite web |title=Charles, R.H. (1913). The Book of Jubilees 9:5 from The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament. Clarendon Press |url=http://www.pseudepigrapha.com/jubilees/8.htm |website=www.pseudepigrapha.com |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614031249/http://www.pseudepigrapha.com/jubilees/8.htm |archive-date=14 June 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}{{cite web |title=Charles, R.H. (1913). The Book of Jubilees 8:21 from The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament. Clarendon Press. |url=https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=papers |website=digitalcommons.andrews.edu |access-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613134227/https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=papers |archive-date=13 June 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}}} Jubilees 8:21 also apportions the Mountains of Ararat to [[Shem]], which Jubilees 9:5 expounds to be apportioned to [[Aram, son of Shem|Aram]]. [143] => [144] => The historian Flavius Josephus also states in his [[Antiquities of the Jews]], {{blockquote|Aram had the Aramites, which the Greeks called [[Syrians]];... Of the four sons of Aram, Uz founded [[Trachonitis]] and [[Damascus]]: this country lies between [[Palestinian territories|Palestine]] and [[Celesyria]]. Ul founded Armenia; and Gather the [[Bactrians]]; and Mesa the Mesaneans; it is now called [[Charax Spasini]].{{cite book|last1=Josephus|first1=Flavius|title=Antiquities of the Jews|page=Book 1, section 143|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0146:book=1:section=143&highlight=aram|access-date=13 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014101850/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0146:book=1:section=143&highlight=aram|archive-date=14 October 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}}} [145] => [146] => ==History== [147] => {{Main|History of Armenia}} [148] => [149] => ===Prehistoric=== [150] => {{Main|Prehistoric Armenia|Prehistory of the Armenians|Satrapy of Armenia|Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Roman Armenia|Sasanian Armenia|Lesser Armenia|Armenian archeology}} [151] => [[File:Zorats Karer 2008, part of the stone circle.jpg|right|thumb|Bronze Age burial site [[Zorats Karer]] (also known as [[Zorats Karer|Karahunj]]).]] [152] => The first human traces are supported by the presence of Acheulean tools, generally close to the obsidian outcrops more than 1 million years ago.{{cite journal|last1=Dolukhanov|first1=Pavel|last2=Aslanian|first2=Stepan|last3=Kolpakov|first3=Evgeny|last4=Belyaeva|first4=Elena|date=2004|title=Prehistoric Sites in Northern Armenia|url=http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/dolukhanov301/#author|journal=Antiquity|volume=78|issue=301}} [153] => [154] => The most recent and important excavation is at the [[Nor Geghi|Nor Geghi 1]] Stone Age site in the [[Hrazdan river]] valley.{{Cite journal|last1=Adler|first1=D. S.|last2=Wilkinson|first2=K. N.|last3=Blockley|first3=S.|last4=Mark|first4=D. F.|last5=Pinhasi|first5=R.|last6=Schmidt-Magee|first6=B. A.|last7=Nahapetyan|first7=S.|last8=Mallol|first8=C.|last9=Berna|first9=F.|date=2014-09-26|title=Early Levallois technology and the Lower to Middle Paleolithic transition in the Southern Caucasus|journal=Science|language=en|volume=345|issue=6204|pages=1609–1613|doi=10.1126/science.1256484|issn=0036-8075|pmid=25258079|bibcode=2014Sci...345.1609A|s2cid=10266660}} Thousands of 325,000 year-old artifacts may indicate that this stage of human technological innovation occurred intermittently throughout the Old World, rather than spreading from a single point of origin (usually hypothesized to be Africa), as was previously thought.[http://www.science20.com/news_articles/325000_year_old_stone_age_site_in_armenia_leads_to_human_technology_rethink-145698 325,000 Year Old Stone Age Site In Armenia Leads To Human Technology Rethink] [155] => [[File:Petrogliph-Ughtasar-Armenia2.jpg|thumb|[[Ughtasar Petroglyphs]], These petroglyphs, some believed to date back to the Paleolithic (12,000 BCE), are carved onto dark brownish-black volcanic stones left behind by an extinct volcano.]] [156] => [157] => Many early Bronze Age settlements were built in Armenia (Valley of Ararat, Shengavit, Harich, Karaz, Amiranisgora, Margahovit, Garni, etc.). One of the important sites of the Early Bronze Age is [[Shengavit (site)|Shengavit Settlement]], It was located on the site of today's capital of Armenia, [[Yerevan]]. [158] => [[File:Shengavit Settlement 2.jpg|thumb|Shengavit Settlement.]] [159] => [160] => [[File:Chalcolithic leather shoe from Areni-1 cave.jpg|left|thumb|A 5500-year-old leather shoe, the oldest shoe in the world, was discovered in the [[Areni-1 shoe|Areni cave]] in Armenia.]] [161] => [162] => ===Antiquity=== [163] => [[File:Arshakuni Armenia 150-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Historical Armenia, 150 BC]] [164] => Armenia lies in the highlands surrounding the mountains of [[Mount Ararat|Ararat]]. There is evidence of an early civilisation in Armenia in the [[Bronze Age]] and earlier, dating to about 4000 BC. Archaeological surveys in 2010 and 2011 at the [[Areni-1 cave complex]] have resulted in the discovery of [[Areni-1 shoe|the world's earliest known leather shoe]],{{cite news |publisher=[[CNN]] |title=Armenian cave yields what may be world's oldest leather shoe |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/06/09/armenia.old.shoe/ |date=9 June 2010 |access-date=28 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128074651/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/06/09/armenia.old.shoe/ |archive-date=28 January 2018 |url-status=live }} skirt,{{cite web |url = http://news.am/eng/news/73915.html |title = 5,900-year-old women's skirt discovered in Armenian cave |work = News Armenia |date = 13 September 2011 |access-date = 14 September 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171010142655/https://news.am/eng/news/73915.html |archive-date = 10 October 2017 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }} and [[Areni-1 winery|wine-producing facility]].{{cite web|publisher=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]|title=Earliest Known Winery Found in Armenian Cave|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/01/110111-oldest-wine-press-making-winery-armenia-science-ucla/|date=12 January 2011|access-date=28 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108093549/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/01/110111-oldest-wine-press-making-winery-armenia-science-ucla/|archive-date=8 January 2018|url-status=dead}} [165] => [166] => [[File:Xerxes I tomb Armenian soldier circa 470 BCE.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Armenian soldier of the Achaemenid army, {{Circa|470 BC}}. [[Xerxes I]] tomb relief.]] [167] => Several [[Bronze Age]] cultures and states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the [[Trialeti culture|Trialeti-Vanadzor culture]], [[Hayasa-Azzi]], and [[Mitanni]] (located in southwestern historical Armenia), all of which are believed to have had Indo-European populations.{{cite journal | jstor=603403 | last1=Greppin | first1=John A. C. | last2=Diakonoff | first2=I. M. | title=Some Effects of the Hurro-Urartian People and Their Languages upon the Earliest Armenians | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | year=1991 | volume=111 | issue=4 | pages=720–730 | doi=10.2307/603403 }}Joan Aruz, Kim Benzel, Jean M. Evans, ''Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C.'' Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.)[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_gr5BgOwEJicC/page/n179] (2008) pp. 92{{citation|url=https://docplayer.net/108120425-The-mushki-problem-reconsidered.html|title=The Mushki Problem Reconsidered|date=1997|first=Aram V.|last=Kossian|access-date=31 August 2019|archive-date=29 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829005531/https://docplayer.net/108120425-The-mushki-problem-reconsidered.html|url-status=dead}} pp. 254Peter I. Bogucki and Pam J. Crabtree [http://lukashevichus.info/knigi/ancient_europe_encycl_bogucki_crabtree_1.pdf ''Ancient Europe, 8000 B.C. to A.D. 1000: An Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109082658/http://lukashevichus.info/knigi/ancient_europe_encycl_bogucki_crabtree_1.pdf |date=9 January 2016 }} Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004 {{ISBN|978-0684806686}}Paul Thieme, The 'Aryan' Gods of the Mitanni Treaties. JAOS 80, 1960, 301-17{{cite journal|last=Petrosyan|first=Armen|title=Towards the Origins of the Armenian People: The Problem of Identification of the Proto-Armenians: A Critical Review (in English)|journal=Journal for the Society of Armenian Studies|date=2007|volume=16|pages=49–54|url=https://www.academia.edu/3657764|access-date=30 August 2019|archive-date=4 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004180224/https://www.academia.edu/3657764/Towards_the_Origins_of_the_Armenian_People_The_Problem_of_Identification_of_the_Proto_Armenians_A_Critical_Review_in_English_|url-status=live}} The [[Nairi]] confederation and its successor, [[Urartu]], successively established their sovereignty over the [[Armenian Highlands]]. Each of the aforementioned nations and confederacies participated in the ethnogenesis of the [[Armenians]].{{cite book|first=Vahan|last=Kurkjian|title=History of Armenia|location=Michigan|publisher=[[Armenian General Benevolent Union]]|year=1958|edition=1964|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Armenia/_Texts/KURARM/home.html|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120527052930/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Armenia/_Texts/KURARM/home.html|archive-date=27 May 2012|url-status=live}}{{cite book |title=Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia|page=v. 12|location=Yerevan|publisher=Armenian Encyclopedia|year=1987|title-link=Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia}}{{cite book |first=Artak|last=Movsisyan|title=Sacred Highland: Armenia in the spiritual conception of the Near East|publisher=Yerevan|year=2000}}{{cite book |first=Martiros|last=Kavoukjian|title=The Genesis of Armenian People|publisher=Montreal|year=1982|author-link=Martiros Kavoukjian}} A large cuneiform lapidary inscription found in [[Yerevan]] established that the modern capital of Armenia was founded in the summer of 782 BC by King [[Argishti I of Urartu|Argishti I]]. Yerevan is one of the world's [[List of oldest continuously inhabited cities|oldest continuously inhabited cities]].{{cite book|last=Bournoutian|first=George A.|title=A concise history of the Armenian people: (from ancient times to the present)|year=2003|publisher=Mazda Publishers|location=Costa Mesa, California|isbn=9781568591414|edition=2nd|author-link=George Bournoutian|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00geor}} [168] => [169] => [[File:Darius I the Great's inscription.jpg|thumb|[[Behistun Inscription|Behistun Inscription of Darius I]] mentioning Armenia. 6th century BC]] [170] => After the fall of the state of [[Urartu]] at the beginning of the 6th century BC, the [[Armenian Highlands]] were for some time under the hegemony of the [[Medes]], and after that they were part of the [[Achaemenid Empire]]. Armenia was part of the Achaemenid state from the second half of the 6th century BC until the second half of the 4th century BC divided into two satrapies - XIII (western part, with the capital in [[Melitene]]) and XVIII (northeastern part).История Востока: в шести томах. Т. 1. Восток в древности / Отв. ред. В. А. Якобсен. — М.: Вост. лит., 1997. — 688 с. — {{ISBN|5-02-017936-1}}. Раздел «[http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/HE1/he129.htm#he129para1 Закавказье и сопредельные страны в период эллинизма] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712015334/http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/HE1/he129.htm#he129para1}}» [171] => [172] => During the late 6th century BC, the [[Satrapy of Armenia|first geographical entity that was called Armenia]] by neighbouring populations was established under the [[Orontid Dynasty]] within the [[Achaemenid Empire]], as part of the latter's territories. [173] => [174] => [[File:Karte Pomponius Mela.jpg|thumb|Armenia on the oldest Roman map of [[Pomponius Mela]], 1st century BC Book I, 13: «The interior lands [of Asia] are inhabited by many different tribes: […] beyond the Caspian Gulf - Mosquitoes, Massagetae […] and where the country approaches our seas - Matians, Tibarans and names already more familiar to us: honeys, armenia, commagenes,...»]] [175] => [176] => The kingdom became fully sovereign from the sphere of influence of the [[Seleucid Empire]] in 190 BC under King [[Artaxias I]] and begun the rule of the [[Artaxiad dynasty]]. Armenia reached its height between 95 and 66 BC under [[Tigranes the Great]], becoming the most powerful kingdom of its time east of the [[Roman Republic]].{{cite book | editor1 = Lennart Rydén | editor2 = Jan Olof Rosenqvist | author = Svenska forskningsinstitutet i Istanbul | date = 1993 | title = Aspects of Late Antiquity and Early Byzantium: Papers Read at a Colloquium Held at the Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul 31 May-5 June, 1992 | publisher = Swedish Research Institute | pages = | isbn = 9789186884055 | oclc = 1131566057}} [177] => In the next centuries, Armenia was in the [[Persian Empire]]'s sphere of influence during the reign of [[Tiridates I of Armenia|Tiridates I]], the founder of the [[Arsacid dynasty of Armenia]], which itself was a branch of the [[Parthian Empire]]. Throughout its history, the kingdom of Armenia enjoyed both periods of independence and periods of autonomy subject to contemporary empires. Its strategic location between two continents has subjected it to invasions by many peoples, including [[Assyria]] (under [[Ashurbanipal]], at around 669–627 BC, the boundaries of Assyria reached as far as Armenia and the [[Caucasus Mountains]]),{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/assyria/|title=Assyria|author=Joshua J. Mark|encyclopedia=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|access-date=13 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416073851/https://www.worldhistory.org/assyria/|archive-date=16 April 2021|url-status=live}} [[Medes]], [[Achaemenid Empire]], [[Greeks]], [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]], [[ancient Rome|Romans]], [[Sasanian Empire]], [[Byzantine Empire]], [[Arabs]], [[Seljuk Empire]], [[Mongols]], [[Ottoman Empire]], the successive [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]], [[Afsharid dynasty|Afsharid]], and [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] dynasties of Iran, and the Russians. [178] => [179] => [[File:Garni Temple 02.JPG|upright=0.8|thumb|The pagan [[Garni Temple]], probably built in the first century, is the only "Greco-Roman [[colonnade]]d building" in the [[post-Soviet states]].{{cite book|title=The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-01652-1|page=65|editor1=Charles W. Hartley |editor2=G. Bike Yazicioğlu |editor3=Adam T. Smith |quote=...the unique temple-tomb at Garni, just east of Yerevan – the only Greco-Roman colonnaded building anywhere in the Soviet Union.}}]] [180] => Religion in ancient Armenia was historically related to a set of beliefs that, in Persia, led to the emergence of [[Zoroastrianism]]. It particularly focused on the worship of [[Mithra]] and also included a pantheon of gods such as [[Aramazd]], [[Vahagn]], [[Anahit]], and [[Astghik]]. The country used the solar [[Armenian calendar]], which consisted of 12 months. [181] => [182] => Christianity spread into the country in the early 4th century AD.{{cite web|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] |title=The World Factbook: Armenia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/ |access-date=15 November 2007 }} [[Tiridates III of Armenia]] (238–314) made Christianity the [[state religion]] in 301,{{cite book|last=Brunner|first=Borgna|title=Time Almanac with Information Please 2007|page=[https://archive.org/details/timealmanac2007w00brun/page/685 685]|isbn=978-1-933405-49-0|year=2006|publisher=Time Home Entertainment|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/timealmanac2007w00brun/page/685}} partly, in defiance of the [[Sasanian Empire]], it seems,Mary Boyce. [https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC&pg=PA84 ''Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919131431/https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC&pg=PA84 |date=19 September 2015 }} Psychology Press, 2001 {{ISBN|0-415-23902-8}} p. 84 becoming the first officially Christian state, ten years before the [[Roman Empire]] granted Christianity an official toleration under [[Galerius]], and 36 years before [[Constantine the Great]] was baptised. Prior to this, during the latter part of the Parthian period, Armenia was a predominantly Zoroastrian country. [183] => [184] => [[File:Vartanantz.jpg|thumb|A 15th-century [[Armenian language|Armenian]] miniature representing the [[Sassanid]] Persians in the [[Battle of Avarayr]] (451 CE)]] [185] => [186] => After the fall of the Kingdom of Armenia in 428, most of Armenia was incorporated as a [[Sasanian Armenia|''marzpanate'' within the Sasanian Empire]].{{cite book | author = Ohannes Geukjian | date = 13 May 2016 | title = Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in the South Caucasus: Nagorno-Karabakh and the Legacy of Soviet Nationalities Policy | publisher = Routledge | pages = 30– | isbn = 978-1-317-14074-0 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=E_AoDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30}} Following the [[Battle of Avarayr]] in 451, Christian Armenians maintained their religion and Armenia gained autonomy.{{cite book | author = Razmik Panossian | date = 27 May 2006 | title = The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars | publisher = Columbia University Press | pages = 48– | isbn = 978-0-231-51133-9 | oclc = 1017996521 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cEL-CuhdWU4C&pg=PA48}} [187] => [188] => ===Middle Ages=== [189] => {{main|Medieval Armenia}} [190] => [[File:Etchmiadzin cathedral.jpg|thumb|The [[Etchmiadzin Cathedral]], Armenia's Mother Church traditionally dated 303 AD, is considered the oldest cathedral in the world.{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East|year=2008|publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]]|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0|page=65|editor=Stokes, Jamie|quote=Etchmiatzin is located in the west of modern Armenia, close to the border with Turkey, and its fourth-century cathedral is generally regarded as the oldest in the world.}}{{cite book|last=Bauer-Manndorff|first=Elisabeth|title=Armenia: Past and Present|year=1981|publisher=Reich Verlag|location=Lucerne|oclc=8063377|quote=Etchmiadzin, with the world's oldest cathedral and the seat of the Catholicos, draws tourists from all over the world.}}{{cite book|last=Utudjian|first=Édouard|title=Armenian Architecture: fourth to 17th Century|year=1968|publisher=Editions A. Morancé|location=Paris|oclc=464421|page=7|author-link=Édouard Utudjian|quote=...the oldest cathedral in Christendom, that of Etchmiadzin, founded in the fourth century.}}]] [191] => [192] => The Sassanid Empire was conquered by the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] in the mid 7th century, reuniting Armenian lands previously taken by the [[Byzantine Empire]], and Armenia subsequently emerged as [[Arminiya]], an autonomous principality under the [[Umayyad Caliphate]]. The principality was ruled by the Prince of Armenia, and recognised by the [[Caliphate|Caliph]] and the [[List of Byzantine emperors|Byzantine Emperor]]. It was part of the administrative division/emirate ''Arminiya'' created by the Arabs, which also included parts of Georgia and [[Caucasian Albania]], and had its centre in the Armenian city, [[Dvin (ancient city)|Dvin]]. Arminiya lasted until 884, when it regained its independence from the weakened [[Abbasid Caliphate]] under [[Ashot I of Armenia]].{{Sfn|Canard|Cahen|1960}} [193] => [194] => The reemergent Armenian kingdom was ruled by the [[Bagratuni dynasty]] and lasted until 1045. In time, several areas of the Bagratid Armenia separated as independent kingdoms and principalities such as the Kingdom of [[Vaspurakan]] ruled by the House of [[Artsruni]] in the south, Kingdom of [[Syunik Province|Syunik]] in the east, or [[Kingdom of Artsakh]] on the territory of modern [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], while still recognising the supremacy of the Bagratid kings.{{cite book | author = S. Payaslian | date = 13 March 2008 | title = The History of Armenia: From the Origins to the Present | publisher = Springer | pages = 52– | isbn = 978-0-230-60858-0 | oclc = 1001334466 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UMIWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52}} [195] => [196] => [[File:Cilician Armenia-en.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|The [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]], 1198–1375]] [197] => In 1045, the Byzantine Empire conquered Bagratid Armenia. Soon, the other Armenian states fell under Byzantine control as well. The Byzantine rule was short-lived, as in 1071 the [[Seljuk Empire]] defeated the Byzantines and conquered Armenia at the [[Battle of Manzikert]], establishing the Seljuk Empire.{{Cite book |last1=Holt |first1=Peter Malcolm |last2=Lambton |first2=Ann Katharine Swynford |last3=Lewis |first3=Bernard |name-list-style=amp |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |year=1977 |pages=231–32 }} To escape death or servitude at the hands of those who had assassinated his relative, [[Gagik II of Armenia]], King of [[Ani]], an Armenian named [[Ruben I, Prince of Armenia]], went with some of his countrymen into the gorges of the [[Taurus Mountains]] and then into [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]] of [[Cilicia]]. The Byzantine governor of the palace gave them shelter where the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]] was eventually established on 6 January 1198 under [[Leo I, King of Armenia]], a descendant of Prince Ruben.{{cite book | editor1 = Helen C. Evans | editor2 = William D. Wixom | editor3 = William D.. Wixom | author1 = Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.) | author2 = N. Y.) Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York | author3 = Speros P. (jr.) Vryonis | author4 = Thomas F. Mathews | author5 = Jeffrey C. Anderson | author6 = Annemarie Weyl Carr | author7 = Henry Maguire | author8 = Robert G. Ousterhout | author9 = Ioli Kalavrezou | author10 = Eunice Dauterman Maguire | author11 = Olenka Z. Pevny | author12 = Joseph D. Alchermes | author13 = S. Peter Cowe | author14 = Thelma K. Thomas | author15 = Jaroslav Folda | author16 = Priscilla Soucek | date = 1997 | title = The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843-1261 | publisher = Metropolitan Museum of Art | pages = 361– | isbn = 978-0-87099-777-8 | oclc = 1008249298 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Caqa12aj55wC&pg=PA361}} [198] => [199] => Cilicia was a strong ally of the [[Crusades|European Crusaders]], and saw itself as a bastion of [[Christendom]] in the East. Cilicia's significance in Armenian history and statehood is also attested by the transfer of the seat of the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church, the spiritual leader of the Armenian people, to the region. [200] => [201] => The Seljuk Empire soon started to collapse. In the early 12th century, Armenian princes of the Zakarid family drove out the Seljuk Turks and established a semi-independent principality in northern and eastern Armenia known as [[Zakarid Armenia]], which lasted under the patronage of the [[History of Georgia (country)|Georgian Kingdom]]. The [[Orbelian Dynasty]] shared control with the Zakarids in various parts of the country, especially in Syunik and [[Vayots Dzor Province|Vayots Dzor]], while the [[House of Hasan-Jalalyan]] controlled provinces of [[Artsakh (historic province)|Artsakh]] and [[Utik]] as the Kingdom of Artsakh.{{cite book |author=Richard G. Hovannisian |url=https://archive.org/details/armenianpeoplefr00rich_0/page/57/mode/2up |title=The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century |date=11 February 2004 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |isbn=978-1-4039-6422-9 |page=57 |oclc=805125065 |url-access=registration}} [202] => [203] => ===Early Modern era=== [204] => {{further|Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)|Armenians in the Ottoman Empire|Russian Armenia}} [205] => [[File:Map Safavid persia.png|thumb|In 1501–02, most of the [[Eastern Armenia]]n territories, including Yerevan, were conquered by the emerging [[Safavid dynasty]] of Iran led by Shah [[Ismail I]].]] [206] => During the 1230s, the [[Mongol Empire]] conquered Zakarid Armenia and then the remainder of Armenia. The Mongolian invasions were soon followed by those of other Central Asian tribes, such as the [[Kara Koyunlu]], [[Timurid dynasty]] and [[Ağ Qoyunlu]], which continued from the 13th century until the 15th century. After incessant invasions, each bringing destruction to the country, with time Armenia became weakened.{{cite book | author = Richard G. Hovannisian | date = 11 February 2004 | title = The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan US | pages =23–31 | isbn = 978-1-4039-6422-9 | oclc = 805125065}} [207] => [208] => In the 16th century, the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the [[Safavid dynasty]] of Iran divided Armenia. From the early 16th century, both [[Western Armenia]] and [[Eastern Armenia]] fell to the Safavid Empire.{{cite book|last=Rayfield|first=Donald|title=Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PxQpmg_JIpwC&pg=PA165|year=2013|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-78023-070-2|page=165|access-date=28 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205172633/https://books.google.com/books?id=PxQpmg_JIpwC&pg=PA165|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last=Ward|first=Steven R.|title=Immortal, Updated Edition: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOuVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|year=2014|publisher=Georgetown University Press|isbn=978-1-62616-032-3|page=43|access-date=28 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205171942/https://books.google.com/books?id=MOuVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}} Owing to the century long [[Ottoman–Safavid relations|Turco-Iranian geopolitical rivalry]] that would last in Western Asia, significant parts of the region were frequently fought over between the two rivalling empires during the [[Ottoman–Persian Wars]]. From the mid 16th century with the [[Peace of Amasya]], and decisively from the first half of the 17th century with the [[Treaty of Zuhab]] until the first half of the 19th century,{{cite book|last1=Herzig|first1=Edmund|last2=Kurkchiyan|first2=Marina|title=The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B8WRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79837-6|page=47|access-date=28 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111210219/https://books.google.com/books?id=B8WRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47|archive-date=11 January 2017|url-status=live}} Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successive Safavid, [[Afsharid dynasty|Afsharid]] and [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] empires, while Western Armenia remained under [[Ottoman Turkey|Ottoman]] rule. [209] => [210] => From 1604, [[Abbas I of Persia|Abbas I of Iran]] implemented a "[[scorched earth]]" policy in the region to protect his north-western frontier against any [[Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–1618)|invading Ottoman forces]], a policy that involved a [[History of Armenia#Persian Armenia|forced resettlement]] of masses of Armenians outside of their homelands.H. Nahavandi, Y. Bomati, ''Shah Abbas, empereur de Perse (1587–1629)'' (Perrin, Paris, 1998) [211] => [[File:Siege of Erivan Fortress on 1 October 1827.jpg|thumb|[[Capture of Erivan]] fortress by Russian troops in 1827 during the [[Russo-Persian War (1826–28)]] by [[Franz Roubaud]]]] [212] => In the 1813 [[Treaty of Gulistan]] and the 1828 [[Treaty of Turkmenchay]], following the [[Russo-Persian War (1804–13)]] and the [[Russo-Persian War (1826–28)]], respectively, the [[Qajar dynasty]] of Iran was forced to irrevocably cede [[Eastern Armenia]], consisting of the [[Erivan Khanate|Erivan]] and [[Karabakh Khanate]]s, to [[Imperial Russia]].{{cite book|last=Mikaberidze|first=Alexander|author-link=Alexander Mikaberidze|title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&pg=PA351|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-337-8|pages=33, 351|access-date=28 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205173031/https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&pg=PA351|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last=Dowling|first=Timothy C.|title=Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond [2 volumes]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA728|year=2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-948-6|pages=728–|access-date=28 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208103437/https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA728|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}} This period is known as [[Russian Armenia]]. [213] => [214] => While Western Armenia still remained under Ottoman rule, the Armenians were granted considerable autonomy within their own [[enclave]]s and lived in relative harmony with other groups in the empire (including the ruling Turks). However, as Christians under a strict Muslim [[social structure]], Armenians faced pervasive discrimination. In response to [[1894 Sasun rebellion]], Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]] organised state-sponsored massacres against the Armenians between 1894 and 1896, resulting in an estimated death toll of 80,000 to 300,000 people. The [[Hamidian massacres]], as they came to be known, gave Hamid international infamy as the "Red Sultan" or "Bloody Sultan".{{cite book|last1=Minahan|first1=James|title=The complete guide to national symbols and emblems|date=2010|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-0-313-34497-8|page=310|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ|access-date=27 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025182604/https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ|archive-date=25 October 2015|url-status=live}} [215] => [216] => During the 1890s, the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation]], commonly known as ''Dashnaktsutyun'', became active within the [[Ottoman Empire]] with the aim of unifying the various small groups in the empire that were advocating for reform and defending Armenian villages from massacres that were widespread in some of the Armenian-populated areas of the empire. Dashnaktsutyun members also formed [[Armenian fedayi]] groups that defended Armenian civilians through armed resistance. The Dashnaks also worked for the wider goal of creating a "free, independent and unified" Armenia, although they sometimes set aside this goal in favour of a more realistic approach, such as advocating autonomy. [217] => [218] => The Ottoman Empire began to collapse, and in 1908, the [[Young Turk Revolution]] overthrew the government of Sultan Hamid. In April 1909, the [[Adana massacre]] occurred in the [[Adana Vilayet]] of the Ottoman Empire resulting in the deaths of as many as 20,000–30,000 Armenians. The Armenians living in the empire hoped that the [[Committee of Union and Progress]] would change their second-class status. The [[Armenian reform package]] (1914) was presented as a solution by appointing an [[inspector general]] over Armenian issues.{{cite book |last=Kirakosian|first=J. S.|title=Hayastane michazkayin divanakitut'yan ew sovetakan artakin kaghakakanut'yan pastateghterum, 1828–1923 |trans-title=Armenia in the documents of international diplomacy and Soviet foreign policy, 1828–1923 |publisher=Yerevan|year=1972|pages=149–358|language=hy}} [219] => [220] => ===World War I and the Armenian genocide=== [221] => {{main|Armenian genocide}} [222] => [[File:Morgenthau336.jpg|thumb|[[Armenian genocide]] victims in 1915]] [223] => The outbreak of World War I led to confrontation between the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the [[Russian Empire]] in the [[Caucasus campaign|Caucasus]] and [[Persian campaign (World War I)|Persian campaign]]s. The new government in [[Istanbul]] began to look on the Armenians with distrust and suspicion because the [[Imperial Russian Army]] contained a contingent of [[Armenian volunteer units|Armenian volunteers]]. On 24 April 1915, [[Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915|Armenian intellectuals were arrested by Ottoman authorities]] and, with the [[Tehcir Law]] (29 May 1915), eventually a large proportion of Armenians living in [[Anatolia]] perished in what has become known as the [[Armenian genocide]]. [224] => [225] => The genocide was implemented in two phases: the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm on [[death march]]es leading to the [[Syrian desert]]. Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, and massacre.{{Citation|first1=Hans-Lukas|last1=Kieser|first2=Dominik J.|last2=Schaller|language=de|title=Der Völkermord an den Armeniern und die Shoah|trans-title=The Armenian genocide and the Shoah|publisher=Chronos|year=2002|isbn=978-3-0340-0561-6|page=114}}{{citation |title = Armenia: The Survival of A Nation |first = Christopher J. |last = Walker |publisher = Croom Helm |place = London |year = 1980 |pages = 200–03}} There was local [[Armenian resistance during the Armenian genocide|Armenian resistance]] in the region, developed against the activities of the Ottoman Empire. The events of 1915 to 1917 are regarded by Armenians and the vast majority of Western historians to have been state-sponsored mass killings, or genocide.{{cite web|url=http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/facts/gen_bib1.html|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011116212954/http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/facts/gen_bib1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 November 2001|title=Extensive bibliography by University of Michigan on the Armenian genocide |publisher=Umd.umich.edu |access-date=30 December 2010}} [226] => [227] => Turkish authorities deny the genocide took place to this day. The Armenian Genocide is acknowledged to have been one of the first modern [[genocide]]s.{{cite web |url = http://www.armenian-genocide.org/Affirmation.153/current_category.7/affirmation_detail.html |title = Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution |publisher = Armenian genocide |access-date = 10 February 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171925/http://www.armenian-genocide.org/Affirmation.153/current_category.7/affirmation_detail.html |archive-date = 3 March 2016 |url-status=live |df = dmy-all }}{{Cite book |author-link = Niall Ferguson |last = Ferguson |first = Niall |title = The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West |place = New York |publisher = Penguin Press |year = 2006 |isbn = 978-1-59420-100-4 |page = [https://archive.org/details/warofworldtwenti00nial/page/177 177] |url = https://archive.org/details/warofworldtwenti00nial/page/177 }} According to the research conducted by [[Arnold J. Toynbee]], an estimated 600,000 Armenians died during deportation from 1915 to 1916. This figure, however, accounts for solely the first year of the Genocide and does not take into account those who died or were killed after the report was compiled on 24 May 1916.[[Robert Melson (political scientist)|Robert Melson]], ''Revolution and Genocide: On the Origins of the Armenian genocide and the Holocaust'', University of Chicago Press, 15 October 1992, p. 147 The [[International Association of Genocide Scholars]] places the death toll at "more than a million".[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6045182.stm Q&A: Armenian genocide dispute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301211630/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6045182.stm |date=1 March 2007 }}. BBC News. 10 July 2008. The total number of people killed has been most widely estimated at between 1 and 1.5 million.{{cite web|title = Tsitsernakaberd Memorial Complex|url = http://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/Description_and_history.php|publisher = [[Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute]]|access-date = 10 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160120092829/http://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/Description_and_history.php|archive-date = 20 January 2016|url-status=live|df = dmy-all}} [228] => [229] => Armenia and the Armenian diaspora have been campaigning for [[Recognition of the Armenian genocide|official recognition]] of the events as genocide for over 30 years. These events are traditionally commemorated yearly on 24 April, the Armenian Martyr Day, or the Day of the Armenian genocide.{{cite book | author = Vartan Matiossian | date = 23 September 2021 | title = The Politics of Naming the Armenian Genocide: Language, History and 'Medz Yeghern' | publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing | pages = 125– | isbn = 978-0-7556-4109-3 | oclc = 1247655673 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-j9DEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA125}} [230] => [231] => ===First Republic of Armenia=== [232] => {{main|First Republic of Armenia}} [233] => [[File:First Republic of Armenia.png|thumb|{{legend|#FF7F00|Territory held by [[First Republic of Armenia|Armenia]] and the [[Karabakh Council]] at some point}} {{legend|beige|Area given to Armenia by the [[Treaty of Sèvres]], which was never enforced{{cite book|last=Hille|first=Charlotte Mathilde Louise|title=State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus|url=https://archive.org/details/statebuildingcon00hill|url-access=limited|year=2010|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden, Netherlands|isbn=978-90-04-17901-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/statebuildingcon00hill/page/n165 151]}}}}]] [234] => [[File:Government-House-of-Republic-of-Armenia-1918-1920.jpg|thumb|upright|The Government house of the [[First Republic of Armenia]] (1918–1920)]] [235] => Although the [[Russian Caucasus Army (World War I)|Russian Caucasus Army]] of Imperial forces commanded by [[Nikolai Yudenich]] and Armenians in volunteer units and Armenian militia led by [[Andranik Ozanian]] and [[Tovmas Nazarbekian]] succeeded in gaining most of [[Western Armenia]] during World War I, their gains were lost with the [[October Revolution|Bolshevik Revolution of 1917]].{{citation needed|date=July 2009}} At the time, Russian-controlled [[Eastern Armenia]], Georgia, and [[Azerbaijan]] attempted to bond together in the [[Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic]]. This federation, however, lasted from only February to May 1918, when all three parties decided to dissolve it. As a result, the Dashnaktsutyun government of Eastern Armenia declared its independence on 28 May as the [[First Republic of Armenia]] under the leadership of [[Aram Manukian]]. [236] => [237] => The First Republic's short-lived independence was fraught with war, [[territorial dispute]]s, [[Muslim uprisings in Kars and Sharur–Nakhichevan|large-scale rebellions]], and a mass influx of refugees from Western Armenia, bringing with them disease and starvation. The [[Allies of World War I|Entente Powers]] sought to help the newly founded Armenian state through relief funds and other forms of support. [238] => [239] => At the end of the war, the victorious powers sought to divide up the Ottoman Empire. Signed between the [[Allies of World War I|Allied and Associated Powers]] and [[Ottoman Empire]] at [[Sèvres]] on 10 August 1920, the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] promised to maintain the existence of the Armenian republic and to attach the former territories of Western Armenia to it. Because the new borders of Armenia were to be drawn by United States President [[Woodrow Wilson]], Western Armenia was also referred to as "[[Wilsonian Armenia]]". In addition, just days prior, on 5 August 1920, [[Mihran Damadian]] of the Armenian National Union, the de facto Armenian administration in Cilicia, declared the independence of [[Cilicia]] as an Armenian autonomous republic under French protectorate.Hovannisian, Richard, and Simon Payaslian. Armenian Cilicia. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, Inc., 2008. 483. Print. [240] => [241] => There was even consideration of making Armenia a mandate under the protection of the United States. The treaty, however, was rejected by the [[Turkish National Movement]], and never came into effect. The movement used the treaty as the occasion to declare itself the rightful [[Politics of Turkey|government of Turkey]], replacing the monarchy based in [[Istanbul]] with a republic based in [[Ankara]]. [242] => [243] => [[File:11thRedArmyYerevan.jpg|thumb|left|Advance of the [[11th Army (RSFSR)|11th Red Army]] into the city of Yerevan]] [244] => In 1920, Turkish nationalist forces invaded the fledgling Armenian republic from the east. Turkish forces under the command of [[Kâzım Karabekir|Kazım Karabekir]] captured Armenian territories that Russia had annexed in the aftermath of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)|1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War]] and occupied the old city of Alexandropol (present-day [[Gyumri]]). The violent conflict finally concluded with the [[Treaty of Alexandropol]] on 2 December 1920. The treaty forced Armenia to disarm most of its [[Armed forces|military forces]], cede all former Ottoman territory granted to it by the [[Treaty of Sèvres]], and to give up all the "Wilsonian Armenia" granted to it at the Sèvres treaty. Simultaneously, the [[11th Army (RSFSR)|Soviet Eleventh Army]], under the command of [[Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze]], invaded Armenia at Karavansarai (present-day [[Ijevan]]) on 29 November. By 4 December, Ordzhonikidze's forces entered Yerevan and the short-lived Armenian republic collapsed.{{cite book | author = Richard Pipes | date = 25 April 1997 | title = The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917-1923, First Edition | publisher = Harvard University Press | pages = | isbn = 978-0-674-41764-9 | oclc = 1259423784 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IVgwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT167}} [245] => [246] => After the fall of the republic, the [[February Uprising]] soon took place in 1921, and led to the establishment of the [[Republic of Mountainous Armenia]] by Armenian forces under command of [[Garegin Nzhdeh]] on 26 April, which fought off both Soviet and Turkish intrusions in the Zangezur region of southern Armenia. After Soviet agreements to include the [[Syunik Province]] in Armenia's borders, the rebellion ended and the Red Army took control of the region on 13 July. [247] => [248] => ===Armenian SSR=== [249] => {{main|Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic}} [250] => [[File:Emblem of the Armenian SSR.svg|thumb|The coat of arms of [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Armenia]] depicting [[Mount Ararat]] in the centre]] [251] => [252] => ====1922 till WWII==== [253] => Armenia was annexed by the [[Red Army]] and along with [[Democratic Republic of Georgia|Georgia]] and [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic|Azerbaijan]], was incorporated into the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] as part of the [[Transcaucasian SFSR]] (TSFSR) on 4 March 1922.{{cite web |url=http://www.countriesquest.com/asia/azerbaijan/history/the_soviet_period.htm |title=The Soviet Period – History – Azerbaijan – Asia |access-date=25 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929150339/http://www.countriesquest.com/asia/azerbaijan/history/the_soviet_period.htm |archive-date=29 September 2011 |url-status=live }}[https://web.archive.org/web/20150925080238/http://bse.chemport.ru/zakavkazskaya_federatsiya.shtml Закавказская федерация]. ''Большая советская энциклопедия'', 3-е изд., гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. Москва: Советская энциклопедия, 1972. Т. 9 ({{cite book|section = Transcaucasian Federation |title = Great Soviet Encyclopedia |editor = A. M. Prokhorov|language = ru |publisher = Soviet Encyclopedia |location = Moscow |year = 1972 |volume = 9|display-editors=etal|title-link = Great Soviet Encyclopedia }}) With this annexation, the Treaty of Alexandropol was superseded by the Turkish-Soviet [[Treaty of Kars]]. In the agreement, Turkey allowed the Soviet Union to assume control over [[Adjara]] with the port city of [[Batumi]] in return for sovereignty over the cities of [[Kars]], [[Ardahan]], and [[Iğdır]], all of which were part of Russian Armenia. [254] => [255] => The TSFSR existed from 1922 to 1936, when it was divided up into three separate entities ([[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Armenian SSR]], [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Azerbaijan SSR]], and [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Georgian SSR]]). Armenians enjoyed a period of relative stability within USSR in contrast to the turbulent final years of the Ottoman Empire. The situation was difficult for the church, which struggled with [[Religion in soviet union|secular policies of USSR]]. After the death of [[Vladimir Lenin]], [[Joseph Stalin]], the general secretary of the [[CPSU|Communist Party]], gradually established himself as the dictator of the USSR. Stalin's reign was characterized by mass repressions, that cost millions of lives all over the USSR.{{Citation needed|reason=Repressions, sure, but millions of lives is a heavily disputed topic, so it would be good to have sources for this in this context|date=September 2023}} [256] => [257] => ====WWII; post-Stalinist period==== [258] => [[File:ArmenianStamps-066-069.jpg|thumb|Armenian [[Marshal of the Soviet Union|Marshal]]s and [[Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union|Admiral]] of World War II on stamps:
[[Ivan Bagramyan|Bagramyan]], [[Ivan Isakov|Isakov]], [[Hamazasp Babadzhanian|Babadzhanian]], [[Sergei Khudyakov|Khudyakov]]]] [259] => [260] => Armenia was not the scene of any battles in [[Eastern Front (World War II)|World War II]]. An estimated 500,000 Armenians (nearly a third of the population) served in the [[Red Army]] during the war, and 175,000 died.C. Mouradian, ''L'Armenie sovietique'', pp. 278–79 A total of 117 citizens of Armenia including 10 non ethnic Armenians were awarded [[Hero of the Soviet Union]]. Six special military divisions were formed in Soviet Armenia in 1941–42, partly because so many draftees from the republic could not understand Russian. Five of them, the [[Soviet 89th "Tamanyan" Division|89th]], [[409th Rifle Division|409th]], [[408th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)|408th]], [[390th Rifle Division|390th]], and [[76th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)|76th]] Divisions, would have a distinguished war record, while the sixth was ordered to stay in Armenia to guard the republic's western borders against a possible incursion by neighboring Turkey. [261] => The [[Soviet 89th "Tamanyan" Division|89th Tamanyan Division]], composed of ethnic Armenians, fought in the [[Battle of Berlin]] and entered [[Berlin]]. [262] => [263] => It is claimed{{By whom|date=September 2023}} that the freedom index in the region had seen an improvement after the [[State funeral of Joseph Stalin|death of Joseph Stalin]] in 1953 and the emergence of [[Nikita Khrushchev]] as the new general secretary of the [[CPSU]]. Soon, life in Armenia's SSR began to see rapid improvement. The church, which was limited during the secretaryship of Stalin, was revived when [[Catholicos of All Armenians|Catholicos]] [[Vazgen I]] assumed the duties of his office in 1955. In 1967, a memorial to the victims of the Armenian genocide was built at the [[Tsitsernakaberd]] hill above the [[Hrazdan]] [[Canyon|gorge]] in [[Yerevan]]. This occurred after [[1965 Yerevan demonstrations|mass demonstrations]] took place on the tragic event's fiftieth anniversary in 1965. [264] => [265] => ====Gorbachev era==== [266] => [267] => [[File:Karabakh movement demonstration at Yerevan Opera square (4).jpg|thumb|Armenians gather at [[Freedom Square, Yerevan|Theater Square]] in central [[Yerevan]] to claim unification of [[Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]] with the [[Armenian SSR]] (1988)]] [268] => [269] => During the [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Gorbachev]] era of the 1980s, with the reforms of [[Glasnost]] and [[Perestroika]], Armenians began to demand better environmental care for their country, opposing the pollution that Soviet-built factories brought. Tensions also developed between Soviet Azerbaijan and its autonomous district of [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], a majority-Armenian region. About 484,000 [[Armenians in Azerbaijan|Armenians]] lived in Azerbaijan in 1970."[http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Azerbaijan+Soviet+Socialist+Republic Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103114602/http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Azerbaijan+Soviet+Socialist+Republic |date=3 November 2011}}". The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). The Armenians of Karabakh demanded unification with Soviet Armenia. Peaceful protests in Armenia supporting the Karabakh Armenians were met with anti-Armenian [[pogrom]]s in Azerbaijan, such as the one in [[Sumgait pogrom|Sumgait]], which was followed by [[Gugark massacre|anti-Azerbaijani violence]] in Armenia.{{cite news |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1088062.html |title=Azerbaijan: Armenians and Azerbaijanis Remember Suffering |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201220163702/https://www.rferl.org/a/1088062.html |archive-date=20 December 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=9 April 2008 |last1=Naegele |first1=Jolyon }} Compounding Armenia's problems was a [[1988 Armenian earthquake|devastating earthquake]] in 1988 with a [[moment magnitude scale|moment magnitude]] of 7.2.Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2004. p. 74 by Imogen Gladman, [[Taylor and Francis|Taylor & Francis]] Group [270] => [271] => Gorbachev's inability to alleviate any of Armenia's problems created disillusionment among the Armenians and fed a growing hunger for independence. In May 1990, the New [[Armenian Army]] (NAA) was established, serving as a defence force separate from the Soviet [[Red Army]]. Clashes soon broke out between the NAA and [[Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs|Soviet Internal Security Forces]] (MVD) troops based in Yerevan when Armenians decided to commemorate the establishment of the 1918 First Republic of Armenia. The violence resulted in the deaths of five Armenians killed in a shootout with the MVD at the railway station. Witnesses there claimed that the MVD used excessive force and that they had instigated the fighting.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} [272] => [273] => Further firefights between Armenian militiamen and Soviet troops occurred in [[Nubarashen|Sovetashen]], near the capital and resulted in the deaths of over 26 people, mostly Armenians. The [[pogrom of Armenians in Baku]] in January 1990 forced almost all of the 200,000 Armenians in the Azerbaijani capital [[Baku]] to flee to Armenia.[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/rights/articles/pp021603.shtml Notes from Baku: Black January] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827072157/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/rights/articles/pp021603.shtml |date=27 August 2009}}. Rufat Ahmedov. EurasiaNet Human Rights. On 23 August 1990, Armenia declared its sovereignty on its territory. On 17 March 1991, Armenia, along with the [[Baltic states]], Georgia and [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic|Moldova]], boycotted a nationwide [[1991 Soviet Union referendum|referendum]] in which 78% of all voters voted for the retention of the Soviet Union in a reformed form.{{cite web|url=http://soviethistory.org/index.php?action=L2&SubjectID=1991march&Year=1991 |title=The March Referendum |access-date=10 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015092843/http://www.soviethistory.org/index.php?action=L2&SubjectID=1991march&Year=1991 |archive-date=15 October 2006}} [274] => [275] => ===Restoration of independence=== [276] => {{Main|History of Armenia#Independent Armenia (1991-today)}} [277] => [[File:NKR war.JPG|thumb|Armenian soldiers in 2008, during the ongoing and unresolved [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict]]]] [278] => On 21 September 1991, Armenia officially declared its [[statehood]] after the [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|failed August coup]] in Moscow, [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|RSFSR]]. [[Levon Ter-Petrosyan]] was popularly elected the first President of the newly independent Republic of Armenia on 16 October 1991. He had risen to prominence by leading the [[Karabakh movement]] for the unification of the Armenian-populated [[Nagorno-Karabakh]]. On 26 December 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist and Armenia's independence was recognised. [279] => [280] => Ter-Petrosyan led Armenia alongside Defense Minister [[Vazgen Sargsyan]] through the [[First Nagorno-Karabakh War]] with neighbouring Azerbaijan. The initial post-Soviet years were marred by economic difficulties, which had their roots early in the Karabakh conflict when the [[Azerbaijani Popular Front Party|Azerbaijani Popular Front]] managed to pressure the Azerbaijan SSR to instigate a railway and air [[blockade]] against Armenia. This move effectively debilitated Armenia's economy as 85% of its cargo and goods arrived through rail traffic.{{cite book [281] => |last=Croissant [282] => |first=Michael P. [283] => |title=The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications [284] => |publisher=Praeger [285] => |year=1998 [286] => |location=London [287] => |isbn=978-0-275-96241-8 [288] => |url=https://archive.org/details/armeniaazerbaija00croi [289] => }} In 1993, Turkey joined the blockade against Armenia in support of Azerbaijan.{{cite web |url=http://www.globalheritagefund.org/news/GHF_in_the_news/economist_ties_that_divide_june_17_06.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820170846/http://www.globalheritagefund.org/news/GHF_in_the_news/economist_ties_that_divide_june_17_06.asp |archive-date=20 August 2006 |publisher=[[Global Heritage Fund]] |title=The Ties That Divide |date=17 June 2006 |access-date=22 July 2009}} [290] => [291] => [[File:September 21, 2011 parade, Yerevan.jpg|thumb|left|upright|21 September 2011 parade in Yerevan, marking the 20th anniversary of Armenia's re-independence]] [292] => The Karabakh war ended after a Russian-brokered [[ceasefire]] was put in place in 1994. The war was a success for the Karabakh Armenian forces who managed to capture 16% of Azerbaijan's internationally recognised territory including almost all of the Nagorno-Karabakh itself.{{cite book |first=Thomas|last=De Waal|title=Black Garden: Armenia And Azerbaijan Through Peace and War|location=New York|publisher=New York University Press|page=240|isbn=978-0-8147-1945-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jycTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA240 |year=2004}} The Armenian backed forces remained in control of practically all of that territory until 2020. The economies of both Armenia and Azerbaijan have been hurt in the absence of a complete resolution and Armenia's borders with Turkey and Azerbaijan remain closed. By the time both Azerbaijan and Armenia had finally agreed to a ceasefire in 1994, an estimated 30,000 people had been killed and over a million had been displaced.[http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1283/conflict_that_can_be_resolved_in_time.html A Conflict That Can Be Resolved in Time: Nagorno-Karabakh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001192200/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1283/conflict_that_can_be_resolved_in_time.html |date=1 October 2008 }}. International Herald Tribune. 29 November 2003. Several thousand were killed in the later 2020 Karabakh war. [293] => [294] => ===21st century=== [295] => In the 21st century, Armenia faces many hardships. It has made a full switch to a [[market economy]]. One study ranks it the 50th most "economically free" nation in the world, {{As of|2023|lc=y}}.{{cite web|url=https://heritage.org/index/country/armenia|title=Heritage Index of Economic Freedom|publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]]|access-date=22 June 2023|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929071128/https://www.heritage.org/index/country/armenia|url-status=dead}} Its relations with Europe, the [[Arab League]], and the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] have allowed Armenia to increase trade.{{cite web|url=http://eppgroup.eu/press-release/Georgia-and-Armenia%3A-EU-reaches-trade-deal|title=EU negotiations with Armenia and Georgia on Free Trade Agreements successfully concluded|publisher=EPP Group|access-date=10 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120092829/http://www.eppgroup.eu/press-release/Georgia-and-Armenia:-EU-reaches-trade-deal|archive-date=20 January 2016|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://arka.am/en/news/interview/armenia_will_significantly_increase_its_revenues_by_reinforcing_its_role_of_a_transit_country_betwee/|title=Armenia will significantly increase its revenues by reinforcing its role of a transit country between Europe, CIS and Middle East|date=28 March 2013 |publisher=Arka News Agency|access-date=10 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216041554/http://arka.am/en/news/interview/armenia_will_significantly_increase_its_revenues_by_reinforcing_its_role_of_a_transit_country_betwee/|archive-date=16 February 2016|url-status=live}} Gas, oil, and other supplies come through two vital routes: Iran and Georgia. {{as of|2016}}, Armenia maintained cordial relations with both countries.{{cite web|url=http://eurodialogue.eu/676|title=Europe Could Draw Gas Through Iran–Armenia Pipeline|publisher=European dialogue|access-date=10 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217042353/http://eurodialogue.eu/676|archive-date=17 February 2016}}{{update after|2020}} [296] => [297] => The [[2018 Armenian revolution|2018 Armenian Revolution]] was a series of anti-government protests in Armenia from April to May 2018 staged by various political and civil groups led by a member of the Armenian parliament — [[Nikol Pashinyan]] (head of the [[Civil Contract (Armenia)|Civil Contract]] party). Protests and marches took place initially in response to [[Serzh Sargsyan|Serzh Sargsyan's]] third consecutive term as President of Armenia and later against the [[Republican Party of Armenia|Republican Party]] controlled government in general. Pashinyan declared the movement, which led to Sargsyan's resignation, a "[[velvet revolution]]".{{cite news|title="Velvet Revolution" Takes Armenia into the Unknown|url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/caucasus/armenia/velvet-revolution-takes-armenia-unknown|publisher=[[Crisis Group]]|date=20 November 2020}} [298] => [299] => In March 2018, the Armenian parliament elected [[Armen Sarkissian]] as the new President of Armenia. The controversial constitutional reform to reduce presidential power was implemented, while the authority of the prime minister was strengthened.{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/armenia-armen-sarkissian-elected-into-new-less-powerful-presidential-role/a-42797330|title = Armenia: Armen Sarkissian elected into new, less powerful presidential role | DW | 02.03.2018|website = [[Deutsche Welle]]}} In May 2018, parliament elected opposition leader Nikol Pashinyan as the new prime minister. His predecessor Serzh Sargsyan resigned two weeks earlier following [[2018 Armenian revolution|widespread anti-government demonstrations]].{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/5/8/armenia-nikol-pashinyan-elected-as-new-prime-minister|title=Pashinyan elected as Armenia's new prime minister|website=Al Jazeera}} [300] => [301] => On 27 September 2020, a full-scale war erupted due to the unresolved [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict]].{{cite news |title=Fighting over Nagorno-Karabakh goes on despite US mediation |url=https://apnews.com/article/europe-azerbaijan-armenia-41a103bcde14fa8b28968000d7992b84 |work=Associated Press |date=24 October 2020}} Both the armed forces of Armenia and Azerbaijan reported military and civilian casualties.{{cite news |title=Fury and celebrations as Russia brokers peace deal to end Nagorno-Karabakh war |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russia-armenia-azerbaijan-war-fighting-peace-deal-b1720219.html |work=The Independent |date=11 November 2020}} The [[2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement|Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement]] to end the six-week [[2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war|war between Armenia and Azerbaijan]] was seen by many as Armenia's defeat and capitulation.{{cite news |title=Armenians vent fury at West after truce in bloody war in Nagorno-Karabakh |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/armenia-azerbaijan-nagorno-karabakh-truce-1.5796470 |work=CBC News |date=11 November 2020}} The year-long [[2020–2021 Armenian protests|March of Dignity]] protests forced early elections. [302] => [303] => On 20 June 2021, Pashinyan's Civil Contract party won an early parliamentary [[2021 Armenian parliamentary election|election]]. Acting Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan was officially appointed to the post of prime minister by Armenia's President Armen Sarkissian.{{cite news |title=Nikol Pashinyan officially appointed Armenia's prime minister |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2021/aug/02/nikol-pashinyan-officially-appointed-armenias-prime-minister-2339082.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=2 August 2021}} In January 2022, Armenian President Armen Sarkissian resigned from office, stating that the constitution no longer gives the president sufficient powers or influence.{{cite news |title=Armenian president resigns over lack of influence |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/23/armenian-president-armen-sarkissian-resigns |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}} On 3 March 2022, [[Vahagn Khachaturyan]] was elected as the fifth president of Armenia in the second round of parliamentary vote.{{cite news |title=Vahagn Khachaturyan elected new Armenian president |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/vahagn-khachaturyan-elected-new-armenian-president/2522507 |work=www.aa.com.tr}} The next month [[2022 Armenian protests|yet more protests broke out]].{{Cite news |title=Facing Mass Protests Calling For Him To Resign, Armenia's Prime Minister Is Running Out Of Options |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-pashinian-karabakh-options-protests/31837928.html |access-date=2022-05-07 |newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=7 May 2022 |language=en|last1=Wesolowsky |first1=Tony }} [304] => [305] => ===2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh=== [306] => {{Main|2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh}} [307] => {{See also|Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians}} [308] => [309] => Between 19 and 20 September 2023, [[Azerbaijan]] launched a large-scale military offensive against the [[Political status of Nagorno-Karabakh|self-declared]] breakaway state of [[Republic of Artsakh|Artsakh]], a move seen by the European Parliament as a violation of the [[2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement|2020 ceasefire agreement]].{{Cite web|date=2023-09-19|title=Armenia, Azerbaijan: Baku Launches Military Operation In Nagorno-Karabakh|url=https://worldview.stratfor.com/situation-report/armenia-azerbaijan-baku-launches-military-operation-nagorno-karabakh|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230919182727/https://worldview.stratfor.com/situation-report/armenia-azerbaijan-baku-launches-military-operation-nagorno-karabakh|archive-date=19 September 2023|access-date=2023-09-22|website=[[Stratfor]]|quote=...the Russian peacekeeping contingent is incapable of preventing Azerbaijan's seizure of the region, despite this being a clear violation of the November 2020 ceasefire brokered by Russia that ended the last war.}}{{Cite web|title=Joint statement on Azerbaijan's attack on Nagorno-Karabakh |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/delegations/en/joint-statement-on-azerbaijan-s-attack-o/product-details/20230919DPU37422|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922111407/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/delegations/en/joint-statement-on-azerbaijan-s-attack-o/product-details/20230919DPU37422|archive-date=22 September 2023|access-date=2023-09-21|publisher=European Parliament|quote=We condemn in the strongest terms today's pre-planned and unjustified attack of Azerbaijan against Nagorno-Karabakh...We recall that the attack takes place in the context of a major humanitarian crisis in Nagorno-Karabakh, following Azerbaijan's blockade of the Lachin Corridor for the past nine months, in violation of Baku's commitments under the ceasefire statement of 9 November 2020 and of the legally binding orders of the International Court of Justice. Humanitarian access to Nagorno-Karabakh needs to be fully and permanently restored.}} The offensive took place in the disputed region of [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], which is internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan, but populated by [[Armenians]].{{Cite news|title=Azerbaijani forces strike Armenian-controlled Karabakh, raising risk of new Caucasus war|work=Reuters|date=19 September 2023|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/azerbaijan-says-six-its-citizens-were-killed-by-land-mines-karabakh-2023-09-19/|access-date=19 September 2023|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919114910/https://www.reuters.com/world/azerbaijan-says-six-its-citizens-were-killed-by-land-mines-karabakh-2023-09-19/|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last1=Ilyushina|first1=Mary|title=Fighting flares between Azerbaijan and Armenia in Nagorno-Karabakh|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/19/nagorno-karabakh-azerbaijan-armenia/|access-date=19 September 2023|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=19 September 2023|quote=Azerbaijan and Armenia have repeatedly clashed over Nagorno-Karabakh, which is internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan but largely populated by ethnic Armenians and largely governed by the unrecognized Republic of Artsakh.|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919200531/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/19/nagorno-karabakh-azerbaijan-armenia/|url-status=live}} The attacks occurred in the midst of an escalating crisis caused by Azerbaijan [[Blockade of the Republic of Artsakh (2022–present)|blockading Artsakh]], which resulted in significant scarcities of essential supplies such as food, medicine, and other goods in the affected region.{{cite web|last=Roth|first=Andrew|date=19 September 2023|title=Azerbaijan launches 'anti-terrorist' campaign in disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/19/azerbaijan-launches-anti-terrorist-campaign-in-disputed-nagorno-karabakh-region|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919111008/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/19/azerbaijan-launches-anti-terrorist-campaign-in-disputed-nagorno-karabakh-region|archive-date=19 September 2023|access-date=19 September 2023|website=[[The Guardian]]}} [310] => [311] => One day after the offensive started, on 20 September, a [[2023 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement|ceasefire agreement]] was reached at the mediation of the [[Peacekeeping operations in Nagorno-Karabakh|Russian peacekeeping command]] in Nagorno-Karabakh.{{Cite web|title=Russian-mediated ceasefire announced in Nagorno-Karabakh|url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1120051.html|website=Armenpress}} Azerbaijan held a meeting with representatives of the Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians on 21 September in [[Yevlakh]], to be followed by another meeting in October.{{cite news|title=Ethnic Armenians accept Russia ceasefire plan after Azerbaijan offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/20/asia/nagorno-karabakh-russia-ceasefire-intl/index.html|access-date=20 September 2023|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=20 September 2023|archive-date=20 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920132915/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/20/asia/nagorno-karabakh-russia-ceasefire-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=BREAKING: Stepanakert to disband army in ceasefire deal|url=https://www.civilnet.am/en/news/751112/breaking-stepanakert-to-disband-army-in-ceasefire-deal/|access-date=20 September 2023|publisher=CIVILNET|date=20 September 2023|archive-date=20 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920132923/https://www.civilnet.am/en/news/751112/breaking-stepanakert-to-disband-army-in-ceasefire-deal/|url-status=live}} Ceasefire violations by Azerbaijan were nonetheless reported by both Artsakhi residents and officials.{{Cite web|title=МВД Нагорного Карабаха обвинило Азербайджан в нарушении договора о прекращении огня|url=https://meduza.io/news/2023/09/21/mvd-nagornogo-karabaha-obvinilo-azerbaydzhan-v-narushenii-dogovora-o-prekraschenii-ognya|website=[[Meduza]]|access-date=21 September 2023|archive-date=21 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921113954/https://meduza.io/news/2023/09/21/mvd-nagornogo-karabaha-obvinilo-azerbaydzhan-v-narushenii-dogovora-o-prekraschenii-ognya|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=Aserbaidschan soll Waffenruhe gebrochen haben|url=https://rp-online.de/politik/ausland/berg-karabach-aserbaidschan-soll-waffenruhe-gebrochen-haben_aid-98086627|website=[[Rheinische Post]]|date=21 September 2023|access-date=21 September 2023|archive-date=21 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921114231/https://rp-online.de/politik/ausland/berg-karabach-aliyev-entschuldigt-sich-fuer-tod-russischer-soldaten_aid-98086627|url-status=live}} [312] => [313] => Human rights organizations and experts in genocide prevention issued multiple alerts, stating that the region's Armenian population was at risk or actively [[Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians|being subjected to ethnic cleansing and genocide]]. [[Luis Moreno Ocampo]], a former [[prosecutor of the International Criminal Court]], warned that another [[Armenian genocide]] could take place, and attributed the inaction of the international community to encouraging Azerbaijan that it would face no serious consequences.{{cite news|last=Moreno Ocampo|first=Luis|author-link=Luis Moreno Ocampo|date=22 September 2023|title=Call what is happening in Nagorno-Karabakh by its proper name|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/09/22/nagorno-karabakh-genocide-armenia/|url-status=live|access-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922173112/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/09/22/nagorno-karabakh-genocide-armenia/|archive-date=22 September 2023}} [314] => [315] => ==Geography== [316] => {{Main|Geography of Armenia}} [317] => [[File:Satellite image of Armenia in May 2003.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of the territory of Armenia (2003).]] [318] => Armenia is a [[landlocked country]] in the [[geopolitical]] [[Transcaucasus]] (South [[Caucasus]]) region, that is located in the Southern [[Caucasus Mountains]] and their lowlands between the [[Black Sea]] and [[Caspian Sea]], and northeast of the [[Armenian Highland]]s. Located in [[Western Asia]],{{cite book|author=Central Intelligence Agency|title=The CIA World Factbook 2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xutfBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT5241|year=2014|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing|isbn=978-1-62914-903-5|page=5241}} on the [[Armenian Highlands]], it is bordered by Turkey to the west, [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] to the north, the [[Lachin corridor]] which is a part of [[Lachin District]] that is under the control of a Russian peacekeeping force and [[Azerbaijan]] proper to the east, and [[Iran]] and Azerbaijan's [[exclave]] of [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]] to the south. Armenia lies between latitudes [[38th parallel north|38°]] and [[42nd parallel north|42° N]], and meridians [[43rd meridian east|43°]] and [[47th meridian east|47° E]]. It contains two terrestrial ecoregions: [[Caucasus mixed forests]] and [[Eastern Anatolian montane steppe]].{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}} [319] => [320] => ===Topography=== [321] => [[File:Armenien topo.jpg|thumb|Armenia's mountainous and volcanic [[topography]]]] [322] => Armenia has a territorial area of {{convert|29743|km2|sqmi|0}}. The terrain is mostly mountainous, with fast flowing rivers, and few forests. The land rises to {{convert|4090|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} [[Metres above sea level|above sea level]] at [[Mount Aragats]], and no point is below {{convert|390|m|ft|0}} [[Metres above sea level|above sea level]].{{cite web|title=Geographic Characteristic of The Republic of Armenia|work=Marzes of the Republic of Armenia in Figures, 2002–2006|publisher=National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/article/marz_07_e_2.pdf|year=2007|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325034102/http://www.armstat.am/file/article/marz_07_e_2.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2009|url-status=live}} [[List of countries by average elevation|Average elevation of the country]] area is tenth highest in the world and it has 85.9% mountain area, more than Switzerland or [[Nepal]].{{Cite web|url=https://farm1.staticflickr.com/779/30949572663_37d588c515_o.jpg|title=Percentage of Mountain Area per Country (map)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109155517/https://farm1.staticflickr.com/779/30949572663_37d588c515_o.jpg|archive-date=9 January 2019|url-status=live}} [323] => [324] => [[Mount Ararat]], which was historically part of Armenia, is the highest mountain in the region at 5,137 meters (16,854 feet). Now located in Turkey, but clearly visible from Armenia, it is regarded by the Armenians as a symbol of their land. Because of this, the mountain is present on the [[Coat of arms of Armenia|Armenian national emblem]] today.{{cite book|author=Natasha May Azarian|title=The Seeds of Memory: Narrative Renditions of the Armenian genocide Across Generations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJDLYMq7ZuAC&pg=PA96|access-date=28 April 2013|year=2007|isbn=978-0-549-53005-3|page=96|quote=Mount Ararat is considered the 'heart' of historical Armenia as it is Armenian folklore which considers the majestic mountain to be the place where Noah's Arc landed. Armenian businesses, households, and schools almost ubiquitously have at ...|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528131920/http://books.google.com/books?id=QJDLYMq7ZuAC&pg=PA96|archive-date=28 May 2013|url-status=live}}{{cite book|author=Rouben Paul Adalian|title=Historical Dictionary of Armenia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QS-vSjHObOYC&pg=PA85|access-date=28 April 2013|date=13 May 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7450-3|page=85|quote=Although the mythology associated with the pagan worship of the mountain is now lost to popular belief, Mount Ararat has played a very ...|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528164521/http://books.google.com/books?id=QS-vSjHObOYC&pg=PA85|archive-date=28 May 2013|url-status=live}}{{cite book|author=James Minahan|title=Miniature empires: a historical dictionary of the newly independent states|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSxt-JB-PDkC&pg=PA2|access-date=28 April 2013|year=1998|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30610-5|pages=2–3|quote=Mount Ararat, the legendary landing place of Noah's Ark, is located in what is now modern Turkey. Situated near the border, the peak is visible from nearly every area of Armenia. Historically, the mountain has been the Armenian people's most ...|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528125621/http://books.google.com/books?id=RSxt-JB-PDkC&pg=PA2|archive-date=28 May 2013|url-status=live}} [325] => [326] => ===Climate=== [327] => {{Main|Climate of Armenia}} [328] => [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map ARM present.svg|thumb|[[Köppen-Geiger climate classification]] map for Armenia{{cite journal |last1=Beck |first1=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis|author6-link=Eric Franklin Wood |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F. |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |date=30 October 2018 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=180214 |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214 |pmid=30375988 |pmc=6207062 |bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B |url=https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstream/20.500.11850/302311/2/sdata2018214.pdf |access-date=6 September 2019 }}]] [329] => The climate in Armenia is markedly highland [[Continental climate|continental]]. Summers are hot, dry and sunny, lasting from June to mid-September. The temperature fluctuates between {{convert|22|and|36|C|F}}. However, the low humidity level mitigates the effect of high temperatures. Evening breezes blowing down the mountains provide a welcome refreshing and cooling effect. Springs are short, while autumns are long. Autumns are known for their vibrant and colourful foliage. [330] => [331] => Winters are quite cold with plenty of snow, with temperatures ranging between {{convert|-10|and|-5|°C|°F}}. [[Winter sport]]s enthusiasts enjoy skiing down the hills of [[Tsaghkadzor]], located thirty minutes outside Yerevan. [[Lake Sevan]], nestled up in the Armenian highlands, is the second largest lake in the world relative to its altitude, at {{convert|1900|m|ft|0}} [[Metres above sea level|above sea level]]. [332] => [333] => ===Environment=== [334] => [[File:CO2 emissions per capita in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia, Germany, Italy, USA in 2000-2012.jpg|thumb|Carbon dioxide emissions in metric tons per capita in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia, Germany, Italy, USA in 2000–2012. World Bank data.]] [335] => Armenia ranked 63rd out of 180 countries on [[Environmental Performance Index]] (EPI) in 2018. Its rank on subindex Environmental Health (which is weighted at 40% in EPI) is 109, while Armenia's rank on subindex of Ecosystem Vitality (weighted at 60% in EPI) is 27th best in the world.{{Cite web|url=https://epi.envirocenter.yale.edu/epi-country-report/ARM|title=Environmental Performance Index|website=epi.envirocenter.yale.edu|language=en|access-date=2 February 2018|archive-date=16 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016193854/https://epi.envirocenter.yale.edu/epi-country-report/ARM|url-status=dead}} This suggests that main environmental issues in Armenia are with [[#Health care|population health]], while environment vitality is of lesser concern. Out of sub-subindices contributing to Environmental Health subindex ranking on Air Quality to which population is exposed is particularly unsatisfying. [336] => [337] => [[Waste management in Armenia]] is underdeveloped, as no waste sorting or recycling takes place at Armenia's 60 landfills. A waste processing plant is scheduled for construction near [[Hrazdan]] city, which will allow for closure of 10 waste dumps.{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.am/en/news/item/9338/|title="We have good reasons to boast economic growth in the coming years" – Karen Karapetyan Pleased with 2017 Indices in Kotayk Marz|website=www.gov.am|language=en|access-date=16 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216204522/http://www.gov.am/en/news/item/9338/|archive-date=16 February 2018|url-status=dead}} [338] => [339] => Despite the availability of abundant renewable energy sources in Armenia (especially [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] and [[wind power]]) and calls from EU officials to shut down the [[Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant|nuclear power plant at Metsamor]],{{Cite web|url=https://news.am/eng/news/433776.html|title=EU: Armenia nuclear plant should be shut down as soon as possible|website=news.am|language=en|access-date=16 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216204447/https://news.am/eng/news/433776.html|archive-date=16 February 2018|url-status=dead}} the Armenian Government is exploring the possibilities of installing new small modular nuclear reactors. In 2018 existing nuclear plant is scheduled for modernization to enhance its safety and increase power production by about 10%.{{Cite web|url=http://arka.am/en/news/technology/modernization_to_increase_the_capacity_of_armenian_nuclear_power_plant_by_10/|title=Modernization to increase the capacity of Armenian nuclear power plant by 10%|website=arka.am|date=13 February 2018 |access-date=16 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216143937/http://arka.am/en/news/technology/modernization_to_increase_the_capacity_of_armenian_nuclear_power_plant_by_10/|archive-date=16 February 2018|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/922486/armenian-nuclear-power-plant-upgrading-program-to-continue-in-2018.html|title=Armenian Nuclear Power Plant upgrading program to continue in 2018|work=armenpress.am|access-date=16 February 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216204336/https://armenpress.am/eng/news/922486/armenian-nuclear-power-plant-upgrading-program-to-continue-in-2018.html|archive-date=16 February 2018|url-status=dead}} [340] => [341] => ==Government and politics== [342] => {{Main|Government of Armenia|Politics of Armenia}} [343] => [[File:2014 Erywań, Budynek Zgromadzenia Narodowego Republiki Armenii.jpg|thumb|The [[National Assembly (Armenia)|National Assembly]] in [[Yerevan]]]] [344] => Armenia is a [[Representative democracy|representative parliamentary democratic]] republic. The Armenian constitution adhered to the model of a [[Semi-Presidential Republic|semi-presidential republic]] until April 2018. [345] => [346] => According to the current [[Constitution of Armenia]], the [[President of Armenia|President]] is the [[head of state]] holding largely representational functions, while the [[Prime Minister of Armenia|Prime Minister]] is the [[head of government]] and exercises [[Executive (government)|executive power]]. [347] => [348] => Since 1995 [[Legislature|Legislative power]] is vested in the [[National Assembly of Armenia|Azgayin Zhoghov]] or ''[[National Assembly of Armenia|National Assembly]]'', which is a [[unicameral parliament]] consisting of 105 members.{{cite book |title=Fischer Weltalmanach 2019- Zahlen Daten Fakten |date=1 July 2018 |publisher=Fischer |location=Frankfurt am Main |isbn=978-3-596-72019-4 |page=45}} [349] => [350] => The [[Fragile States Index]] since its first report in 2006 until most recent in 2019, consistently ranked Armenia better than all its neighboring countries (with one exception in 2011).{{Cite web|url=https://fragilestatesindex.org/data/|title=Global Data {{!}} Fragile States Index|website=fragilestatesindex.org|access-date=24 October 2019|archive-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715052132/https://fragilestatesindex.org/data/|url-status=live}} [351] => [352] => Armenia has universal [[suffrage]] above the age of eighteen.{{Cite web|title=Armenia 1995 (rev. 2005) Constitution - Constitute|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Armenia_2005?lang=en|access-date=2022-02-25|website=www.constituteproject.org|language=en}}{{Cite web|title=Archive —|url=https://aceproject.org/electoral-advice/archive/CDCountry?set_language=en&topic=VR&country=AM|access-date=2022-02-25|website=aceproject.org}} [353] => [354] => ===Foreign relations=== [355] => {{Main|Foreign relations of Armenia}} [356] => {{See also|Armenia–European Union relations|Armenia in the Council of Europe|Armenia–BSEC relations|Armenia–NATO relations|Armenia–OSCE relations|Armenia and the United Nations|Armenia–Russia relations|Armenia–Turkey relations|Armenia–United States relations}} [357] => [[File:Armen Sarkissian with Mike Pompeo.jpg|thumb|U.S. Secretary [[Mike Pompeo]] with Armenian President [[Armen Sarkissian]]]] [358] => Armenia became a member of the [[United Nations]] on 2 March 1992, and is a signatory to a number of its organizations and other international agreements. Armenia is also a member of international organisations such as the [[Council of Europe]], the [[Asian Development Bank]], the [[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development]], the [[European Political Community]], the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]], the [[Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]], the [[International Monetary Fund]], the [[World Trade Organization]], the [[World Customs Organization]], the [[Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation]] and [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|La Francophonie]]. It is a member of the [[Collective Security Treaty Organisation|CSTO]] military alliance, and also participates in [[NATO]]'s [[Partnership for Peace]] program and the [[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council]]. In 2004, its forces joined [[Kosovo Force|KFOR]], a NATO-led international force in [[Kosovo]]. Armenia is also an observer member of the [[Arab League]],{{cite web| title = Armenia invited as observer for Arab League| publisher = Azad Hye| date = 19 January 2005| url = http://azad-hye.blogspot.ca/2005/01/observer-status-for-armenia-in-arab.html| access-date = 20 May 2014| archive-date = 21 April 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170421002247/http://azad-hye.blogspot.ca/2005/01/observer-status-for-armenia-in-arab.html| url-status = live}} the [[Organization of American States]], the [[Pacific Alliance]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], and a dialogue partner in the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]. As a result of its historical ties to France, Armenia was selected to host the biennial [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|Francophonie summit]] in 2018.{{cite news |last1=Leblanc |first1=Daniel |title=Prime Minister Trudeau has last shot to help Michaëlle Jean stay on as Francophonie leader |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-prime-minister-trudeau-has-last-shot-to-help-michaelle-jean-stay-on-as/ |access-date=9 October 2018 |work=Globe and Mail |date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009065544/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-prime-minister-trudeau-has-last-shot-to-help-michaelle-jean-stay-on-as/ |archive-date=9 October 2018 |url-status=live }} [359] => [360] => Armenia has a difficult relation with neighbouring countries [[Armenia–Azerbaijan relations|Azerbaijan]] and [[Armenia–Turkey relations|Turkey]]. Tensions were running high between Armenians and Azerbaijanis during the final years of the [[Soviet Union]]. The [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict]] dominated the region's politics throughout the 1990s.{{cite web |title=Nagorno-Karabakh: The Crisis in the Caucasus |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/nagorno-karabakh-crisis-caucasus |access-date=4 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721165228/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9148/ |archive-date=21 July 2006 |url-status=live }} To this day, Armenia's borders with Turkey and Azerbaijan are under severe blockade. In addition, a permanent solution for the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has not been reached despite the mediation provided by organizations such as the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]]. [361] => [362] => Turkey also has a long history of poor relations with Armenia over its refusal to acknowledge the [[Armenian genocide]], even though it was one of the first countries to recognize the Republic of Armenia (the third republic) after its independence from the USSR in 1991. Despite this, for most of the 20th century and early 21st century, relations remain tense and there are no formal diplomatic relations between the two countries due to Turkey's refusal to establish them for numerous reasons. During the first Nagorno-Karabakh War, and citing it as the reason, Turkey closed its border with Armenia in 1993. It has not lifted its blockade despite pressure from the powerful Turkish business lobby interested in Armenian markets. [363] => [364] => [[File:Vladimir Putin and Nikol Pashinyan (2018-05-14) 02.jpg|thumb|left|Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] shakes hands with Armenian Prime Minister [[Nikol Pashinyan]].]] [365] => On 10 October 2009, Armenia and Turkey [[Zurich Protocols|signed protocols]] on the normalisation of relations, which set a timetable for restoring diplomatic ties and reopening their joint border.{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20091010/ts_nm/us_turkey_armenia_9 |title=Armenia and Turkey sign peace deal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014080048/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20091010/ts_nm/us_turkey_armenia_9 |archive-date=14 October 2009}} The ratification of those had to be made in the national parliaments. In Armenia, before sending the protocols to the parliament, it was sent to the Constitutional Court to have their [[constitutionality]] to be approved. The Constitutional Court made references to the preamble of the protocols underlying three main issues. One of them stated that the implementation of the protocols did not imply Armenia's official recognition of the existing Turkish-Armenian border established by the [[Treaty of Kars]]. By doing so, the Constitutional Court rejected one of the main premises of the protocols, i.e. "the mutual recognition of the existing border between the two countries as defined by relevant treaties of international law".{{cite web |author1=Nona Mikhelidze |title=The Turkish-Armenian Rapprochement at the Deadlock |url=https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iai1005.pdf |website=IAI Istituto Affari Internazionali |access-date=2 June 2020 |page=3 |date=5 March 2010 |archive-date=16 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516101433/http://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iai1005.pdf |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Protocol on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of. Turkey and the Republic of Armenia |url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/site_media/html/zurih-protokolleri-en.pdf |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726083609/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/site_media/html/zurih-protokolleri-en.pdf |url-status=live }} This was for the Turkish Government the reason to back down from the Protocols.{{cite web |title=Relations between Turkey and Armenia |url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-armenia.en.mfa |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726091256/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-armenia.en.mfa |url-status=live }} The Armenian President had made multiple public announcements, both in Armenia and abroad, that, as the leader of the political majority of Armenia, he assured the parliamentary ratification of the protocols if Turkey also ratified them. Despite this, the process stopped, as Turkey continuously added more preconditions to its ratification and also "delayed it beyond any reasonable time-period".{{citation needed|date=June 2020|reason=Unclear which preconditions were added by Turkey}} [366] => [367] => Due to its position between two hostile neighbours, Armenia has close security ties with Russia. At the request of the Armenian government, Russia maintains a [[Russian 102nd Military Base|military base]] in the city of [[Gyumri]] located in Northwestern Armenia [368] => {{cite news [369] => |title=Baku and Moscow – 'One Hundred Percent Strategic Partners' [370] => |publisher=Hetq Online [371] => |date=27 February 2006 [372] => |url=http://hetq.am/eng/print/10037/ [373] => |access-date=20 April 2008 [374] => |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701181240/http://hetq.am/eng/print/10037/ [375] => |archive-date=1 July 2016 [376] => |url-status=dead [377] => }} [378] => as a deterrent against Turkey.{{citation needed|date=April 2008}} Despite this, Armenia has also been looking toward [[European integration|Euro-Atlantic]] structures in recent years. Armenia maintains positive relations with the United States, which is home to the second largest [[Armenian diaspora]] community in the world. According to the [[United States Census|US Census Bureau]], there are 427,822 [[Armenian Americans]] in the country.{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=Ancestry Data |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |year=2006 |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804222046/http://www.census.gov/ |url-status=live }} [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm?Lang=E&T=501&GV=1&GID=0 The 2001 Canadian Census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409060848/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm?Lang=E&T=501&GV=1&GID=0 |date=9 April 2013 }} determined that there are 40,505 persons of Armenian ancestry currently living in Canada. However, these are liable to be low numbers, since people of mixed ancestry, very common in North America tend to be under-counted: the 1990 census US [https://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/language/table5.txt indicates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724134730/https://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/language/table5.txt |date=24 July 2017 }} 149,694 people who speak the Armenian language at home. {{cite web |url=http://www.armembassycanada.ca/diaspora/diaspora6.htm |archive-date=26 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826182306/http://www.armembassycanada.ca/diaspora/diaspora6.htm |title=The Armenian Embassy in Canada |url-status=dead |access-date=1 June 2016 }} estimates 1 million ethnic Armenians in the US and 100,000 in Canada. The Armenian Church of America makes [https://web.archive.org/web/20030202125735/http://www.armenianchurch.org/heritage/history/america.html a similar estimate]. By all accounts, over half of the Armenians in the United States live in California. [379] => [380] => [[File:Dmitry Medvedev at Armenian Genocide memorial-2.jpg|thumb|Russian President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] at the [[Tsitsernakaberd|Armenian Genocide memorial]] in Yerevan]] [381] => Because of the illicit border blockades by Azerbaijan and Turkey, Armenia continues to maintain solid relations with its southern neighbour Iran, especially in the economic sector. Economic projects are being developed between the two nations, including a gas pipeline going from Iran to Armenia. [382] => [383] => Armenia is a member of the Council of Europe and maintains close relations with the [[European Union]]; especially with its [[Member state of the European Union|member states]] France and Greece. In January 2002, the [[European Parliament]] noted that Armenia may enter the EU in the future.{{Citation | url = https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+REPORT+A5-2002-0028+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language=EN | title = European Parliament on the European Union's relations with the South Caucasus | access-date = 4 October 2020 | archive-date = 2 July 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200702131223/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-%2F%2FEP%2F%2FTEXT+REPORT+A5-2002-0028+0+DOC+XML+V0%2F%2FEN&language=EN | url-status = live }} A 2005 survey reported that 64% of Armenians favored joining the EU,{{cite web|url=http://www.armeniaforeignministry.am/news/inthenews/050107_eu.html |title=RFE/RL Caucasus Report |publisher=Armenian Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=7 January 2005 |access-date=22 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120111039/http://armeniaforeignministry.am/news/inthenews/050107_eu.html |archive-date=20 November 2010}} a move multiple Armenian officials have voiced support for.{{cite news|url=http://www.arminfo.am/political-issue22.html |title=Interview with RA National Assembly Speaker Artur Baghdasaryan |publisher=ArmInfo News Agency |date=26 October 2005 |access-date=22 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113164842/http://www.arminfo.am/political-issue22.html |archive-date=13 January 2009}} [384] => [385] => [[Armenian SSR|A former republic]] of the [[Soviet Union]] and an [[emerging democracy]], Armenia was negotiating to become an associate EU partner and had completed negotiations to sign an [[European Union Association Agreement|Association Agreement]] with a [[Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area]] with the EU in 2013. However, the government opted not to finalize [[EU–Armenia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement#Cancellation of Association Agreement|the agreement]], and instead joined the [[Eurasian Union|Eurasian Economic Union]].{{cite web|title = Eurasian Economic Commission|url = http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/Pages/default.aspx|website = www.eurasiancommission.org|access-date = 13 October 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151008032729/http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/Pages/default.aspx|archive-date = 8 October 2015|url-status=live|df = dmy-all}}{{cite web|title = ДОГОВОР О ПРИСОЕДИНЕНИИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ АРМЕНИЯ К ДОГОВОРУ О ЕВРАЗИЙСКОМ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОМ СОЮЗЕ ОТ 29 МАЯ 2014 ГОДА (Минск, 10 октября 2014 года)|url = http://www.customs-code.ru/pravovbaza/18429-dogovor-arm|website = www.customs-code.ru|access-date = 13 October 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141225011034/http://www.customs-code.ru/pravovbaza/18429-dogovor-arm|archive-date = 25 December 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}{{cite news|title=Armenia To Join Russian-Led Customs Union|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/armenia-customs-union/25094560.html|access-date=13 September 2013|date=3 September 2013|agency=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913013339/http://www.rferl.org/content/armenia-customs-union/25094560.html|archive-date=13 September 2013|url-status=live}} Despite this, Armenia and the EU finalized the [[Armenia-EU Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement]] (CEPA) on 24 November 2017. The agreement enhances the relationship between Armenia and the EU to a new partnership level, further develops cooperation in economic, trade and political areas, aims to improve investment climate, and is designed to bring [[Law of Armenia|Armenian law]] gradually closer to the [[Acquis communautaire|EU acquis]].{{Cite web|url=https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/36141/new-agreement-signed-between-european-union-and-armenia-set-bring-tangible-benefits-citizens_en |date=November 24, 2017 |title=New agreement signed between the European Union and Armenia set to bring tangible benefits to citizens |publisher=European Commission|website=EEAS |language=en|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116140943/https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/36141/new-agreement-signed-between-european-union-and-armenia-set-bring-tangible-benefits-citizens_en|archive-date=16 January 2018|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52017JC0037|title=Joint Proposal for a Council Decision on the conclusion, on behalf of the European Union, of the Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Armenia, of the other part |date=September 25, 2017 |website=EUR-Lex |access-date=16 September 2020|archive-date=5 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205075846/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52017JC0037|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.euneighbours.eu/en/east/stay-informed/news/eu-and-armenia-take-stock-comprehensive-and-enhanced-partnership-agreement|title=EU and Armenia take stock on Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement implementation |website=EU Neighbours |date=December 18, 2019 |access-date=16 September 2020|archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917004251/https://www.euneighbours.eu/en/east/stay-informed/news/eu-and-armenia-take-stock-comprehensive-and-enhanced-partnership-agreement|url-status=dead }} [386] => [387] => Legally speaking, Armenia has the right to be considered as a [[Potential enlargement of the European Union|prospective EU member]] provided it meets necessary standards and criteria, though officially such a plan does not exist in Brussels.{{cite web |url=http://www.libertas-institut.com/de/PDF/Armenia%20ante%20portas.pdf |title=How Armenia Could Approach the European Union |first1=Hans-Juergen |last1=Zahorka |website=Europäisches Institut GmbH |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428045333/http://www.libertas-institut.com/de/PDF/Armenia%20ante%20portas.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/10/955&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en |title=EU launches negotiations on Association Agreements with Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia |work=Europa (web portal) |date=15 July 2010 |access-date=21 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204144048/http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP%2F10%2F955&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en |archive-date=4 December 2011 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://news.am/eng/news/22489.html |title=Armenia-EU association agreement may be concluded shortly | Armenia News |publisher=News.am |access-date=21 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008143723/http://news.am/eng/news/22489.html |archive-date=8 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/delegations/armenia/press_corner/all_news/news/2010/20101215_01_en.htm |title=3rd Plenary Round of the EU–Armenia Negotiation on the Association Agreement |publisher=Ec.europa.eu |date=15 December 2010 |access-date=28 August 2012}} Armenia is included in the EU's [[European Neighbourhood Policy]] (ENP) and participates in both the [[Eastern Partnership]] and the [[Euronest Parliamentary Assembly]], which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer. [388] => [389] => Following the [[2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh]], Armenia's relations with a long-term ally Russia started to deteriorate. In February 2024, Armenian Prime Minister [[Nikol Pashinyan]] said that the CSTO "hasn't fulfilled its security obligations towards Armenia" and that "in practice we have basically frozen our participation in the CSTO".{{cite web |last1=Gavin |first1=Gabriel |title=Putin loses grip on member of his military alliance |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/putins-military-alliance-loses-a-member/ |website=Politico.eu |date=23 February 2024}} On 28 February 2024, during a speech made in the [[National Assembly (Armenia)|National Assembly]], Pashinyan further stated that the CSTO is "a threat to the national security of Armenia".{{Cite web |title=Pashinyan warns of potential de jure freeze of Armenia's activities in CSTO if the current process continues |url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1131379.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228183425/https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1131379.html |archive-date=2024-02-28 |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=[[Armenpress]]}} In March 2024, Armenia officially expelled Russian border guards from the [[Zvartnots International Airport]] in Yerevan.{{cite web |last1=Leven |first1=Denis |title=Armenia moves to expel Russian border guards from Yerevan's airport |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/armenia-foreign-minister-ararat-mirzoyan-russia-border-guards-yerevan-zvartnots-airport/ |website=Politico.eu |date=12 March 2024}} [390] => [391] => On 2 March 2024, Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan advised that Armenia would officially "apply to become a candidate for EU membership in the coming days, within a month at most".{{Cite web|url=https://en.trend.az/scaucasus/armenia/3869381.html|title=Armenia's bid for EU membership - Yerevan's shift away from Russia|website=trend.az|date=2 March 2024 }}{{Cite web|url=https://radar.am/en/news/press-2618720505/|title=Will Armenia apply to become a candidate for EU membership in the coming days?|website=radar.am}} On 5 March, Pashinyan stated that Armenia would apply for EU candidacy by Autumn 2024 at the latest.{{Cite web|url=https://hraparak.am/post/c1bb9ccbee31e8bfe4661e7849e99a75|title=NIKOL PASHINYAN SAID THAT YOU SHOULD APPLY TO BECOME A CANDIDATE FOR EU MEMBERSHIP BEFORE AUTUMN AT THE LATEST|website=hraparak.am}} On 8 March 2024, Armenian Foreign Minister [[Ararat Mirzoyan]] stated, "Armenia is seeking to get closer to the West amid worsening relations with Russia" and "New opportunities are largely being discussed in Armenia nowadays, that includes membership in the European Union".{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/armenia-mulling-eu-membership-application-foreign-minister-mirzoyan-says/|title=Armenia mulling EU membership application, foreign minister says|website=politico.eu|date=9 March 2024 }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/news/armenia-is-considering-seeking-eu-membership-foreign-minister-says/|title=Armenia is considering seeking EU membership, foreign minister says|website=euractiv.com}} [392] => [393] => ===Military=== [394] => {{Main|Armed Forces of Armenia}} [395] => {{See also|Military history of Armenia}} [396] => [[File:Armenian Air force (896484593).jpg|thumb|[[Armenian Air Force]] [[Su-25]]s during a military parade]] [397] => The [[Armenian Army]], [[Armenian Air Force|Air Force]], [[Armenian Air Force|Air Defence]], and [[Armenian Border Guard|Border Guard]] comprise the four branches of the Armed Forces of Armenia. The Armenian military was formed after the [[History of the Soviet Union (1985–91)|collapse of the Soviet Union]] in 1991 and with the establishment of the Ministry of Defence in 1992. The [[Commander-in-chief|Commander-in-Chief]] of the military is the [[Prime Minister of Armenia]], [[Nikol Pashinyan]]. The Ministry of Defence is in charge of political leadership, headed by [[David Tonoyan|Davit Tonoyan]], while military command remains in the hands of the general staff, headed by the [[Chief of the General Staff (Armenia)|Chief of Staff]], who is Lieutenant-General [[Onik Gasparyan]]. [398] => [399] => Active forces now number about 81,000 soldiers, with an additional [[Military reserve force|reserve]] of 32,000 troops. Armenian border guards are in charge of patrolling the country's borders with [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Azerbaijan]], while Russian troops continue to monitor its borders with Iran and Turkey. In the case of an attack, Armenia is able to mobilize every able-bodied man between the age of 15 and 59, with military preparedness.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} [400] => [401] => The [[Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe]], which establishes comprehensive limits on key categories of military equipment, was ratified by the Armenian parliament in July 1992. In March 1993, Armenia signed the multilateral [[Chemical Weapons Convention]], which calls for the eventual elimination of chemical weapons. Armenia acceded to the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] (NPT) as a non-nuclear weapons state in July 1993. Armenia is a member of the [[Collective Security Treaty Organisation]] (CSTO). Armenia also has an [[Individual Partnership Action Plan]] with [[NATO]] and it participates in NATO's [[Partnership for Peace]] (PiP) program and the [[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council]] (EAPC). [402] => [403] => ===Human rights and freedom=== [404] => {{Main|Human rights in Armenia}} [405] => [[File:Raffi-kojian 20180423 190358284.jpg|thumb|In April 2018, a quasi-authoritarian [[Serzh Sargsyan|regime]] collapsed as a result of a nationwide [[2018 Armenian revolution|protest movement in Armenia]].]] [406] => Human rights in Armenia tend to be better than those in most [[Post-Soviet states|former Soviet republics]] and have drawn closer to acceptable standards, especially economically.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Nonetheless, there are still several considerable problems. [407] => [408] => Armenia scored 5.63 on [[The Economist Democracy Index]], published in January 2023 (data for 2022). Although still classified as "[[hybrid regime]]", Armenia recorded the strongest improvement among European countries and reached its ever-best score since calculation began in 2006.{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/01/08/the-retreat-of-global-democracy-stopped-in-2018|title=The retreat of global democracy stopped in 2018|date=8 January 2019|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=9 January 2019|issn=0013-0613|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109053748/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/01/08/the-retreat-of-global-democracy-stopped-in-2018|archive-date=9 January 2019|url-status=live}} [409] => [410] => Armenia is classified as "partly free" in the 2019 report (with data from 2018) by [[Freedom House]], which gives it a score of 51 out of 100,{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/armenia|title=Armenia|date=31 January 2019|website=freedomhouse.org|language=en|access-date=6 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015026/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/armenia|archive-date=7 February 2019|url-status=live}} which is 6 points ahead of the previous estimate.{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/armenia|title=Armenia|website=freedomhouse.org|language=en|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206073546/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/armenia|archive-date=6 February 2018|url-status=live}} [411] => [412] => Armenia recorded unprecedented progress in the 2019 [[Press Freedom Index|World Press Freedom Index]] published by [[Reporters Without Borders]], improving its position by 19 points and ranking 61st on the list. The publication also confirms the absence of cases of killed journalists, citizen journalists or media assistants.{{Cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/armenia|title=Armenia : A revolution live-streamed {{!}} Reporters without borders|website=RSF|language=en|access-date=18 April 2019|archive-date=23 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423152125/https://rsf.org/en/armenia|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/971810/|title=Armenia improves positions in World Press Freedom Index by 19 points: Pashinyan confident in continuation of progress|website=armenpress.am|language=en|access-date=18 April 2019|archive-date=18 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418151639/https://armenpress.am/eng/news/971810/|url-status=live}} [413] => [414] => Armenia ranks 26th in the 2022 report of The Human Freedom Index published by the American [[CATO Institute]] and Canada's [[Fraser Institute]].{{Cite news|url=https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/2023-01/human-freedom-index-2022.pdf|title=The Human Freedom Index 2023|work=Fraser Institute|access-date=22 June 2023|url-status=live |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622140033/https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/2023-01/human-freedom-index-2022.pdf }} [415] => [416] => Armenia ranked 29th for economic freedom and 76th for personal freedom among 159 countries in the 2017 [[List of freedom indices|Human Freedom Index]] published by the [[Cato Institute]].{{Cite web|url=https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/human-freedom-index-files/2017-human-freedom-index-country-profiles.pdf|title=COUNTRY PROFILES|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185410/https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/human-freedom-index-files/2017-human-freedom-index-country-profiles.pdf|archive-date=26 January 2018|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.cato.org/human-freedom-index|title=Human Freedom Index|work=Cato Institute|access-date=26 January 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201014922/https://www.cato.org/human-freedom-index|archive-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live}} [417] => [418] => These classifications may improve when data from 2018, including the period of the [[2018 Armenian Velvet Revolution|velvet revolution]] and thereafter, is analyzed.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} [419] => [420] => In October 2023 Armenia ratified signing the [[Rome statute]], whereby Armenia will become a full member of the [[International Criminal Court]].{{cite web |title=The Armenian Parliament ratified the Rome Statute. What was it necessary for? |url=https://jam-news.net/armenia-ratified-the-rome-statute/ |date=3 October 2023}} [421] => [422] => ===Administrative divisions=== [423] => {{Main|Administrative divisions of Armenia}} [424] => {{Armenia Labelled Map|float=right}} [425] => [[File:Գեղարդ.jpg|thumb|[[Geghard]] monastery, [[Kotayk Province]]]] [426] => Armenia is divided into ten [[Administrative divisions of Armenia|provinces]] (''marzer'', singular ''marz''), with the city (''kaghak'') of [[Yerevan]] ({{lang|hy|Երևան}}) having special administrative status as the country's capital. The chief executive in each of the ten provinces is the ''marzpet'' (''marz'' governor), appointed by the government of Armenia. In Yerevan, the chief executive is the mayor, elected since 2009. [427] => [428] => Within each province there are [[List of municipalities of Armenia|communities]] (''hamaynkner'', singular ''hamaynk''). Each community is self-governing and consists of one or more settlements (''bnakavayrer'', singular ''bnakavayr''). Settlements are classified as either towns (''kaghakner'', singular ''kaghak'') or villages (''gyugher'', singular ''gyugh''). {{As of|2007}}, Armenia includes 915 communities, of which 49 are considered urban and 866 are considered rural. The capital, Yerevan, also has the status of a community.{{cite web |title=Regional Administration Bodies |url=http://www.gov.am/en/regions/ |publisher=The Government of the Republic of Armenia |access-date=11 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211012350/http://www.gov.am/en/regions |archive-date=11 February 2012 |url-status=live }} Additionally, Yerevan is divided into twelve semi-autonomous districts. [429] => [430] => {|class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;" [431] => |- style="font-size:100%; text-align:left;" [432] => !colspan="2"|Province [433] => !colspan="2"|Capital [434] => ! Area (km2) [435] => ! Population † [436] => |- [437] => |[[Aragatsotn Province|Aragatsotn]] ||{{lang|hy|Արագածոտն}} [438] => |[[Ashtarak]] ||{{lang|hy|Աշտարակ}} [439] => |style="text-align:right"|2,756 [440] => |style="text-align:right"|132,925 [441] => |- [442] => |[[Ararat Province|Ararat]] ||{{lang|hy|Արարատ}} [443] => |[[Artashat, Armenia|Artashat]] ||{{lang|hy|Արտաշատ}} [444] => |style="text-align:right"|2,090 [445] => |style="text-align:right"|260,367 [446] => |- [447] => |[[Armavir Province|Armavir]] ||{{lang|hy|Արմավիր}} [448] => |[[Armavir, Armenia|Armavir]] ||{{lang|hy|Արմավիր}} [449] => |style="text-align:right"|1,242 [450] => |style="text-align:right"|265,770 [451] => |- [452] => |[[Gegharkunik Province|Gegharkunik]]   ||{{lang|hy|Գեղարքունիք}}   [453] => |[[Gavar]] ||{{lang|hy|Գավառ}} [454] => |style="text-align:right"|5,349 [455] => |style="text-align:right"|235,075 [456] => |- [457] => |[[Kotayk Province|Kotayk]] ||{{lang|hy|Կոտայք}} [458] => |[[Hrazdan]] ||{{lang|hy|Հրազդան}} [459] => |style="text-align:right"|2,086 [460] => |style="text-align:right"|254,397 [461] => |- [462] => |[[Lori Province|Lori]] ||{{lang|hy|Լոռի}} [463] => |[[Vanadzor]] ||{{lang|hy|Վանաձոր}} [464] => |style="text-align:right"|3,799 [465] => |style="text-align:right"|235,537 [466] => |- [467] => |[[Shirak Province|Shirak]] ||{{lang|hy|Շիրակ}} [468] => |[[Gyumri]] ||{{lang|hy|Գյումրի}} [469] => |style="text-align:right"|2,680 [470] => |style="text-align:right"|251,941 [471] => |- [472] => |[[Syunik Province|Syunik]] ||{{lang|hy|Սյունիք}} [473] => |[[Kapan]] ||{{lang|hy|Կապան}} [474] => |style="text-align:right"|4,506 [475] => |style="text-align:right"|141,771 [476] => |- [477] => |[[Tavush]] ||{{lang|hy|Տավուշ}} [478] => |[[Ijevan]] ||{{lang|hy|Իջևան}} [479] => |style="text-align:right"|2,704 [480] => |style="text-align:right"|128,609 [481] => |- [482] => |[[Vayots Dzor]] ||{{lang|hy|Վայոց Ձոր}} [483] => |[[Yeghegnadzor]]   ||{{lang|hy|Եղեգնաձոր}}   [484] => |style="text-align:right"|2,308 [485] => |style="text-align:right"|52,324 [486] => |- [487] => |[[Yerevan]] ||{{lang|hy|Երևան}} [488] => |style="text-align:center"|– ||style="text-align:center"|– [489] => |style="text-align:right"|223 [490] => |style="text-align:right"|1,060,138 [491] => |} [492] => † 2011 census
Sources: Area and population of provinces.{{cite web|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99475033.pdf|title=Armstat:Provinces, area and population|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010144321/http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99475033.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}} [493] => [494] => ==Economy== [495] => {{Main|Economy of Armenia}} [496] => The economy relies heavily on investment and support from Armenians abroad.{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/19/AR2007101901471.html |title=Armenian Eyes, Ears on US Genocide Vote |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=19 October 2007 |access-date=7 July 2009 |first=Avet |last=Demourian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425123241/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/19/AR2007101901471.html |archive-date=25 April 2010 |url-status=live }} Before independence, Armenia's economy was largely industry-based – [[chemical substance|chemicals]], [[electronics]], machinery, [[food processing|processed food]], [[synthetic rubber]], and textile – and highly dependent on outside resources. The republic had developed a modern [[Secondary sector of the economy|industrial sector]], supplying [[machine tool]]s, textiles, and other [[Final goods|manufactured goods]] to sister republics in exchange for raw materials and energy. [497] => [498] => Agriculture accounted for less than 20% of both [[net material product]] and [[Full employment|total employment]] before the [[History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)|dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991. After independence, the importance of agriculture in the economy increased markedly, its share at the end of the 1990s rising to more than 30% of GDP and more than 40% of total employment.Z. Lerman and A. Mirzakhanian, ''Private Agriculture in Armenia'', Lexington Books, Lanham, MD, 2001. This increase in the importance of agriculture was attributable to food security needs of the population in the face of uncertainty during the first phases of [[transition economy|transition]] and the collapse of the non-agricultural sectors of the economy in the early 1990s. As the economic situation stabilised and growth resumed, the share of agriculture in GDP dropped to slightly over 20% (2006 data), although the share of agriculture in employment remained more than 40%.[http://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=179 Statistical Yearbook 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003060915/http://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=179 |date=3 October 2008 }}, Armenia National Statistical Service, Yerevan [499] => [500] => [[File:Mount Ararat and the Yerevan skyline.jpg|thumb|[[Yerevan]] is the economic and cultural centre of Armenia.]] [501] => Armenian mines produce copper, zinc, gold, and lead. The vast majority of energy is produced with fuel imported from Russia, including gas and nuclear fuel (for its one nuclear power plant); the main domestic energy source is hydroelectric. Small deposits of coal, gas, and petroleum exist but have not yet been developed. [502] => [503] => Access to [[biocapacity]] in Armenia is lower than world average. In 2016, Armenia had 0.8 global hectares {{cite web|url=http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=1&type=BCpc,EFCpc|title=Country Trends|publisher=Global Footprint Network|access-date=24 June 2020|archive-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808050235/http://data.footprintnetwork.org/#/countryTrends?cn=1&type=BCpc,EFCpc|url-status=live}} of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.{{Cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=David |last2=Hanscom |first2=Laurel |last3=Murthy |first3=Adeline |last4=Galli |first4=Alessandro |last5=Evans |first5=Mikel |last6=Neill |first6=Evan |last7=Mancini |first7=MariaSerena |last8=Martindill |first8=Jon |last9=Medouar |first9=FatimeZahra |last10=Huang |first10=Shiyu |last11=Wackernagel |first11=Mathis |date=2018 |title=Ecological Footprint Accounting for Countries: Updates and Results of the National Footprint Accounts, 2012-2018 |journal=Resources |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=58 |doi=10.3390/resources7030058 |doi-access=free}} In 2016 Armenia used 1.9 global hectares of biocapacity per person—their [[ecological footprint]] of consumption. This means they use double as much biocapacity as Armenia contains. As a result, Armenia is running a biocapacity deficit. [504] => [505] => Like other [[Post-Soviet states|newly independent states]] of the former Soviet Union, Armenia's economy suffers from the breakdown of former Soviet trading patterns. Soviet investment in and support of Armenian industry has virtually disappeared, so that few major enterprises are still able to function. In addition, the effects of the [[1988 Armenian earthquake|1988 Spitak earthquake]], which killed more than 25,000 people and made 500,000 homeless, are still being felt. The conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh has not been resolved. Shutdown of the nuclear power plant in 1989 lead to the [[Armenian energy crisis of 1990s]]. The GDP fell nearly 60% between 1989 and 1993, but then resumed robust growth after the power plant was reopened in 1995. The national currency, the dram, suffered hyperinflation for the first years after its introduction in 1993. [506] => [507] => Nevertheless, the government was able to make wide-ranging economic reforms that paid off in dramatically lower inflation and steady growth. The 1994 ceasefire in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has also helped the economy. Armenia has had strong economic growth since 1995, building on the turnaround that began the previous year, and inflation has been negligible for the past several years. New sectors, such as precious-stone processing and jewelry making, information and communication technology and [[Tourism in Armenia|tourism]] are beginning to supplement more traditional sectors of the economy, such as agriculture.{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/armenia-becoming-world-class-hiking-destination-180965096/|title=How Armenia Plans to Become the Next World-Class Hiking Destination|first=Laura|last=Kiniry|access-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205000848/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/armenia-becoming-world-class-hiking-destination-180965096/|archive-date=5 February 2018|url-status=live}} [508] => [509] => This steady economic progress has earned Armenia increasing support from international institutions. The [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), [[World Bank]], [[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (EBRD), and other [[Global financial system|international financial institutions]] (IFIs) and foreign countries are extending considerable grants and loans. Loans to Armenia since 1993 exceed $1.1 billion. These loans are targeted at reducing the budget deficit and stabilising the currency; developing private businesses; energy; agriculture; food processing; transportation; the health and education sectors; and ongoing rehabilitation in the earthquake zone. The government joined the World Trade Organization on 5 February 2003. But one of the main sources of foreign direct investments remains the Armenian diaspora, which finances major parts of the reconstruction of infrastructure and other public projects. Being a growing democratic state, Armenia also hopes to get more financial aid from the Western World. [510] => [511] => A liberal foreign investment law was approved in June 1994, and a law on privatization was adopted in 1997, as well as a program of state property privatization. Continued progress will depend on the ability of the government to strengthen its macroeconomic management, including increasing revenue collection, improving the investment climate, and making strides against corruption. However, unemployment, which was 18.5% in 2015,{{cite web|url=http://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=126&id=08010|title=Unemployment Armenia|publisher=Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|access-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507095233/http://www.armstat.am/en/?id=08010&nid=126|archive-date=7 May 2016|url-status=live}} still remains a major problem due to the influx of thousands of refugees from the Karabakh conflict. [512] => [513] => In 2017, the economy grew by 7.5% due to rising copper prices. [514] => [515] => In 2022, Armenia's GDP stood at $39.4 billion, and enjoyed an economic freedom index of 65.3, according to Heritage Organisation.{{cite web |date= |publisher=Heritage Organisation |title=Index of Economic Freedom: Armenia |url=https://www.heritage.org/index/country/armenia |access-date=12 October 2022 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828191141/https://www.heritage.org/index/country/armenia |url-status=dead }} [516] => [517] => The Armenian economy is predicted to grow by 13% in 2022 due to a huge influx of Russian citizens.{{Cite web |title=The head of the Central Bank of Armenia hopes for economic growth at the end of the year by 13% |url=https://www.akm.ru/eng/news/the-head-of-the-central-bank-of-armenia-hopes-for-economic-growth-at-the-end-of-the-year-by-13/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=AKM EN |date=20 October 2022 |language=en}} The IMF's preliminary forecast as of March 2022 predicted growth of 1.5% for the year.{{Cite web |date=2022-03-18 |title=IMF slashes forecast for Armenian economic growth for 2022 |url=https://www.intellinews.com/imf-slashes-forecast-for-armenian-economic-growth-for-2022-238495/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=www.intellinews.com |language=en}} [518] => [519] => ===Science and technology=== [520] => {{Main|Science and technology in Armenia}} [521] => Research spending is low in Armenia, averaging 0.25% of GDP over 2010–2013. However, the statistical record of research expenditure is incomplete, as expenditure by privately owned business enterprises is not surveyed in Armenia. The world average for domestic expenditure on research was 1.7% of GDP in 2013.{{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf|title=Countries in the Black Sea basin. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030|last1=Erocal|first1=Deniz|last2=Yegorov|first2=Igor|publisher=UNESCO|year=2015|isbn=978-92-3-100129-1|location=Paris|pages=324–41|access-date=13 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630025557/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf|archive-date=30 June 2017|url-status=live}} [522] => [523] => [[File:GERD GDP ratio for the Black Sea countries, 2001–2013.svg|thumb|Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) to GDP ratio for the Black Sea countries, 2001–2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 12.3.]] [524] => The country's ''Strategy for the Development of Science 2011–2020'' envisions that 'by 2020, Armenia is a country with a knowledge-based economy and is competitive within the European Research Area with its level of basic and applied research.' It fixes the following targets: [525] => * Creation of a system capable of sustaining the development of science and technology; [526] => * Development of scientific potential, modernization of scientific infrastructure; [527] => * Promotion of basic and applied research; [528] => * Creation of a synergistic system of education, science and innovation; and [529] => * Becoming a prime location for scientific specialization in the European Research Area. [530] => Based on this strategy, the accompanying ''Action Plan'' was approved by the government in June 2011. It defines the following targets: [531] => * Improve the management system for science and technology and create the requisite conditions for sustainable development; [532] => * Involve more young, talented people in education and research, while upgrading research infrastructure; [533] => * Create the requisite conditions for the development of an integrated national innovation system; and [534] => * Enhance international co-operation in research and development. [535] => [[File:GERD in the Black Sea region by sector of performance, 2005 and 2013.svg|thumb|GERD in the Black Sea region by sector of performance, 2005 and 2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 12.5.]] [536] => Although the ''Strategy'' clearly pursues a 'science push' approach, with public research institutes serving as the key policy target, it nevertheless mentions the goal of establishing an innovation system. However, the main driver of innovation, the business sector, is not mentioned. In between publishing the ''Strategy'' and ''Action Plan'', the government issued a resolution in May 2010 on ''Science and Technology Development Priorities for 2010–2014''. These priorities are: [537] => * Armenian studies, humanities and social sciences; [538] => * Life sciences; [539] => * Renewable energy, new energy sources; [540] => * Advanced technologies, information technologies; [541] => * Space, Earth sciences, sustainable use of natural resources; and [542] => * Basic research promoting essential applied research. [543] => The Law on the National Academy of Sciences was adopted in May 2011. This law is expected to play a key role in shaping the Armenian innovation system. It allows the National Academy of Sciences to extend its business activities to the commercialization of research results and the creation of spin-offs; it also makes provision for restructuring the National Academy of Sciences by combining institutes involved in closely related research areas into a single body. Three of these new centres are particularly relevant: the Centre for Biotechnology, the Centre for Zoology and Hydro-ecology and the Centre for Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. [544] => [545] => The government is focusing its support on selected industrial sectors. More than 20 projects have been cofunded by the State Committee of Science in targeted branches: pharmaceuticals, medicine and biotechnology, agricultural mechanization and machine building, electronics, engineering, chemistry and, in particular, the sphere of information technology. [546] => [547] => Over the past decade, the government has made an effort to encourage science–industry linkages. The Armenian information technology sector has been particularly active: a number of public–private partnerships have been established between companies and universities, in order to give students marketable skills and generate innovative ideas at the interface of science and business. Examples are Synopsys Inc. and the Enterprise Incubator Foundation. Armenia was ranked 72nd in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2023, down from 64th in 2019.{{Cite book |last=WIPO |title=Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=www.wipo.int |date=18 April 2024 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |doi=10.34667/tind.46596 |isbn=978-92-805-3432-0 |language=en}}{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=dead}} [548] => [549] => ==Demographics== [550] => {{Main|Demographics of Armenia|Armenians}} [551] => [[File:Bevölkerungspyramide Armenien 2016.png|thumb|Population pyramid 2016]] [552] => Armenia has a population of 2,932,731 as of 2022{{Cite web |title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022 / Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia |url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=www.armstat.am}} and is the third most densely populated of the former Soviet republics.{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=ny_gdp_mktp_cd&dl=en#!ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=en_pop_dnst&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:ARM:GEO:AZE:MDA:KAZ:BLR:EST:LVA:LTU:RUS:TJK:TKM:UKR:UZB&ifdim=region&tstart=319579200000&tend=1455652800000&dl=en&ind=false|title=World Development Indicators – Google Public Data Explorer|website=www.google.com|access-date=17 February 2018|archive-date=4 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004180229/https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=ny_gdp_mktp_cd&dl=en#!ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=en_pop_dnst&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:ARM:GEO:AZE:MDA:KAZ:BLR:EST:LVA:LTU:RUS:TJK:TKM:UKR:UZB&ifdim=region&tstart=319579200000&tend=1455652800000&dl=en&ind=false|url-status=live}} There has been a problem of [[population decline]] due to elevated levels of [[emigration]] after the break-up of the [[USSR]].{{cite web|last=Paul |first=Amanda |title=Armenia's disappearing population |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-251720-armenias-disappearing-population.html |access-date=27 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727030616/http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-251720-armenias-disappearing-population.html |archive-date=27 July 2011 |url-status=dead }} In the past years emigration levels have declined and some population growth is observed since 2012.{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=ny_gdp_mktp_cd&dl=en#!ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sp_pop_grow&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:ARM&ifdim=region&tstart=319579200000&tend=1455652800000&dl=en&ind=false|title=World Development Indicators – Google Public Data Explorer|website=www.google.com|access-date=17 February 2018|archive-date=4 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004180235/https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=ny_gdp_mktp_cd&dl=en#!ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sp_pop_grow&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:ARM&ifdim=region&tstart=319579200000&tend=1455652800000&dl=en&ind=false|url-status=live}} [553] => [554] => [[File:ArmenianDiaspora.png|thumb|The [[Armenian diaspora|Armenian population around the world]]]] [555] => Armenia has [[Armenian diaspora|a relatively large external diaspora]] (8 million by some estimates, greatly exceeding the 3 million population of Armenia itself), with communities existing across the globe. The largest Armenian communities outside of Armenia can be found in Russia, France, Iran, the United States, Georgia, Syria, Lebanon, Australia, Canada, Greece, Cyprus, Israel, Poland, Ukraine and Brazil. 40,000 to 70,000 Armenians still live in Turkey (mostly in and around [[Istanbul]]).{{cite web [556] => |last=Turay [557] => |first=Anna [558] => |title=Tarihte Ermeniler [559] => |publisher=Bolsohays:Istanbul Armenians Like many other ethnicities [[Armenians in India]] too have played a role historically and had an impact historically. Today however the community has been reduced to about a hundred living in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. [560] => |url=http://www.bolsohays.com/webac.asp?referans=1 [561] => |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209171028/http://www.bolsohays.com/webac.asp?referans=1 [562] => |archive-date=9 February 2008 [563] => |access-date=4 January 2007 [564] => |url-status=live [565] => }} [566] => [567] => About 1,000 Armenians reside in the [[Armenian Quarter]] in the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]] of [[Jerusalem]], a remnant of a once-larger community.{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/geo/armenianq.html|encyclopedia=[[Jewish Virtual Library]]|title=Jerusalem – The Old City: The Armenian Quarter|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121182041/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_%26_Culture/geo/armenianq.html|archive-date=21 November 2008|url-status=live}} Italy is home to the [[San Lazzaro degli Armeni]], an island located in the [[Venetian Lagoon]], which is completely occupied by a monastery run by the [[Mechitarists]], an [[Armenian Catholic Church|Armenian Catholic]] congregation.{{cite web|url=http://europeforvisitors.com/venice/articles/san_lazzaro_degli_armeni.htm |title=San Lazzaro degli Armeni – Venice for Visitors |publisher=Europeforvisitors.com |access-date=30 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122040326/http://europeforvisitors.com/venice/articles/san_lazzaro_degli_armeni.htm |archive-date=22 November 2010 |url-status=live }} Approximately 139,000 Armenians lived in the de facto independent country [[Republic of Artsakh]] where they formed a majority before 1 October 2023, when almost the entire population of the region had fled to Armenia.{{cite news |title=Nagorno-Karabakh almost empty as most of population flees to Armenia |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/europe/20230930-nagorno-karabakh-almost-empty-as-most-of-population-flees-to-armenia |date=September 30, 2023 |publisher=Radio France Internationale |access-date=September 30, 2023 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002020258/https://www.rfi.fr/en/europe/20230930-nagorno-karabakh-almost-empty-as-most-of-population-flees-to-armenia |url-status=live }}{{cite web|url=http://www.stat-nkr.am/2002_2007/0_2%20himcuc_6-10.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331153541/http://www.stat-nkr.am/2002_2007/0_2%20himcuc_6-10.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2010 |title=Population in Nagorno-Karabakh 2007 |publisher=National Statistical Service of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic |access-date=22 July 2009 |url-status=dead }} [568] => [569] => ===Cities=== [570] => {{See also|Municipalities of Armenia}} [571] => {{Largest cities [572] => | country = Armenia [573] => | stat_ref = Armenia 2011 census{{Cite web|url=http://armstat.am/file/doc/99482223.pdf|title=Kotayk}}[http://armstat.am/file/doc/99483943.pdf Vayots Dzor]{{Cite web|url=http://armstat.am/file/doc/99483283.pdf|title=Syunik}}[http://armstat.am/file/doc/99485583.pdf Shirak][http://armstat.am/file/doc/99485708.pdf Lori][http://armstat.am/file/doc/99481713.pdf Gegharkunik][http://armstat.am/file/doc/99486683.pdf Armavir][http://armstat.am/file/doc/99485653.pdf Ararat]{{Cite web|url=http://armstat.am/file/doc/99485218.pdf|title=Yerevan}}{{Excessive citations inline|date=March 2022}} [574] => | list_by_pop = [575] => | div_name = Province [576] => | div_link = [577] => | city_1 = Yerevan | div_1 = Yerevan | pop_1 = 1,060,138 | img_1 = Երեւան.JPG [578] => | city_2 = Gyumri | div_2 = Shirak Province{{!}}Shirak | pop_2 = 121,976 | img_2 = Gyumri (historical center).jpg [579] => | city_3 = Vanadzor | div_3 = Lori Province{{!}}Lori | pop_3 = 86,199 | img_3 = Hayq_Square,_Vanadzor.jpg [580] => | city_4 = Vagharshapat | div_4 = Armavir Province{{!}}Armavir | pop_4 = 46,540 | img_4 = Things-to-do-in-Etchmiadzin-Armenia-Vagharshapat-1.jpg [581] => | city_5 = Abovyan | div_5 = Kotayk Province{{!}}Kotayk | pop_5 = 43,495 [582] => | city_6 = Kapan | div_6 = Syunik Province{{!}}Syunik | pop_6 = 43,190 [583] => | city_7 = Hrazdan | div_7 = Kotayk Province{{!}}Kotayk | pop_7 = 41,875 [584] => | city_8 = Armavir, Armenia{{!}}Armavir | div_8 = Armavir Province{{!}}Armavir | pop_8 = 29,319 [585] => | city_9 = Artashat, Armenia{{!}}Artashat | div_9 = Ararat Province{{!}}Ararat |pop_9 = 22,269 [586] => | city_10 = Ijevan | div_10 = Tavush Province{{!}}Tavush | pop_10 = [http://armstat.am/file/doc/99484283.pdf Tavush] 21,081 [587] => | city_11 = Gavar | div_11 = Gegharkunik Province{{!}}Gegharkunik | pop_11 = 20,765 [588] => | city_12 = Goris | div_12 = Syunik Province{{!}}Syunik | pop_12 = 20,591 [589] => | city_13 = Charentsavan | div_13 = Kotayk Province{{!}}Kotayk | pop_13 = 20,363 [590] => | city_14 = Ararat, Armenia{{!}}Ararat | div_14 = Ararat Province{{!}}Ararat | pop_14 = 20,235 [591] => | city_15 = Masis, Armenia{{!}}Masis | div_15 = Ararat Province{{!}}Ararat | pop_15 = 20,215 [592] => | city_16 = Ashtarak | div_16 = Aragatsotn Province{{!}}Aragatsotn | pop_16 = {{Cite web|url=http://armstat.am/file/doc/99487293.pdf|title=Aragatsotn}} 19,615 [593] => | city_17 = Artik | div_17 = Shirak Province{{!}}Shirak | pop_17 = 19,534 [594] => | city_18 = Sevan, Armenia{{!}}Sevan | div_18 = Gegharkunik Province{{!}}Gegharkunik | pop_18 = 19,229 [595] => | city_19 = Dilijan | div_19 = Tavush Province{{!}}Tavush | pop_19 = 17,712 [596] => | city_20 = Sisian | div_20 = Syunik Province{{!}}Syunik | pop_20 = 14,894 [597] => }} [598] => [599] => ===Ethnic groups=== [600] => {{See also|Ethnic minorities in Armenia}} [601] => [[File:Armenian distribution map.png|thumb|'''Historical and modern distribution of Armenians.
'''Settlement area of Armenians in early 20th century:
{{legend inline|#967117|>50%}}{{nbsp|5}}{{legend inline|#FFA700|25–50%}}{{nbsp|5}}{{legend inline|#FBEC5D|<25%}}{{legend|#FF0000|Armenian settlement area today}}]] [602] => Ethnic [[Armenians]] make up 98.1% of the population. [[Yazidi]]s make up 1.1%, and Russians 0.5%. Other minorities include [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Ukrainians]], [[Pontic Greeks|Greeks]] (usually called [[Caucasus Greeks]]), [[Kurdish people|Kurds]], [[Georgians]], [[Belarusians]], and [[History of the Jews in Armenia|Jews]]. There are also smaller communities of [[Vlachs]], [[Mordvins]], [[Ossetians]], [[Udi people|Udis]], and [[Tat people (Caucasus)|Tats]]. Minorities of [[Polish people|Poles]] and [[Caucasus Germans]] also exist though they are heavily [[Russification|Russified]].{{Cite book |first1=Garnik|last1=Asatryan|first2=Victoria|last2=Arakelova|title=The Ethnic Minorities of Armenia|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2002 }}, part of the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]] As of 2022, there are 31,077 Yazidis in Armenia.{{cite web |last1= |first1= |date= |title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022 |url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=1 Feb 2022 |website=ArmStat}} [603] => [604] => During the [[Soviet era]], [[Azerbaijanis]] were historically the second largest population in the country, numbering 76,550 in 1922,{{cite journal |author=|date=15 December 1925|title=The Transcaucasian Soviet Federation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fkHjAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA497|journal=Russian Review|volume=3|issue=24|pages=498|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=The Russian Information Bureau|access-date=20 April 2022}} and forming about 2.5% in 1989.{{in lang|ru}} [http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=13 The All-Union Population Census of 1989] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104081804/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=13 |date=4 January 2012 }}. ''Demoscope.ru'' However, due to the conflict over [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], virtually all of them emigrated from Armenia to Azerbaijan. Conversely, Armenia received a large influx of Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan, thus giving Armenia a more homogeneous character. [605] => [606] => According to Gallup research conducted in 2017 Armenia has one of the highest migrant acceptance (welcoming) rates in eastern Europe.{{Cite news|url=http://news.gallup.com/poll/216377/new-index-shows-least-accepting-countries-migrants.aspx?g_source=link_newsv9&g_campaign=item_224375&g_medium=copy|title=New Index Shows Least-, Most-Accepting Countries for Migrants|work=Gallup.com|access-date=19 January 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119175602/http://news.gallup.com/poll/216377/new-index-shows-least-accepting-countries-migrants.aspx?g_source=link_newsv9&g_campaign=item_224375&g_medium=copy|archive-date=19 January 2018|url-status=live}} [607] => [608] => ===Languages=== [609] => {{Main|Languages of Armenia}} [610] => [[File:THE ARMENIAN ALPHABET, OSHAKAN, ARMENIA.jpg|thumb|upright|Armenian-language writing]] [611] => Armenians have their own distinct [[Armenian alphabet|alphabet]] and [[Armenian language|language]],Charles Dowsett, E. Peters. ''Sayat'-Nova. An 18th-century Troubadour: a Biographical and Literary Study''. Peeters Publishers, 1997 {{ISBN|90-6831-795-4}}; p. xv which is the only official language. The alphabet was invented {{circa|AD 405}} by [[Mesrop Mashtots]] and consists of thirty-nine letters, three of which were added during the [[Kingdom of Cilicia|Cilician period]].{{cite book|last1=Hacikyan|first1=Agop Jack|author-link1=Agop Jack Hacikyan|last2=Basmajian|first2=Gabriel|last3=Franchuk|first3=Edward S.|last4=Ouzounian|first4=Nourhan|title=The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the Oral Tradition to the Golden Age|year=2000|publisher=Wayne State University Press|location=Detroit|isbn=9780814328156|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uvA-oV0alP8C&pg=PA91 91]}} The main foreign languages that Armenians know are Russian and English. Due to its Soviet past, most of the old population can speak Russian quite well. According to a 2013 survey, 95% of Armenians said they had some knowledge of Russian (24% advanced, 59% intermediate) compared to 40% who said they knew some English (4% advanced, 16% intermediate and 20% beginner). However, more adults (50%) think that English should be taught in public secondary schools than those who prefer Russian (44%).{{cite web|title=The South Caucasus Between The EU and the Eurasian Union|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/publications/pdfs/CAD-51-52.pdf|work=Caucasus Analytical Digest #51–52|publisher=Forschungsstelle Osteuropa, Bremen and Center for Security Studies, Zürich|access-date=3 July 2013|pages=22–23|date=17 June 2013|issn=1867-9323|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210003/http://www.css.ethz.ch/publications/pdfs/CAD-51-52.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=dead}} [612] => [613] => ===Religion=== [614] => {{Main|Religion in Armenia}} [615] => [[File:Kohrvirab.jpg|thumb|The 7th-century [[Khor Virap]] monastery in the shadow of [[Mount Ararat]], the peak on which [[Noah's Ark]], is said to have landed during the [[Genesis flood narrative|biblical flood]].]] [616] => [[File:PortalEchmiazin1.jpg|thumb|upright|Portal to the ''Holy City'' at Echmiazin, the seat of the Catholicos]] [617] => Armenia was the first nation to adopt [[Christianity]] as a [[state religion]], an event traditionally dated to AD 301.{{cite web |url=http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/neareast/f/1stchristian.htm |title=Armenia – Which Nation First Adopted Christianity? |publisher=Ancienthistory.about.com |date=29 October 2009 |access-date=25 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918080327/http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/neareast/f/1stchristian.htm |archive-date=18 September 2012 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.visitarmenia.org/ |title=Visit Armenia, It is Beautiful |publisher=Visitarmenia.org |access-date=25 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328005031/http://www.visitarmenia.org/ |archive-date=28 March 2010 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://www.welcomearmenia.com/main.php?page=armeniainformation&sid=104&lang=eng |title=Armenia Information – Welcome to Armenia |publisher=Welcomearmenia.com |access-date=25 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206222352/http://www.welcomearmenia.com/main.php?page=armeniainformation&sid=104&lang=eng |archive-date=6 February 2010 |url-status=dead }} [618] => [619] => The predominant [[religion in Armenia]] is Christianity. Its roots go back to the 1st century AD, when it was founded by two of Jesus' twelve [[Twelve Apostles|apostles]] – [[Jude the Apostle|Thaddaeus]] and [[Bartholomew the Apostle|Bartholomew]] – who preached Christianity in Armenia between AD 40–60. [620] => [621] => Over 93% of Christians in Armenia belong to the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]],{{cite web|title=Armenian Census 2011|url=http://armstat.am/file/article/sv_03_13a_520.pdf|access-date=25 October 2015|page=7|language=hy}}{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/|title=CIA – The World Factbook – Armenia |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=8 August 2020}} which is in communion only with the churches comprising [[Oriental Orthodoxy#Oriental Orthodox Communion|Oriental Orthodoxy]]—of which it is itself a member. [622] => [623] => The [[Catholic Church]] maintains jurisdictions of both the [[Latin Church]] and [[Armenian Catholic Church]] in Armenia. Of note are the [[Mechitarists]] (also spelled "Mekhitarists" {{lang-hy|Մխիթարեան}}), a congregation of [[Order of Saint Benedict|Benedictine]] monks in the Armenian Catholic Church, founded in 1712 by [[Mekhitar of Sebaste]]. They are best known for their series of scholarly publications of ancient [[Armenians|Armenian]] versions of otherwise lost ancient Greek texts. [624] => [625] => The [[Armenian Evangelical Church]] has several thousand members throughout the country. [626] => [627] => Other Christian denominations in Armenia are the Pentecostal branches of Protestant community such as the Word of Life, the [[Armenian Brotherhood Church]],{{cite web |url=http://abcy.org/ |title=Armenian Brotherhood Church of Yerevan |access-date=31 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331181252/http://abcy.org/ |archive-date=31 March 2014 |url-status=live}} the [[Baptists]] (which are known as one of the oldest existing denominations in Armenia, and were permitted by the authorities of the Soviet Union),{{cite web |url=http://armbaplife.am/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825192643/http://www.armbaplife.am/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 August 2007 |title=Armenian Evangelical Christian Baptist |publisher=Armbaplife.am |access-date=28 August 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://goodnewsadvertising.com/biblical_recorder.pdf |title=Despite poverty, Baptists prosper in Armenia |work=[[Biblical Recorder]] |publisher=Baptist State convention of North Carolina |date=17 July 2004 |access-date=28 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119232701/http://www.goodnewsadvertising.com/biblical_recorder.pdf |archive-date=19 November 2008}} and [[Presbyterians]].{{cite news |url=http://highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79125406.html |title=Armenian Presbyterian Church to Commemorate 1700th Anniversary of Christianity in Armenia with Concert and Khachkar Dedication |work=The Armenian Reporter |date=20 October 2001 |access-date=21 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510012451/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79125406.html |archive-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=dead}} [628] => [629] => Armenia is also home to a [[Russians in Armenia|Russian]] community of [[Molokan]]s which practice a form of Spiritual Christianity originated from the Russian Orthodox Church.{{cite book|last1=Lane|first1=Christel|title=Christian religion in the Soviet Union: a sociological study|date=1978|publisher=State univ. of New York P.|location=Albany|isbn=978-0-87395-327-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/christianreligio0000lane_y2b9/page/107 107]|url=https://archive.org/details/christianreligio0000lane_y2b9|url-access=registration|access-date=27 August 2015}} [630] => [631] => The Yazidis, who live in the western part of the country, practice [[Yazidism]].{{cite web|url=http://www.minorities-network.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/The-ethnic-minorities-of-Armenia.pdf|title=The Ethnic Minorities of Armenia|date=2002|location=Yerevan}} The world's largest Yazidi temple, [[Quba Mêrê Dîwanê]], was completed in 2019{{cite news |last= Bardi|first=Ariel Sophia|date=11 November 2019|title=Inside the world's biggest Yazidi temple in Armenia|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2019/11/11/inside-the-worlds-biggest-yazidi-temple-in-armenia| newspaper=Al Jazeera}} in the village of [[Aknalich]]. [632] => [633] => There is a [[History of the Jews in Armenia|Jewish community in Armenia]] of approximately 750 people since independence with most emigrants leaving for Israel. There are currently two synagogues in Armenia – one in the capital, Yerevan, and the other in the city of [[Sevan (city)|Sevan]] located near [[Lake Sevan]]. [634] => [635] => ===Health care=== [636] => {{Main|Health in Armenia}} [637] => [638] => Healthcare in Armenia has undergone significant changes since independence in 1991. Initially, the Soviet healthcare system was highly centralized and provided free medical assistance to all citizens. After independence, the healthcare system underwent reform and primary care services have been free of charge since 2006. Despite improvements in accessibility and the implementation of an Open Enrollment program, out-of-pocket health expenditures remain high and corruption among healthcare professionals remains a concern.{{Cite news|url=https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29938027.html|title = Minister Cautious About Corruption in Healthcare| newspaper=«Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» Ռադիոկայան | date=13 May 2019 | last1=Badalian | first1=Susan }} In 2019, healthcare became free for all citizens under the age of 18 and the number of people receiving free or subsidized care under the Basic Benefits Package was increased.[https://evnreport.com/magazine-issues/armenia-s-basic-benefits-package-and-universal-health-insurance-systems/ Armenia's Basic Benefits Package and Universal Health Insurance Systems][https://emerging-europe.com/news/armenia-to-introduce-free-healthcare-for-the-under-18s/ Armenia to introduce free healthcare for the under-18s] [639] => [640] => After a significant decline in earlier decades, crude{{efn|Crude rates are not age-adjusted.}} birth rates in Armenia slightly increased from 13.0 (per 1000 people) in the year 1998 to 14.2 in 2015;{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sp_dyn_cbrt_in&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:ARM&idim=region:ECS&ifdim=region&hl=en&dl=en&ind=false|title=Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)|website=www.google.com|access-date=2018-02-24}} this timeframe also showed a similar trajectory in the crude death rate, which grew from 8.6 to 9.3.{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sp_dyn_cdrt_in&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:ARM&idim=region:ECS&ifdim=region&hl=en&dl=en&ind=false|title=Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)|website=www.google.com|access-date=2018-02-24}} [[Life expectancy|Life expectancy at birth]] at 74.8 years was the 4th-highest among the [[Post-Soviet states]] in 2014.{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=c&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sp_dyn_le00_in&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&idim=country:ARM:GEO:BLR:LVA:LTU:RUS:AZE:KAZ:MDA:TJK:TKM:UZB:EST:UKR:KGZ&ifdim=country:region:ECS&tunit=Y&pit=1424721600000&hl=en&dl=en&ind=false&icfg|title=Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)|website=www.google.com|access-date=2018-02-24}} [641] => [642] => ===Education=== [643] => [[File:Old building of Yerevan State University2.jpg|thumb|[[Yerevan State University]] building]] [644] => {{Main|Education in Armenia|List of universities in Armenia}} [645] => In medieval times, the [[University of Gladzor]] and [[Tatev Monastery#Tatev University|University of Tatev]] took an important role for Armenian education.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} [646] => [647] => A literacy rate of 100% was reported as early as 1960.Curtis, Glenn E. and Ronald G. Suny. "Education". [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/amtoc.html Armenia: A Country Study] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912060405/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/amtoc.html |date=12 September 2009 }}. [[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] (March 1994). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.'' [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|In the communist era]], Armenian education followed the standard Soviet model of complete state control (from Moscow) of [[curriculum|curricula]] and teaching methods and close integration of education activities with other aspects of society, such as politics, culture, and the economy. [648] => [649] => In the 1988–89 school year, 301 students per 10,000 were in specialized secondary or higher education, a figure slightly lower than the Soviet average. In 1989, some 58% of Armenians over age fifteen had completed their secondary education, and 14% had a higher education. In the 1990–91 school year, the estimated 1,307 primary and secondary schools were attended by 608,800 students. Another seventy specialised secondary institutions had 45,900 students, and 68,400 students were enrolled in a total of ten postsecondary institutions that included universities. In addition, 35% of eligible children attended [[preschool education|preschools]]. In 1992 Armenia's largest institution of higher learning, [[Yerevan State University]], had eighteen departments, including ones for social sciences, sciences, and law. Its faculty numbered about 1,300 teachers and its student population about 10,000 students. The [[National Polytechnic University of Armenia]] is operating since 1933. [650] => [651] => In the early 1990s, Armenia made substantial changes to the centralised and regimented Soviet system. Because at least 98% of students in higher education were Armenian, curricula began to emphasise [[History of Armenia|Armenian history]] and culture. [[Armenian language|Armenian]] became the dominant language of instruction, and many schools that had taught in Russian closed by the end of 1991. Russian was still widely taught, however, as a second language. [652] => [653] => In 2014, the National Program for Educational Excellence embarked on creating an internationally competitive and academically rigorous alternative educational program (the Araratian Baccalaureate) for Armenian schools and increasing the importance and status of the teacher's role in society.{{cite web|url=http://araratbaccalaureate.am/en/about-us|title=About us|website=araratbaccalaureate.am|access-date=2 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202130722/http://araratbaccalaureate.am/en/about-us|archive-date=2 February 2018|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://foundation.ayb.am/frontend/images/ck/files/Armenia%20Araratian%20Baccalaureate%20Briefing.pdf|title=The Araratian Baccalaureate: A guide for universities|access-date=2 February 2018|archive-date=4 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004180225/https://foundation.ayb.am/frontend/images/ck/files/Armenia%20Araratian%20Baccalaureate%20Briefing.pdf|url-status=live}} [654] => [655] => The Ministry of Education and Science is responsible for regulation of the sector. Primary and secondary education in Armenia is free, and completion of secondary school is compulsory. Higher education in Armenia is harmonized with the [[Bologna Process|Bologna process]] and the [[European Higher Education Area]]. The [[Armenian National Academy of Sciences]] plays an important role in postgraduate education. [656] => [657] => Schooling takes 12 years in Armenia and breaks down into primary (4 years), middle (5 years) and high school (3 years). Schools engage a 10-grade mark system. The government also supports [[List of Armenian schools#Schools outside Armenia|Armenian schools outside of Armenia]]. [658] => [659] => Gross enrollment in [[tertiary education]] at 44% in 2015 surpassed peer countries of the South Caucasus but remained below the average for Europe and Central Asia.{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=school_enrollment&fdim_y=education_level:4&fdim_y=gross_net:1&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=region:ECS&idim=country:ARM:GEO:AZE&ifdim=region&tstart=888264000000&tend=1424721600000&dl=en&ind=false|title=Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)|website=www.google.com|access-date=24 February 2018}} However, public spending per student in tertiary education in GDP-ratio terms is one of the lowest for post-USSR countries (for which data was available).{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=expenditure_per_student&fdim_y=education_level:4&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=region:ECS&idim=country:ARM:RUS:LVA:AZE:BLR:EST:GEO:KAZ:KGZ:MDA:TJK:UKR&ifdim=region&tstart=888264000000&tend=1424721600000&dl=en&ind=false|title=Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)|website=www.google.com|access-date=24 February 2018}} [660] => {{clear left}} [661] => [662] => ==Culture== [663] => {{main|Culture of Armenia}} [664] => [665] => ===Architecture=== [666] => {{main|Armenian architecture}} [667] => {{multiple image [668] => |total_width = 650 [669] => |image1 = Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg [670] => |image2 = -Այրիվանք կամ Գեղարդ.jpg [671] => |image3 = Երերույքի Տաճար 05.jpg [672] => |image4 = 2023.03.24 Haghpat monastery 193.jpg [673] => |image5 = Armenien, Thalin, Kathedrale.jpg [674] => |image6 = Jerevan - Armenië (2892629248).jpg [675] => |footer = [[Etchmiadzin Cathedral]], [[Geghard]], [[Yererouk]], [[Haghpat Monastery]], [[Talin Cathedral]], [[Saint Hripsime Church]]. [676] => }} [677] => Armenian architecture, as it originates in an earthquake-prone region, tends to be built with this hazard in mind. Armenian buildings tend to be rather low-slung and thick-walled in design. Armenia has abundant resources of stone, and relatively few forests, so stone was nearly always used throughout for large buildings. Small buildings and most residential buildings were normally constructed of lighter materials, and hardly any early examples survive, as at the abandoned medieval capital of [[Ani]].{{cite web |url=http://armenianstudies.csufresno.edu/arts_of_armenia/architecture.htm |title=Arts of Armenia (Architecture) |website=armenianstudies.csufresno.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215053413/http://armenianstudies.csufresno.edu:80/arts_of_armenia/architecture.htm |archive-date=2015-02-15}} [678] => [679] => ===Music and dance=== [680] => {{main|Music of Armenia}} [681] => {{multiple image [682] => |total_width = 510 [683] => |image1 = Djivan Gasparyan 2009.jpg [684] => |image2 = Sirusho Harutyunyan at Eurovision 2008 8.jpg [685] => |image3 = 2014.06.23. Charles Aznavour Fot Mariusz Kubik 09.jpg [686] => |footer = [[Djivan Gasparyan]] (left), [[Sirusho]] (middle), and [[Charles Aznavour]] (right) are among the most popular musicians of Armenia. [687] => }} [688] => Armenian music is a mix of indigenous folk music, perhaps best-represented by [[Djivan Gasparyan]]'s well-known [[duduk]] music, as well as light pop, and extensive [[Christian music]]. [689] => [690] => Instruments like the duduk, [[dhol]], [[zurna]], and [[Kanun (instrument)|kanun]] are commonly found in Armenian folk music. Artists such as [[Sayat Nova]] are famous due to their influence in the development of Armenian folk music. One of the oldest types of Armenian music is the [[Armenian chant]] which is the most common kind of religious music in Armenia. Many of these chants are ancient in origin, extending to pre-Christian times, while others are relatively modern, including several composed by Saint Mesrop Mashtots, the inventor of the Armenian alphabet. Whilst under [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] rule, the Armenian classical music composer [[Aram Khatchaturian]] became internationally well known for his music, for various ballets and the [[Sabre Dance]] from his composition for the ballet [[Gayane (ballet)|Gayane]]. [691] => [692] => The Armenian Genocide caused widespread emigration that led to the settlement of Armenians in various countries in the world. Armenians kept to their traditions and certain diasporans rose to fame with their music. In the post-genocide Armenian community of the United States, the so-called "kef" style Armenian dance music, using Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments (often electrified/amplified) and some western instruments, was popular. This style preserved the folk songs and dances of [[Western Armenia]], and many artists also played the contemporary popular songs of Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries from which the Armenians emigrated. [693] => [694] => [[File:Armeniapedia dance2.jpg|thumb|Traditional [[Armenian dance]]]] [695] => [[Richard Hagopian]] is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional "kef" style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 1940s and 1950s for developing their own style of "kef music" heavily influenced by the popular American [[Big Band]] Jazz of the time. Later, stemming from the Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and influenced by Continental European (especially French) pop music, the Armenian pop music genre grew to fame in the 1960s and 1970s with artists such as [[Adiss Harmandian]] and [[Harout Pamboukjian]] performing to the Armenian diaspora and Armenia; also with artists such as [[Sirusho]], performing pop music combined with Armenian folk music in today's entertainment industry. [696] => [697] => Other Armenian diasporans that rose to fame in classical or international music circles are world-renowned [[List of French-Armenians|French-Armenian]] singer and composer [[Charles Aznavour]], pianist [[Sahan Arzruni]], prominent opera sopranos such as [[Hasmik Papian]] and more recently [[Isabel Bayrakdarian]] and [[Anna Kasyan]]. Certain Armenians settled to sing non-Armenian tunes such as the heavy metal band [[System of a Down]] (which nonetheless often incorporates traditional Armenian instrumentals and styling into their songs) or pop star [[Cher]]. In the Armenian diaspora, [[Armenian Revolutionary Songs|Armenian revolutionary songs]] are popular with the youth. These songs encourage Armenian patriotism and are generally about Armenian history and national heroes. [698] => [699] => ===Art=== [700] => {{main|Armenian art}} [701] => {{see also|List of museums in Armenia}} [702] => [[File:Khachkar-raffi kojian-IMG 0513.JPG|thumb|upright|Ancient Armenian [[Khachkar]]s (cross-stones)]] [703] => [[Yerevan Vernissage]] (arts and crafts market), close to Republic Square, bustles with hundreds of vendors selling a variety of crafts on weekends and Wednesdays (though the selection is much reduced mid-week). The market offers woodcarving, antiques, fine lace, and the hand-knotted wool carpets and kilims that are a Caucasus speciality. [[Obsidian]], which is found locally, is crafted into assortment of jewellery and ornamental objects. Armenian gold smithery enjoys a long tradition, populating one corner of the market with a selection of gold items. Soviet relics and souvenirs of recent Russian manufacture – nesting dolls, watches, enamel boxes and so on – are also available at the Vernisage. [704] => [705] => Across from the Opera House, a popular art market fills another city park on the weekends. Armenia's long history as a crossroads of the [[ancient history|ancient world]] has resulted in a landscape with innumerable fascinating [[archaeological site]]s to explore. [[Middle Ages|Medieval]], [[Iron Age]], [[Bronze Age]] and even [[Stone Age]] sites are all within a few hours drive from the city. All but the most spectacular remain virtually undiscovered, allowing visitors to view churches and fortresses in their original settings. [706] => [707] => [[File:Zabel return.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Isabella, Queen of Armenia|Queen Zabel]]'s Return to the Palace'', [[Vardges Sureniants]] (1909)]] [708] => The National Art Gallery in Yerevan has more than 16,000 works that date back to the [[Middle Ages]], which indicate Armenia's rich tales and stories of the times. It houses paintings by many [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European]] masters as well. The Modern Art Museum, the Children's Picture Gallery, and the [[Martiros Saryan]] Museum are only a few of the other noteworthy collections of fine art on display in Yerevan. Moreover, many private galleries are in operation, with many more opening every year, featuring rotating exhibitions and sales. [709] => [710] => On 13 April 2013, the Armenian government announced a change in law to allow [[freedom of panorama]] for 3D works of art.{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=4717 |title=Legislation: National Assembly of Armenia |publisher=Parliament.am |access-date=26 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701073128/http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=4717 |archive-date=1 July 2015 |url-status=live}} [711] => [712] => ===Media=== [713] => {{Main|Media of Armenia}} [714] => Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on [[advertising]], [[subscription]], and other sales-related revenues. The [[Constitution of Armenia]] guarantees freedom of speech and Armenia ranks 61st in the 2020 [[Press Freedom Index]] report compiled by [[Reporters Without Borders]], between [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and Poland.{{cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/armenia|work=Reporters Without Borders|date=14 October 2020 | title=2020 Press Freedom report}} Armenia's press freedom rose considerably following the 2018 Velvet Revolution.{{cite journal|last1=Stefes|first1=C.|last2=Paturyan|first2=Yevgenya J.|title=After the Revolution: State, Civil Society, and Democratization in Armenia and Georgia|doi=10.3389/fpos.2021.719478|date=25 August 2021|journal=Frontiers in Political Science|volume=3 |doi-access=free }} [715] => [716] => As of 2020, the biggest issue facing press freedom in Armenia is judicial harassment of journalists, specifically defamation suits and attacks on journalists' right to protect sources,[https://rsf.org/en/news/concern-about-judicial-harassment-armenias-media "Concern about judicial harassment of Armenia's media"]. Reporters Without Borders. February 18, 2020. as well as excessive responses to combat disinformation spread by social media users. Reporters Without Borders also cites continued concerns about lack of transparency regarding ownership of media outlets. [717] => [718] => ===Cinema=== [719] => {{Main|Cinema of Armenia}} [720] => Cinema in Armenia was born on 16 April 1923, when the Armenian State Committee of Cinema was established by a decree of the Soviet Armenian government. [721] => [722] => However, the first Armenian film with Armenian subject called "Haykakan Sinema" was produced earlier in 1912 in [[Cairo]] by Armenian-Egyptian publisher Vahan Zartarian. The film was premiered in Cairo on 13 March 1913.Armenian Cinema 100, by [[Artsvi Bakhchinyan]], Yerevan, 2012, pp. 111–112 [723] => [724] => In March 1924, the first Armenian film studio; ''[[Armenfilm]]'' ({{lang-hy|Հայֆիլմ}} "Hayfilm", {{lang-ru|Арменкино}} "Armenkino") was established in Yerevan, starting with a [[documentary film]] called ''Soviet Armenia''. [725] => [726] => ''[[Namus (film)|Namus]]'' was the first Armenian [[silent film|silent]] [[black-and-white]] film, directed by [[Hamo Beknazarian]] in 1925, based on a play of [[Alexander Shirvanzade]], describing the ill fate of two lovers, who were engaged by their families to each other since childhood, but because of violations of ''[[namus]]'' (a tradition of honor), the girl was married by her father to another person. The first [[sound film]], ''[[Pepo (film)|Pepo]]'' was shot in 1935 and directed by [[Hamo Beknazarian]]. [727] => [728] => ===Cuisine=== [729] => {{Main|Armenian cuisine}} [730] => [[File:Gandzak Armenia Wine.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Armenian wine]]]] [731] => Armenian cuisine is closely related to eastern and [[Mediterranean cuisine]]; various [[spice]]s, [[vegetable]]s, [[fish]], and [[fruit]]s combine to present unique dishes. The main characteristics of Armenian cuisine are a reliance on the quality of the ingredients rather than heavily spicing food, the use of herbs, the use of wheat in a variety of forms, of legumes, nuts, and fruit (as a main ingredient as well as to sour food), and the stuffing of a wide variety of leaves. [732] => [733] => The [[pomegranate]], with its symbolic association with fertility, represents the nation. The [[apricot]] is the national fruit. [734] => [735] => ===Sport=== [736] => {{Main|Sport in Armenia|Chess in Armenia}} [737] => [[File:Armenia vs Portugal, 13 June 2015, V. Sargsyan Rep. Stad. Yerevan (7).jpg|thumb|The [[Vazgen Sargsyan Republican Stadium]] in Yerevan]] [738] => [[File:Ireland Armenia teams.jpg|thumb|The [[Armenia national football team]] in Dublin, Ireland]] [739] => [[File:Levon Aronian 2011.jpg|thumb|upright|Chess Grandmaster [[Levon Aronian]] is a former [[FIDE]] No. 2 rated player and the [[Comparison of top chess players throughout history#Elo system|fourth-highest rated player in history]].]] [740] => [[File:Tigran Petrosian 1962.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Tigran Petrosyan]] 9th [[World Chess Champion]]]] [741] => A wide array of sports are played in Armenia, the most popular among them being wrestling, weightlifting, judo, association football, chess, and boxing. Armenia's mountainous terrain provides great opportunities for the practice of sports like skiing and climbing. Being a landlocked country, water sports can only be practised on lakes, notably [[Lake Sevan]]. Competitively, Armenia has been successful in chess, weightlifting and wrestling at the international level. Armenia is also an active member of the international sports community, with full membership in the Union of European Football Associations ([[UEFA]]) and International Ice Hockey Federation ([[IIHF]]). It also hosts the [[Pan-Armenian Games]]. [742] => [743] => Prior to 1992, Armenians would participate in the Olympics representing the USSR. As part of the Soviet Union, Armenia was very successful, winning plenty of medals and helping the USSR win the medal standings at the Olympics on numerous occasions. The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by [[Hrant Shahinyan]] (sometimes spelled as Grant Shaginyan), who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the [[1952 Summer Olympics]] in Helsinki. To highlight the level of success of Armenians in the Olympics, Shahinyan was quoted as saying: [744] => [745] => "Armenian sportsmen had to outdo their opponents by several notches for the shot at being accepted into any Soviet team. But those difficulties notwithstanding, 90 percent of Armenian athletes on Soviet Olympic teams came back with medals."{{cite web |url=https://www.armenianow.com/features/6903/ambassadors_in_sport_independent |title=Ambassadors in Sport?: Independent Armenia far below the glory of Soviet times on the pitch, mat |publisher=[[ArmeniaNow]] |date=15 December 2006 |access-date=27 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128074613/https://www.armenianow.com/features/6903/ambassadors_in_sport_independent |archive-date=28 January 2018 |url-status=live}} [746] => [747] => Armenia first participated at the [[1992 Summer Olympics]] in Barcelona under a unified CIS team, where it was very successful, winning three golds and one silver in weightlifting, wrestling and sharp shooting, despite only having five athletes. Since the [[1994 Winter Olympics]] in [[Lillehammer]], Armenia has participated as an independent nation. [748] => [749] => Armenia participates in the Summer Olympic Games in boxing, wrestling, weightlifting, judo, gymnastics, track and field, diving, swimming and sharp shooting. It also participates in the Winter Olympic Games in alpine skiing, cross-country skiing and figure skating. [750] => [751] => [[Football in Armenia|Football]] is also popular in Armenia. The most successful team was the [[FC Ararat Yerevan]] team of the 1970s who won the [[Soviet Cup]] in 1973 and 1975 and the [[Soviet Top League 1973|Soviet Top League]] in 1973. The latter achievement saw FC Ararat gain entry to the [[1974–75 European Cup|European Cup]] where – despite a home victory in the second leg – they lost on aggregate at the quarter-final stage to eventual winner [[FC Bayern Munich]]. Armenia competed internationally as part of the [[USSR national football team]] until the [[Armenian national football team]] was formed in 1992 after the split of the Soviet Union. Armenia have never qualified for a major tournament although recent improvements saw the team to achieve 44th position in the [[FIFA World Rankings]] in September 2011. The national team is controlled by the [[Football Federation of Armenia]]. The [[Armenian Premier League]] is the highest level football competition in Armenia, and has been dominated by [[FC Pyunik]] in recent seasons. The league currently consists of eight teams and relegates to the [[Armenian First League]]. [752] => [753] => Armenia and the Armenian diaspora have produced many successful footballers, including [[Henrikh Mkhitaryan]], [[Youri Djorkaeff]], [[Alain Boghossian]], [[Andranik Eskandarian]], [[Andranik Teymourian]], [[Edgar Manucharyan]] and [[Nikita Simonyan]]. Djokaeff and Boghossian won the [[1998 FIFA World Cup]] with [[France national football team|France]], Teymourian competed in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006 World Cup]] for [[Iran national football team|Iran]] and Manucharyan played in the Dutch [[Eredivisie]] for [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]]. Mkhitaryan has been one of the most successful Armenian footballers in recent years, playing for international clubs such as [[Borussia Dortmund]], [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], [[A.S. Roma]] and currently for [[Inter Milan]].{{Cite news |title=Inter Milan sign Mkhitaryan on free transfer |language=en-GB |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/62021631 |access-date=2023-09-21}} [754] => [755] => [[Wrestling]] has been a successful sport in the Olympics for Armenia. At the [[Armenia at the 1996 Summer Olympics|1996 Summer Olympics]] in [[Atlanta]], [[Armen Nazaryan]] won the gold in the Men's [[Greco-Roman wrestling|Greco-Roman]] Flyweight (52 kg) category and [[Armen Mkrtchyan]] won the silver in Men's [[Freestyle wrestling|Freestyle]] Paperweight (48 kg) category, securing Armenia's first two medals in its Olympic history. [756] => [757] => Traditional Armenian wrestling is called Kokh and practised in traditional garb; it was one of the influences included in the Soviet combat sport of [[Sambo (martial art)|Sambo]], which is also very popular.{{cite book|editor= Thomas A. Green|title=Martial arts of the world: en encyclopedia|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1-57607-150-2|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=v32oHSE5t6cC&pg=PA718 718]}} [758] => [759] => The [[Politics of Armenia|government of Armenia]] budgets about $2.8 million annually for sports and gives it to the National Committee of Physical Education and Sports, the body that determines which programs should benefit from the funds. [760] => [761] => Due to the lack of success lately on the international level, in recent years, Armenia has rebuilt 16 Soviet-era sports schools and furnished them with new equipment for a total cost of $1.9 million. The rebuilding of the regional schools was financed by the Armenian government. $9.3 million has been invested in the resort town of [[Tsaghkadzor]] to improve the [[winter sport]]s infrastructure because of dismal performances at recent [[winter sport]]s events. In 2005, a cycling centre was opened in [[Yerevan]] with the aim of helping produce world class Armenian cyclists. The government has also promised a cash reward of $700,000 to Armenians who win a gold medal at the Olympics. [762] => [763] => Armenia has also been very successful in chess, winning the [[World Team Chess Championship|World Champion]] in 2011 and the [[Chess Olympiad|World Chess Olympiad]] on three occasions.{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004j7zg |title=Armenia: the cleverest nation on earth |publisher=[[BBC World Service]] |date=18 October 2009 |access-date=28 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024030523/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004j7zg |archive-date=24 October 2017 |url-status=live }} [764] => [765] => ==See also== [766] => {{Portal|Asia|Europe}} [767] => * [[Armenians]] [768] => * [[History of Armenia]] [769] => * [[Index of Armenia-related articles]] [770] => * [[List of people on coins of Armenia]] [771] => * [[Outline of Armenia]] [772] => [773] => ==Explanatory notes== [774] => {{notelist}} [775] => {{reflist|group=pron>}} [776] => [777] => ==Source attribution== [778] => * {{Free-content attribution [779] => | title = UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 [780] => | author = UNESCO [781] => | publisher = UNESCO Publishing [782] => | page numbers = 324–26 [783] => | source = [784] => | documentURL = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf [785] => | license statement URL = [786] => | license = CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 [787] => }} [788] => [789] => ==Citations== [790] => {{reflist}} [791] => {{reflist|group=pronunciation}} [792] => [793] => ===Sources=== [794] => * {{EI2 |last1=Canard |first1=Marius |author-link1=Marius Canard |last2=Cahen |first2=Claude |author-link2=Claude Cahen |title=Armīniya |volume=1 |pages=634–640 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0064}} [795] => [796] => ==External links== [797] => {{Sister project links|voy=Armenia|Armenia}} [798] => * {{Twitter}} [799] => * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/ Armenia]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. [800] => * {{curlie|Regional/Asia/Armenia}} [801] => * {{Wikiatlas|Armenia}} [802] => * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AM Key Development Forecasts for Armenia] from [[International Futures]] [803] => * [http://www.armeniapedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Armeniapedia.org] [804] => * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17398605 Armenia profile] from the [[BBC News]] [805] => [806] => {{Armenia topics}} [807] => {{Navboxes [808] => |title=Articles related to Armenia [809] => |list= [810] => {{Armenian nationalism}} [811] => {{Administrative divisions of Armenia|state=collapsed}} [812] => {{Cities and towns in Armenia}} [813] => {{World Heritage Sites in Armenia}} [814] => {{Intangible Cultural Heritage in Armenia}} [815] => {{Navboxes [816] => |title=[[File:Gnome-globe.svg|25px]]{{Spaces}}Geographic locale [817] => |list= [818] => {{Countries and regions of the Caucasus}} [819] => {{Countries of Asia}} [820] => {{Sovereign states of Europe}} [821] => }} [822] => {{Navboxes [823] => |title=International membership [824] => |list= [825] => {{Armenia ties}} [826] => {{Council of Europe}} [827] => {{Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)|state=collapsed}} [828] => {{Eurasian Economic Union (EEU)}} [829] => {{European Political Community}} [830] => {{La Francophonie|state=collapsed}} [831] => {{OSCE}} [832] => {{Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)}} [833] => {{Shanghai Cooperation Organization}} [834] => {{World Trade Organization}}}} [835] => {{National personifications}} [836] => {{States with limited recognition}} [837] => }} [838] => {{Authority control}} [839] => [840] => [[Category:Armenia| ]] [841] => [[Category:Armenian-speaking countries and territories]] [842] => [[Category:Caucasus]] [843] => [[Category:Christian states]] [844] => [[Category:Countries in Asia]] [845] => [[Category:Countries in Europe]] [846] => [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [847] => [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [848] => [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States]] [849] => [[Category:Member states of the Council of Europe]] [850] => [[Category:Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union]] [851] => [[Category:Member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization]] [852] => [[Category:Republics]] [853] => [[Category:South Caucasus]] [854] => [[Category:States and territories established in 1918]] [855] => [[Category:States and territories established in 1991]] [856] => [[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1920]] [857] => [[Category:West Asian countries]] [] => )
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Armenia

Armenia is a country located in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. It is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and Azerbaijan's exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.

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It is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and Azerbaijan's exclave of Nakhchivan to the south. The country is known for its rich history, dating back to ancient times, and is considered the cradle of civilization due to the existence of several ancient kingdoms on its territory. The modern state of Armenia was established in 1991, following the collapse of the Soviet Union. The country has since undergone political, social, and economic changes, and is now a democratic republic. It has a parliamentary system of government and its capital and largest city is Yerevan. Armenia has a diverse landscape, with mountains, valleys, and rivers dominating its scenery. It is home to Mount Ararat, a national symbol and the highest peak in the region. The climate varies from Mediterranean to continental, making it suitable for a wide range of agricultural activities, including the cultivation of grapes, fruits, and vegetables. Armenia has a rich cultural heritage, strongly influenced by its past as a crossroads of different civilizations. The country is known for its traditional music, dance, and cuisine, as well as its unique architecture, including ancient churches and monasteries. It is also famous for being the first nation to adopt Christianity as its state religion in the early 4th century. Despite its small size and geographical challenges, Armenia has made significant contributions in various fields, ranging from science and technology to sports and arts. The country has a highly educated workforce and has produced many notable individuals, including scientists, artists, writers, and musicians. However, Armenia also faces several challenges, including unresolved conflicts with neighboring countries, economic difficulties, and emigration of its population. The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict with Azerbaijan remains a major issue, and the country has also been affected by the global economic downturn and political instability in the region. Overall, Armenia is a country with a rich history, cultural heritage, and natural beauty. It continues to strive for stability, development, and global recognition while cherishing its ancient traditions and values.

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