Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Branch of medical science that applies biological and physiological principles to clinical practice}} [1] => {{For|the pharmaceutical company|BioMedicines (company)}} [2] => {{See also|Biomedical sciences}} [3] => [4] => '''Biomedicine''' (also referred to as '''Western medicine''', '''mainstream medicine''' or '''conventional medicine''')"[https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/biomedicine Biomedicine]." NCI Dictionary of Cancer Medicine. [[National Cancer Institute]]. is a branch of [[medicine|medical science]] that applies biological and physiological principles to [[clinical practice]]. Biomedicine stresses standardized, evidence-based treatment validated through biological research, with treatment administered via formally trained doctors, nurses, and other such licensed practitioners.{{cite journal |last1=Quirke |first1=Viviane |last2=Gaudillière |first2=Jean-Paul |title=The Era of Biomedicine: Science, Medicine, and Public Health in Britain and France after the Second World War |journal=Medical History |date=October 2008 |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=441–452 |doi=10.1017/s002572730000017x |pmid=18958248 |pmc=2570449 }} [5] => [6] => Biomedicine also can relate to many other categories in [[health]] and biological related fields. It has been the dominant system of medicine in the [[Western world]] for more than a century.Johnson, Suzanne Bennett. [http://www.apa.org/monitor/2012/09/pc.aspx "Medicine's Paradigm Shift: An Opportunity for Psychology"]. ''APA Monitor on Psychology'' 43.8 (September 2012){{cite journal|title=Do biomedical models of illness make for good healthcare systems?|journal=BMJ|year=2004|volume=329|issue=9 December 2004|pmid=15591570|doi=10.1136/bmj.329.7479.1398|pmc=535463|author=Wade DT, Halligan PW|pages=1398–401}}{{cite journal|title=The Need for a New Medical Model: A Challenge for Biomedicine|author=George L. Engel|journal=Science|year=1977|volume=196|issue=4286 (Apr. 8, 1977)|pages=129–136 |url=http://www.drannejensen.com/PDF/publications/The%20need%20for%20a%20new%20medical%20model%20-%20A%20challenge%20for%20biomedicine.pdf|doi=10.1126/science.847460|pmid=847460|bibcode=1977Sci...196..129E}}Lloyd, Hilary, Helen Hancock, and Steven Campbell. ''Vital Notes for Nurses: Principles of Care.'' Oxford: Blackwell Publishing (2007). 6. is [7] => [8] => It includes many '''biomedical''' disciplines and areas of specialty that typically contain the "bio-" prefix such as [[molecular biology]], [[biochemistry]], [[biotechnology]], [[cell biology]], [[embryology]], [[nanobiotechnology]], [[biological engineering]], laboratory [[medical biology]], [[cytogenetics]], [[genetics]], [[gene therapy]], [[bioinformatics]], [[biostatistics]], [[systems biology]], [[neuroscience]], [[microbiology]], [[virology]], [[immunology]], [[parasitology]], [[physiology]], [[pathology]], [[anatomy]], [[toxicology]], and many others that generally concern [[life sciences]] as applied to [[medicine]].{{cn|date=January 2024}} [9] => [10] => ==Overview== [11] => Biomedicine is the cornerstone of modern [[health care]] and [[laboratory diagnostics]]. It concerns a wide range of scientific and technological approaches: from [[in vitro diagnostics]]{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/InVitroDiagnostics/default.htm|title=In Vitro Diagnostics|first=Center for Devices and Radiological|last=Health|website=www.fda.gov|date=2019-10-25}}[http://www.edma-ivd.be/index.php?id=6 In vitro Diagnostics – EDMA] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111180712/http://www.edma-ivd.be/index.php?id=6 |date=November 11, 2013 }} to [[in vitro fertilisation]],{{cite journal|title=New challenges in human in vitro fertilization|first1=R. M.|last1=Winston|first2=A. H.|last2=Handyside|date=14 May 1993|journal=Science|volume=260|issue=5110|pages=932–936|doi=10.1126/science.8493531|pmid=8493531|bibcode=1993Sci...260..932W}} from the molecular mechanisms of [[cystic fibrosis]] to the population dynamics of the [[HIV]] [[virus]], from the understanding of molecular interactions to the study of [[carcinogenesis]],{{cite journal | pmid = 20691260 | doi=10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.07.025 | volume=1802 | issue=11 | title=Untranslated regions of thyroid hormone receptor beta 1 mRNA are impaired in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma |vauthors=Master A, Wójcicka A, Piekiełko-Witkowska A, Bogusławska J, Popławski P, Tański Z, Darras VM, Williams GR, Nauman A | journal=Biochim Biophys Acta | pages=995–1005 | year=2010| url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00623298/file/PEER_stage2_10.1016%252Fj.bbadis.2010.07.025.pdf | doi-access=free }} from a [[single-nucleotide polymorphism]] (SNP) to [[gene therapy]]. [12] => [13] => Biomedicine is based on [[molecular biology]] and combines all issues of developing [[molecular medicine]]{{cite web|url=http://www.molmed.org/|title=Home - Molecular Medicine|website=Molecular Medicine}} into large-scale structural and functional relationships of the human [[genome]], [[transcriptome]], [[proteome]], [[physiome]] and [[metabolome]] with the particular point of view of devising new technologies for prediction, diagnosis and therapy.{{cite journal|title=Gene Therapy--New Challenges Ahead|first1=David A.|last1=Williams|first2=Christopher|last2=Baum|date=17 October 2003|journal=Science|volume=302|issue=5644|pages=400–401|doi=10.1126/science.1091258|pmid=14563994|s2cid=74662356}} [14] => [15] => Biomedicine involves the study of ([[pathophysiology|patho]]-) [[physiological]] processes with methods from [[biology]] and [[physiology]]. Approaches range from understanding [[molecular interaction]]s to the study of the consequences at the [[in vivo]] level. These processes are studied with the particular point of view of devising new strategies for [[Medical diagnosis|diagnosis]] and [[therapy]].{{cite web |url=http://www.graduateschools.uni-wuerzburg.de/life_sciences/research/sections/biomedicine/ |title=University of Würzburg Graduate Schools: Biomedicine |work=graduateschools.uni-wuerzburg.de |date=2011-10-14 |access-date=2012-10-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716101044/http://www.graduateschools.uni-wuerzburg.de/life_sciences/research/sections/biomedicine/ |archive-date=2012-07-16 }}Jones, E. M. and E. M. Tansey, eds. ''Monoclonal Antibodies to Migraine: Witnesses to Modern Biomediceine, An A-Z.'' Queen Mary University, University of London, 2014. [16] => [17] => Depending on the severity of the disease, biomedicine pinpoints a problem within a patient and fixes the problem through medical intervention. Medicine focuses on curing diseases rather than improving one's health.{{cite book|first1=Susan |last1=Greenhalgh|title=Under the Medical Gaze|publisher=California Digital Library|isbn=978-1-59734-971-0|pages=84|url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=kt5x0nc6st;brand=ucpress|ref=Author}} [18] => [19] => In social sciences biomedicine is described somewhat differently. Through an anthropological lens biomedicine extends beyond the realm of biology and scientific facts; it is a [[Socio-cultural anthropology|socio-cultural]] system which collectively represents reality. While biomedicine is traditionally thought to have no bias due to the evidence-based practices, Gaines & Davis-Floyd (2004) highlight that biomedicine itself has a cultural basis and this is because biomedicine reflects the norms and values of its creators.Gaines, Atwood D., and Davis-Floyd, Robbie. "Biomedicine." In ''Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology.'' Ed. Carol R. Ember and Melvin Embber. Springer Science and Business Media (2004). 95-109. [20] => [21] => == Molecular biology == [22] => {{main|Molecular biology}} [23] => Molecular biology is the process of synthesis and regulation of a cell's DNA, RNA, and protein. Molecular biology consists of different techniques including Polymerase chain reaction, Gel electrophoresis, and macromolecule blotting to manipulate DNA.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} [24] => [25] => [[Polymerase chain reaction]] is done by placing a mixture of the desired DNA, [[DNA polymerase]], [[primer (molecular biology)|primers]], and [[nucleotide bases]] into a machine. The machine heats up and cools down at various temperatures to break the hydrogen bonds binding the DNA and allows the nucleotide bases to be added onto the two DNA templates after it has been separated.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/probe/docs/techpcr/|title=Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}} [26] => [27] => [[Gel electrophoresis]] is a technique used to identify similar DNA between two unknown samples of DNA. This process is done by first preparing an agarose gel. This jelly-like sheet will have wells for DNA to be poured into. An electric current is applied so that the DNA, which is negatively charged due to its [[phosphate]] groups is attracted to the positive electrode. Different rows of DNA will move at different speeds because some DNA pieces are larger than others. Thus if two DNA samples show a similar pattern on the gel electrophoresis, one can tell that these DNA samples match.{{Cite web|url=http://www.geneticseducation.nhs.uk/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi|title=Account Suspended|website=www.geneticseducation.nhs.uk}} [28] => [29] => Macromolecule [[blotting]] is a process performed after gel electrophoresis. An alkaline solution is prepared in a container. A sponge is placed into the solution and an agarose gel is placed on top of the sponge. Next, nitrocellulose paper is placed on top of the agarose gel and a paper towels are added on top of the nitrocellulose paper to apply pressure. The alkaline solution is drawn upwards towards the paper towel. During this process, the DNA denatures in the alkaline solution and is carried upwards to the nitrocellulose paper. The paper is then placed into a plastic bag and filled with a solution full of the DNA fragments, called the probe, found in the desired sample of DNA. The probes anneal to the complementary DNA of the bands already found on the nitrocellulose sample. Afterwards, probes are washed off and the only ones present are the ones that have annealed to complementary DNA on the paper. Next the paper is stuck onto an x ray film. The radioactivity of the probes creates black bands on the film, called an autoradiograph. As a result, only similar patterns of DNA to that of the probe are present on the film. This allows us the compare similar DNA sequences of multiple DNA samples. The overall process results in a precise reading of similarities in both similar and different DNA sample.{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/|title=MedlinePlus: Genetics|website=medlineplus.gov}} [30] => [31] => == Biochemistry == [32] => {{main|Biochemistry}} [33] => Biochemistry is the science of the chemical processes which takes place within living organisms. Living organisms need essential elements to survive, among which are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, calcium, and phosphorus. These elements make up the four macromolecules that living organisms need to survive: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Abraham|date=1959|title=Principles of biochemistry|url=https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19592703922|journal=Principles of Biochemistry|volume=2nd|pages=1149|via=CAB Direct}}{{cite book|last1=Schopf|first1=J. William|author-link=J. William Schopf|title=Life's Origin|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-23391-1|url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=kt9v19q7jz;brand=ucpress|date=2002-10-21}} [34] => [35] => [[Carbohydrates]], made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, are energy-storing molecules. The simplest carbohydrate is [[glucose]],{{more citations needed|date=May 2020}} C{{sub|6}}H{{sub|12}}O{{sub|6}}, is used in cellular respiration to produce ATP, [[adenosine triphosphate]], which supplies cells with energy. [36] => [37] => [[Proteins]] are chains of amino acids that function, among other things, to contract skeletal muscle, as catalysts, as transport molecules, and as storage molecules. Protein catalysts can facilitate biochemical processes by lowering the [[activation energy]] of a reaction. Hemoglobins are also proteins, carrying oxygen to an organism's cells.{{Cite journal|last=Peter|first=Albersheim|date=1975|title=Carbohydrates, proteins, cell surfaces, and the biochemistry of pathogenesis|url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7362356|journal=Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol.; (United States)|volume=Journal Volume: 26|osti=7362356|via=U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information}} [38] => [39] => [[Lipid]]s, also known as fats, are small molecules derived from biochemical subunits from either the [[Ketoacyl synthase|ketoacyl]] or [[isoprene]] groups. Creating eight distinct categories: [[fatty acid]]s, [[Lipid|glycerolipids]], [[glycerophospholipid]]s, [[sphingolipid]]s, [[saccharolipid]]s, and [[polyketide]]s (derived from condensation of [[Ketoacyl synthase|ketoacyl]] subunits); and [[sterol lipids]] and [[prenol lipids]] (derived from condensation of [[isoprene]] subunits). Their primary purpose is to store energy over the long term. Due to their unique structure, lipids provide more than twice the amount of energy that [[carbohydrate]]s do. Lipids can also be used as insulation. Moreover, lipids can be used in hormone production to maintain a healthy hormonal balance and provide structure to cell membranes.{{Cite journal|last1=Fahy|first1=Eoin|last2=Subramaniam|first2=Shankar|last3=Murphy|first3=Robert C.|last4=Nishijima|first4=Masahiro|last5=Raetz|first5=Christian R. H.|last6=Shimizu|first6=Takao|last7=Spener|first7=Friedrich|last8=van Meer|first8=Gerrit|last9=Wakelam|first9=Michael J. O.|last10=Dennis|first10=Edward A.|date=April 2009|title=Update of the LIPID MAPS comprehensive classification system for lipids|journal=Journal of Lipid Research|volume=50|issue=Suppl|pages=S9–S14|doi=10.1194/jlr.R800095-JLR200 |doi-access=free |issn=0022-2275|pmc=2674711|pmid=19098281}} [40] => [41] => [[Nucleic acid]]s are a key component of DNA, the main genetic information-storing substance, found oftentimes in the cell nucleus, and controls the metabolic processes of the cell. DNA consists of two complementary antiparallel strands consisting of varying patterns of nucleotides. RNA is a single strand of DNA, which is transcribed from DNA and used for DNA translation, which is the process for making proteins out of RNA sequences. [42] => [43] => == See also == [44] => {{cmn|colwidth=30em| [45] => * {{annotated link|List of psychoactive substances and precursor chemicals derived from genetically modified organisms}} [46] => * {{annotated link|Cardiophysics}} [47] => * {{annotated link|Diagnosis}} [48] => * {{annotated link|Medicinal chemistry}} [49] => * {{annotated link|Medical physics}} [50] => * {{annotated link|The Cancer Genome Atlas}} [51] => * {{annotated link|Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine|The Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine}} [52] => * {{annotated link|Human Genome Project|The Human Genome Project}} [53] => * {{annotated link|Physiome|The Human Physiome Project}} [54] => }} [55] => [56] => == References == [57] => {{Reflist}} [58] => [59] => == External links == [60] => {{Wiktionary|biomedicine}} [61] => [62] => {{Medicine}} [63] => {{Biotechnology}} [64] => {{Authority control}} [65] => [66] => [[Category:Biomedicine| ]] [67] => [[Category:Branches of biology]] [68] => [[Category:Veterinary medicine]] [69] => [[Category:Western culture]] [] => )
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Biomedicine

Biomedicine (also referred to as Western medicine, mainstream medicine or conventional medicine) is a branch of medical science that applies biological and physiological principles to clinical practice. Biomedicine stresses standardized, evidence-based treatment validated through biological research, with treatment administered via formally trained doctors, nurses, and other such licensed practitioners.

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