Array ( [0] => {{short description|Study of biological systems using methods from the physical sciences}} [1] => [[Image:Kinesin_walking.gif|thumb|[[Kinesin]] uses [[protein dynamics#Global flexibility: multiple domains|protein domain dynamics]] on [[Nanoscopic scale|nanoscale]]s to "walk" along a [[microtubule]].]] [2] => {{TopicTOC-Physics}} [3] => [4] => '''Biophysics''' is an interdisciplinary science that applies approaches and methods traditionally used in [[physics]] to study [[Biology|biological]] phenomena.{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/biophysics|title=Biophysics {{!}} science|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-07-26}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhou HX | title = Q&A: What is biophysics? | journal = BMC Biology | volume = 9 | pages = 13 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21371342 | pmc = 3055214 | doi = 10.1186/1741-7007-9-13 | doi-access = free }}{{cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/biophysics|title=the definition of biophysics|website=www.dictionary.com|access-date=2018-07-26}} Biophysics covers all scales of [[biological organization]], from [[Molecule|molecular]] to [[organism]]ic and [[Population (biology)|populations]]. Biophysical research shares significant overlap with [[biochemistry]], [[molecular biology]], [[physical chemistry]], [[physiology]], [[nanotechnology]], [[bioengineering]], [[computational biology]], [[biomechanics]], [[developmental biology]] and [[systems biology]]. [5] => [6] => The term ''biophysics'' was originally introduced by [[Karl Pearson]] in 1892.{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Karl |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=k1c_AQAAIAAJ&q=%22biophysics%22&pg=PA470|title=The Grammar of Science|year=1892 |page=470}}[[Roland Glaser]]. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xxsYe6z_IA4C Biophysics: An Introduction]''. Springer; 23 April 2012. {{ISBN|978-3-642-25212-9}}. The term ''biophysics'' is also regularly used in academia to indicate the study of the [[Physical quantity|physical quantities]] (e.g. [[electric current]], [[temperature]], [[Stress (mechanics)|stress]], [[entropy]]) in biological systems. Other [[List of life sciences|biological sciences]] also perform research on the biophysical properties of living organisms including [[molecular biology]], [[cell biology]], [[chemical biology]], and [[biochemistry]]. [7] => [8] => ==Overview== [9] => [[Molecular biophysics]] typically addresses biological questions similar to those in [[biochemistry]] and [[molecular biology]], seeking to find the physical underpinnings of biomolecular phenomena. Scientists in this field conduct research concerned with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between [[DNA]], [[RNA]] and [[protein biosynthesis]], as well as how these interactions are regulated. A great variety of techniques are used to answer these questions. [10] => [[Image:Protein translation.gif|thumb|300px| A [[ribosome]] is a [[biological machine]] that utilizes [[protein dynamics]]]] [11] => [[Fluorescent]] imaging techniques, as well as [[electron microscopy]], [[x-ray crystallography]], [[NMR spectroscopy]], [[atomic force microscopy]] (AFM) and [[small-angle scattering]] (SAS) both with [[Small-angle X-ray scattering|X-rays]] and [[Small-angle neutron scattering|neutrons]] (SAXS/SANS) are often used to visualize structures of biological significance. [[Protein dynamics]] can be observed by [[neutron spin echo]] spectroscopy. [[Conformational change]] in structure can be measured using techniques such as [[dual polarisation interferometry]], [[circular dichroism]], [[SAXS]] and [[Small-angle neutron scattering|SANS]]. Direct manipulation of molecules using [[optical tweezers]] or [[Atomic force microscopy|AFM]], can also be used to monitor biological events where forces and distances are at the nanoscale. Molecular biophysicists often consider complex biological events as systems of interacting entities which can be understood e.g. through [[statistical mechanics]], [[thermodynamics]] and [[chemical kinetics]]. By drawing knowledge and experimental techniques from a wide variety of disciplines, biophysicists are often able to directly observe, model or even manipulate the structures and interactions of individual [[molecules]] or complexes of molecules. [12] => [13] => In addition to traditional (i.e. molecular and cellular) biophysical topics like [[structural biology]] or [[enzyme kinetics]], modern biophysics encompasses an extraordinarily broad range of research, from [[bioelectronics]] to [[quantum biology]] involving both experimental and theoretical tools. It is becoming increasingly common for biophysicists to apply the models and experimental techniques derived from [[physics]], as well as [[mathematics]] and [[statistics]], to larger systems such as [[Tissue (biology)|tissues]], [[organ (anatomy)|organs]],{{cite journal|last1=Sahai|first1=Erik|last2=Trepat|first2=Xavier|date=July 2018|title=Mesoscale physical principles of collective cell organization|journal=Nature Physics|volume=14|issue=7|pages=671–682|doi=10.1038/s41567-018-0194-9|bibcode=2018NatPh..14..671T|hdl=2445/180672|s2cid=125739111|issn=1745-2481|hdl-access=free}} [[population biology|populations]]{{cite journal|last=Popkin|first=Gabriel|date=2016-01-07|title=The physics of life|journal=Nature News|volume=529|issue=7584|pages=16–18|doi=10.1038/529016a|pmid=26738578|bibcode=2016Natur.529...16P|doi-access=free}} and [[ecosystems]]. Biophysical models are used extensively in the study of electrical conduction in single [[neurons]], as well as neural circuit analysis in both tissue and whole brain. [14] => [15] => [[Medical physics]], a branch of biophysics, is any application of [[physics]] to [[medicine]] or [[healthcare]], ranging from [[radiology]] to [[microscopy]] and [[nanomedicine]]. For example, physicist [[Richard Feynman]] theorized about the future of [[nanomedicine]]. He wrote about the idea of a ''medical'' use for [[biological machine]]s (see [[nanomachines]]). Feynman and [[Albert Hibbs]] suggested that certain repair machines might one day be reduced in size to the point that it would be possible to (as Feynman put it) "[[Biological machine|swallow the doctor]]". The idea was discussed in Feynman's 1959 essay ''[[There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom]].{{cite web | url = http://www.its.caltech.edu/~feynman/plenty.html | title = There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom | first = Richard P. | last = Feynman | name-list-style = vanc | date = December 1959 | access-date = 2017-01-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100211190050/http://www.its.caltech.edu/~feynman/plenty.html | archive-date = 2010-02-11 | url-status = dead }} [16] => [17] => == History == [18] => [19] => The studies of [[Luigi Galvani]] (1737–1798) laid groundwork for the later field of biophysics. Some of the earlier studies in biophysics were conducted in the 1840s by a group known as the Berlin school of physiologists. Among its members were pioneers such as [[Hermann von Helmholtz]], [[Ernst Heinrich Weber]], [[Carl F. W. Ludwig]], and [[Johannes Peter Müller]].{{cite book | first = Donald R. | last = Franceschetti | name-list-style = vanc | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fvh7tgAACAAJ | title = Applied Science | publisher = Salem Press Inc. | date = 15 May 2012 | isbn = 978-1-58765-781-8 | page = 234 }} [20] => [21] => [[William T. Bovie]] (1882–1958) is credited as a leader of the field's further development in the mid-20th century. He was a leader in developing [[electrosurgery]]. [22] => [23] => The popularity of the field rose when the book ''[[What Is Life?]]'' by [[Erwin Schrödinger]] was published. Since 1957, biophysicists have organized themselves into the [[Biophysical Society]] which now has about 9,000 members over the world.{{cite book | first1 = Joe | last1 = Rosen | first2 = Lisa Quinn | last2 = Gothard | name-list-style = vanc | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=avyQ64LIJa0C | title = Encyclopedia of Physical Science | publisher = Infobase Publishing | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-8160-7011-4 | page =4 9 }} [24] => [25] => Some authors such as [[Robert Rosen (theoretical biologist)|Robert Rosen]] criticize biophysics on the ground that the biophysical method does not take into account the specificity of biological phenomena.{{cite journal | vauthors = Longo G, Montévil M | title = The Inert vs. the Living State of Matter: Extended Criticality, Time Geometry, Anti-Entropy - An Overview | journal = Frontiers in Physiology | volume = 3 | pages = 39 | date = 2012-01-01 | pmid = 22375127 | pmc = 3286818 | doi = 10.3389/fphys.2012.00039 | doi-access = free }} [26] => [27] => ==Focus as a subfield== [28] => While some colleges and universities have dedicated departments of biophysics, usually at the graduate level, many do not have university-level biophysics departments, instead having groups in related departments such as [[biochemistry]], [[cell biology]], [[chemistry]], [[computer science]], [[engineering]], [[mathematics]], [[medicine]], [[molecular biology]], [[neuroscience]], [[pharmacology]], [[physics]], and [[physiology]]. Depending on the strengths of a department at a university differing emphasis will be given to fields of biophysics. What follows is a list of examples of how each department applies its efforts toward the study of biophysics. This list is hardly all inclusive. Nor does each subject of study belong exclusively to any particular department. Each academic institution makes its own rules and there is much overlap between departments.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} [29] => [30] => *[[Biology]] and [[molecular biology]] – [[Gene regulation]], single [[protein dynamics]], [[bioenergetics]], [[patch clamp]]ing, [[biomechanics]], [[virophysics]]. [31] => *[[Structural biology]] – Ångstrom-resolution structures of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and complexes thereof. [32] => *[[Biochemistry]] and [[chemistry]] – biomolecular structure, siRNA, nucleic acid structure, structure-activity relationships. [33] => *[[Computer science]] – [[Neural network]]s, biomolecular and drug databases. [34] => *[[Computational chemistry]] – [[molecular dynamics]] simulation, [[Docking (molecular)|molecular docking]], [[quantum chemistry]] [35] => *[[Bioinformatics]] – [[sequence alignment]], [[structural alignment]], [[protein structure prediction]] [36] => *[[Mathematics]] – graph/network theory, population modeling, dynamical systems, [[phylogenetics]]. [37] => *[[Medicine]] – biophysical research that emphasizes medicine. Medical biophysics is a field closely related to physiology. It explains various aspects and systems of the body from a physical and mathematical perspective. Examples are [[fluid dynamics]] of blood flow, gas physics of respiration, radiation in diagnostics/treatment and much more. Biophysics is taught as a preclinical subject in many [[medical schools]], mainly in Europe. [38] => * [[Neuroscience]] – studying neural networks experimentally (brain slicing) as well as theoretically (computer models), membrane [[permittivity]]. [39] => *[[Pharmacology]] and [[physiology]] – [[channelomics]], [[electrophysiology]], biomolecular interactions, cellular membranes, [[polyketide]]s. [40] => *[[Physics]] – [[negentropy]], [[stochastic processes]], and the development of new physical [[Scientific technique|technique]]s and [[instrumentation]] as well as their application. [41] => *[[Quantum biology]] – The field of quantum biology applies [[quantum mechanics]] to biological objects and problems. [[Quantum decoherence|Decohered]] [[isomers]] to yield time-dependent base substitutions. These studies imply applications in quantum computing. [42] => *[[Agronomy]] and [[agriculture]] [43] => Many [[biophysical techniques]] are unique to this field. Research efforts in biophysics are often initiated by scientists who were biologists, chemists or physicists by training. [44] => [45] => == See also == [46] => {{Portal|Physics|Biology}} [47] => {{Div col}} [48] => * [[Biophysical Society]] [49] => * [[Index of biophysics articles]] [50] => * [[List of important publications in biology#Biophysics|List of publications in biology – Biophysics]] [51] => * [[list of publications in physics#Biophysics|List of publications in physics – Biophysics]] [52] => * [[List of biophysicists]] [53] => * [[Outline of biophysics]] [54] => * [[Biophysical chemistry]] [55] => * [[European Biophysical Societies' Association]] [56] => * [[Mathematical and theoretical biology]] [57] => * [[Medical biophysics]] [58] => * [[Membrane biophysics]] [59] => * [[Molecular biophysics]] [60] => * [[Neurophysics]] [61] => * [[Physiomics]] [62] => * [[Virophysics]] [63] => * [[Single-particle trajectory]]{{Div col end}} [64] => [65] => == References == [66] => {{Reflist}} [67] => [68] => === Sources === [69] => {{Library resources box}}{{refbegin}} [70] => * {{cite book | vauthors = Perutz MF |title=Proteins and Nucleic Acids: Structure and Function |publisher=Elsevier |location=Amsterdam |year=1962 |asin=B000TS8P4G }} [71] => * {{cite journal | vauthors = Perutz MF | title = The Croonian Lecture, 1968. The haemoglobin molecule | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 173 | issue = 1031 | pages = 113–40 | date = May 1969 | pmid = 4389425 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.1969.0043 | bibcode = 1969RSPSB.173..113P | s2cid = 22104752 }} [72] => * {{cite journal |doi = 10.1016/S0022-0728(71)80189-4 | vauthors = Dogonadze RR, Urushadze ZD |title=Semi-Classical Method of Calculation of Rates of Chemical Reactions Proceeding in Polar Liquids |journal=[[Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry|J Electroanal Chem]] |volume=32 |year=1971 |pages=235–245 |issue=2}} [73] => * {{cite journal | vauthors = Volkenshtein MV, Dogonadze R, Madumarov AK, Urushadze ZD, Kharkats YI | title = Theory of Enzyme Catalysis | journal = Molekuliarnaia Biologiia | location = Moscow | volume = 6 | year = 1972 | issue = 3 | pages = 431–439 | pmid = 4645409 | quote = In Russian, English summary. Available translations in Italian, Spanish, English, French }} [74] => * {{cite book | author = Rodney M. J. Cotterill | title = Biophysics : An Introduction | publisher = [[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]] | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-471-48538-4 | author-link = Rodney M. J. Cotterill |url=https://archive.org/details/biophysicsintrod0000cott}} [75] => * {{cite book | vauthors= Sneppen K, Zocchi G | title = Physics in Molecular Biology |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |edition=1 |date=2005-10-17 |isbn = 978-0-521-84419-2}} [76] => * {{cite book |last=Glaser |first=Roland | name-list-style = vanc |title = Biophysics: An Introduction |publisher=Springer |edition=Corrected |date=2004-11-23 |isbn = 978-3-540-67088-9}} [77] => * {{cite book | vauthors = Hobbie RK, Roth BJ |url = https://files.oakland.edu/users/roth/web/hobbie.htm |title = Intermediate Physics for Medicine and Biology |edition=4th |publisher=Springer |year=2006 |isbn = 978-0-387-30942-2}} [78] => * {{cite journal | vauthors = Cooper WG | title = Evidence for transcriptase quantum processing implies entanglement and decoherence of superposition proton states | journal = Bio Systems | volume = 97 | issue = 2 | pages = 73–89 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19427355 | doi = 10.1016/j.biosystems.2009.04.010 }} [79] => * {{cite journal | vauthors = Cooper WG | title = Necessity of quantum coherence to account for the spectrum of time-dependent mutations exhibited by bacteriophage T4 | journal = Biochemical Genetics | volume = 47 | issue = 11–12 | pages = 892–910 | date = December 2009 | pmid = 19882244 | doi = 10.1007/s10528-009-9293-8 | s2cid = 19325354 }} [80] => * {{cite book |last=Goldfarb |first=Daniel | name-list-style = vanc |title = Biophysics Demystified |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2010 |isbn = 978-0-07-163365-9}} [81] => {{refend}} [82] => [83] => == External links == [84] => {{WVD}} [85] => {{Commons category}} [86] => *[http://www.biophysics.org Biophysical Society] [87] => * Journal of Physiology: 2012 virtual issue [http://jp.physoc.org/site/misc/virtualissueBioPhysTOC.xhtml Biophysics and Beyond] [88] => *[http://www.bio-physics.at bio-physics-wiki] [89] => * Link archive of learning resources for students: [http://www.biophysika.de biophysika.de] (60% English, 40% German) [90] => [91] => {{Physics-footer}} [92] => {{Biology-footer}} [93] => {{Biology_nav}} [94] => [95] => {{Authority control}} [96] => [97] => [[Category:Biophysics| ]] [98] => [[Category:Applied and interdisciplinary physics]] [] => )
good wiki

Biophysics

Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies approaches and methods traditionally used in physics to study biological phenomena. Biophysics covers all scales of biological organization, from molecular to organismic and populations.

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