Array ( [0] => {{for|the scientific journal|Ecotoxicology (journal)}} [1] => [[File:Microplastic toxicity assay in Daphnia magna - 1-s2.0-S0269749120360802-gr2 lrg.jpg|thumb|Ecotoxicity assay for [[microplastics]] in ''[[Daphnia magna]]'']] [2] => '''Ecotoxicology''' is the study of the effects of [[toxic]] [[chemicals]] on [[biological]] [[organisms]], especially at the [[population biology|population]], [[biological community|community]], [[ecosystem]], and [[biosphere]] levels. Ecotoxicology is a multidisciplinary field, which integrates [[toxicology]] and [[ecology]]. [3] => [4] => The ultimate goal of ecotoxicology is to reveal and predict the effects of pollution within the context of all other environmental factors. Based on this knowledge the most efficient and effective action to prevent or remediate any detrimental effect can be identified. In those ecosystems that are already affected by pollution, ecotoxicological studies can inform the choice of action to restore [[ecosystem services]], structures, and functions efficiently and effectively.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} [5] => [6] => Ecotoxicology differs from [[environmental toxicology]] in that it integrates the effects of [[stressor]]s across all levels of biological organisation from the molecular to whole communities and ecosystems, whereas environmental toxicology includes toxicity to humans and often focuses upon effects at the organism level and below.Maltby & Naylor, 1990: {{Page needed|date=January 2011}} [7] => [8] => ==History== [9] => [10] => Ecotoxicology is a relatively young discipline that made its debuts in the 1970sRamade, François (2007), Introduction à l'écotoxicologie : Fondements et applications [archive] ; 03-2007 ; Lavoisier, 618 p. in the realm of the environmental sciences. Its methodological aspects, derived from toxicology, are widened to encompass the human environmental field and the biosphere at large. While conventional toxicology limits its investigations to the cellular, molecular and organismal scales, ecotoxicology strives to assess the impact of chemical, physicochemical and biological stressors, on populations and communities exhibiting the impacts on entire ecosystems. In this respect, ecotoxicology again takes into consideration dynamic balance under strain. [11] => [12] => Ecotoxicology emerged after pollution events that occurred after World War II heightened awareness on the impact of toxic chemical and wastewater discharges towards humankind and the environment. The term "Ecotoxicology" was uttered for the first time in 1969 by René Truhaut, a toxicologist, during an environmental conference in Stockholm. As a result, he was de facto recognized as the originator of this discipline. In fact, the pioneering role of Jean-Michel Jouany, Truhaut's assistant, in conceptualising the disciplineJouany Jean-Michel, "Nuisances et écologie.", Actualités Pharmaceutiques n°69, 1971, p. 11-22 and in defining its objectives,Vasseur Paule, Masfaraud Jean-Francois, Blaise Christian, "Ecotoxicology: revisiting its pioneers", Environ Sci Pollut Res, 2020 (doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11236-7) is now fully recognized. In Jouany's mindset, ecotoxicology is primarily linked to ecology for its goal seeks to circumscribe the influence that stress factors can have on relationships existing between organisms and their habitat. Jean-Michel Jouany was indeed the young and brilliant mentor of René Truhaut who was at the time empowered to disseminate the emerging discipline proposed by his young assistant at the international level. Jean-Michel Jouany was promoted to the rank of full professor at the University of Nancy in 1969. He then laid out the teaching and research principles for ecotoxicology at the University of Metz with his colleague, Jean-Marie Pelt, as early as 1971."Les fondements de l'écotoxicologie française. Fiche thématique n°22 du Réseau Ecotox.", Fiche thématique Ecotox, août 2019 [https://www6.inrae.fr/ecotox/Productions/Fiches-thematiques/Fiche-thematique-N-22-Aout-2019] [13] => [14] => In France, two universities (Metz and Paris-Sud) markedly contributed to expand this burgeoning discipline during the 1980s and 1990s. Several institutes followed suit in this respect. Indeed, CEMAGREF (now IRSTEA), INERIS, IFREMER and CNRS created research units in ecotoxicology, as did other French universities (in Rouen, Bordeaux, Le Havre, Lyon, Lille, Caen...)."Les fondements de l'écotoxicologie française. Fiche thématique n°22 du Réseau Ecotox.", Fiche thématique Ecotox, août 2019 [https://www6.inrae.fr/ecotox/Productions/Fiches-thematiques/Fiche-thematique-N-22-Aout-2019] During the 1990s, a new offshoot of ecotoxicology casually appears known as Landscape ecotoxicology, whose objective seeks to take into account interactions between landscape ecological processes and environmental toxicants, in particular for species undergoing impediments linked to migratory passageways* (e.g., salmonids). [15] => [16] => ==Common environmental toxicants== [17] => * PCBs ([[polychlorinated biphenyl]]s) – found in coolant and insulating fluids, pesticide extenders, [[adhesive]]s, and [[hydraulic fluid]]s. [18] => * [[Pesticides]] – used widely for preventing, destroying, or repelling any organism that may be considered harmful. Commonly found in commercially grown fruits, vegetables, and meats. [[Parathion#Parathion-methyl|Methyl parathion]] is a commonly used pesticide used for agricultural reasons. Methyl parathion causes the formation of toxic mediums for humans, soil and water, fresh water fish, and other hydrophilous organisms in the ecosystem. Methyl parathion proposes numerous health risk factors that are life-threatening.Erkan Kalipci [19] => * [[Mold (fungus)|Mold]] and other [[mycotoxin]]s. [20] => * [[Phthalate]]s are found in plastic wrap, [[plastic bottle]]s, and plastic food storage containers, all of which make up a considerable part of household [[plastic waste]]. [21] => * VOCs ([[volatile organic compounds]]) – such as [[formaldehyde]]; can be found in drinking water and sewage systems. [22] => * [[Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds|Dioxins]] are a class of chemical compounds that are formed as a result of combustion processes such as waste incineration and from burning fuels like wood, coal, and oil. [23] => * [[Asbestos]] is found in the insulation of flows, ceilings, water pipes, and heating ducts. [24] => * [[Heavy metals]] include arsenic, mercury, lead, aluminum, and cadmium, which are found in fish, and pesticides. [25] => * [[Chloroform]] is used to make other chemicals. [26] => * [[Chlorine]] is commonly found in [[household cleaner]]s. [27] => [28] => ==Exposure to toxic chemicals== [29] => * Chemicals propose the risk of killing off another animal's food supply that changes the overall population of the prey [30] => * Animals can go to the brink of extinction because of the food chain that exists through the different communities. For example, bald eagles, ospreys, and peregrine falcons were facing extinction because their food sources (fish and other birds) were contaminated with toxins. [31] => * We are all connected between the communities of living things. Plants can absorb toxins through their roots and leaves. Animals and humans are always exposed to chemicals by the air we breathe, things we touch, and what we put in our mouth. [32] => * Animals and humans can also eat other animals or plants that are already poisoned, which will continue the spread of chemicals, which is referred to as secondary poisoningOregon State University 2011, March [33] => [34] => ==Effects on individuals and entire population== [35] => * Direct effects – direct consumption of a toxin or something that has been contaminated with a toxin by breathing, eating, or drinking. [36] => * Developmental and reproductive problems [37] => * Indirect effects – organisms directly affected by the loss of food, which has declined due to toxins. [38] => * Sublethal effects – toxins or compounds that do not induce significant mortality but make the organism sick or make it change its behavior{{cite journal |last1=Desneux |first1=Nicolas |last2=Decourtye |first2=Axel |last3=Delpuech |first3=Jean-Marie |title=The Sublethal Effects of Pesticides on Beneficial Arthropods |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |date=January 2007 |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=81–106 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091440 |pmid=16842032 }} [39] => * Increased sensitivity to toxicants when additional environmental stressors are presentLiess et al. (2016) [40] => * With chronic use of pesticides, this runs the risk of causing abnormalities in chromosome structure in humans, as well as affecting the reproduction, nervous and cardiovascular system of any animals exposed. [41] => * The genetics can be affected by toxicant exposure, direct changes can occur to the DNA, and if not repaired, the changes can lead to the appearance of mutationsNewman, M. C., & Jagoe, C. H.1996 [42] => * Contaminants can modify the distribution of individuals in a population, effective population size, mutation rate and migration rateNewman, M. C., & Clements, W. H.2008 [43] => [44] => ==Effects of ecotoxicity on a community== [45] => * Predator-prey relationships – either the predator is affected by the toxin resulting in a decline of predator population and thus increasing the prey population; or the prey population is affected by the toxin resulting in a decline in the prey population that, in essence, will cause a decline in the predator population due to lack of food resourcesOregon State University.2011, March [46] => * Community ecotoxicology studies the effects of all contaminants on patterns and [[species abundance]], diversity, community composition, and species interactions. Communities that rely heavily on competition and predation will have a difficult time responding and thriving in disturbances from contaminants. A community that is species-rich will have a better chance recovering from an exotoxin disturbance, rather than a community that is not species-rich. A species could be easily wiped out to the expense of a contamination from foreign chemicals. Protecting distinct community levels, such as species richness and diversity is essential for maintaining a healthy, well-balanced ecosystemClements, William and Jason Rohr [47] => [48] => ==Overall effects== [49] => Chemicals are shown to prohibit the growth of seed germination of an arrangement of different plant species.{{Cite journal |last1=An |first1=Jing |last2=Zhou |first2=Qixing |last3=Sun |first3=Yuebing |last4=Xu |first4=Zhiqiang |date=2009-09-01 |title=Ecotoxicological effects of typical personal care products on seed germination and seedling development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653509006936 |journal=Chemosphere |language=en |volume=76 |issue=10 |pages=1428–1434 |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.004 |pmid=19631961 |bibcode=2009Chmsp..76.1428A |issn=0045-6535}}{{Better source needed|reason=The focus of this source is very narrow and does not fully support the statement as written.|date=December 2022}} Plants are what make up the most vital trophic level of the biomass pyramids, known as the primary producers. Because they are at the bottom of the pyramid, every other organism in an ecosystem relies on the health and abundance of the primary producers in order to survive. If plants are battling problems with diseases relating to exposure to chemicals, other organisms will either die because of starvation or obtain the disease by eating the plants or animals already infected. So ecotoxicology is an ongoing battle that stems from many sources and can affect everything and everyone in an ecosystem. [50] => [51] => ==Ways of prevention== [52] => Regulation: [53] => * In the United States, the [[Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) reviews all pesticides before the products are registered for sale to ensure that the benefits will outweigh the risks. [54] => * [[Food Quality Protection Act]] and the [[Safe Drinking Water Act]] were passed in 1996, which required EPA to screen pesticide chemical for potential to produce harmful effects. [55] => * Keep close track of the labeling when using a fertilizer, or pesticide. Try to look for products that will have less of an impact on the environment Agency, United States Environmental Protection [56] => * There are many federal and state laws protecting birds, animals, and rare plants. But the first order of protection comes from us taking steps to avoid harm since we are the main source of all the toxins. [57] => *Proper waste disposal [58] => [59] => ==Ecotoxicity testing== [60] => * Acute and chronic toxicity tests are performed terrestrial and aquatic organisms including fish, invertebrates, avians, mammalians, non-target arthropods, earthworms and rodents. [61] => * The [[OECD|Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development]] (OECD) test guideline has developed specific tests to test toxicity level in organisms. Ecotoxicological studies are generally performed in compliance with international guidelines, including EPA, OECD, EPPO, OPPTTS, [[Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry|SETAC]], IOBC, and JMAFF. [62] => * [[LC50]] is the acute toxicity, the lethal concentration at which 50% of the test organism dies within the test-specified time. The test may start with eggs, embryos, or juveniles and last from {{Citation needed span|date=March 2022|24 hours to 96 hours}}. [63] => * [[EC50]] is the concentration that causes adverse effects in 50% of the test organisms (for a binary yes/no effect such as mortality or a specified sublethal effect) or causes a 50% (usually) reduction in a non-binary parameter such as growth. [64] => * [[No observed effect concentration]] (NOEC) is the highest dose of stressor at which there is no statistically significant difference of effect (p<0.05) seen in the test organism. [65] => * [[Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program]] (EDSP) [66] => * Tier 1 screening battery [67] => * [[Endangered species]] assessments. [68] => * Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Inherently Toxic (PBiT) assessments using the [[Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship]]s (QSARs) to categorize regulated substances. [69] => * [[Bioaccumulation]] in fish using the Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) methods.The Humane Society of the United States. 2011 [70] => [71] => ==Classification of ecotoxicity== [72] => Total amount of acute toxicity is directly related to the classification of toxicity. [73] => [74] => < 1 part per million → Class I [75] => [76] => 1–10 parts per million → Class II [77] => [78] => 10–100 parts per million → Class IIIThe Humane Society of the United States. (2011) [79] => [80] => == See also == [81] => * [[Aquatic toxicology]] [82] => * [[Ecology]] [83] => * [[Ecotoxicity]] [84] => * [[Environmental toxicology]] [85] => * [[Toxicity]] [86] => * [[Toxicology]] [87] => [88] => == References == [89] => {{reflist|2}} [90] => [91] => == Bibliography == [92] => {{refbegin|2}} [93] => * {{cite book|last=Altenburger|first=Rolf|title=Metal ions in toxicology: effects, interactions, interdependencies |year=2011|pages=1–26|chapter=Chapter 1. Understanding combined effects for metal co-exposure in ecotoxicology|doi= 10.1039/9781849732116-00001|series=Metal Ions in Life Sciences|isbn=978-1-84973-091-4}} [94] => * Agency, United States Environmental Protection. "Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention." 5 October 2011. U.S Environmental Protection Agency. 9 December 2011. [95] => * {{cite journal |last1=An |first1=Jing |last2=Zhou |first2=Qixing |last3=Sun |first3=Yuebing |last4=Xu |first4=Zhiqiang |title=Ecotoxicological effects of typical personal care products on seed germination and seedling development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) |journal=Chemosphere |date=September 2009 |volume=76 |issue=10 |pages=1428–1434 |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.004 |pmid=19631961 |bibcode=2009Chmsp..76.1428A }} [96] => * Bazerman, Charles and René Agustin De los Santos. "Measuring Incommensurability: Are toxicology and ecotoxicology blind to what the other sees?" 9 January 2006. [97] => * {{cite journal | author = Chapman P. M. | year = 2002 | title = Integrating toxicology and ecology: putting the "eco" into ecotoxicology | journal = Marine Pollution Bulletin | volume = 44 | issue = 1| pages = 7–15 | doi=10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00253-3| pmid = 11883685 | bibcode = 2002MarPB..44....7C }} [98] => * Clements, William and Jason Rohr. (2009) "Community Responses to Contaminants: Using Basic Ecological Principles to Predict Ecotoxicological Events." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 28: p1789-1800. [99] => * {{cite journal |vauthors=Fritsch C, Cœurdassier M, Giraudoux P, Raoul F, Douay F, Rieffel D, de Vaufleury A, Scheifler R | year = 2011 | title = Spatially explicit analysis of metal transfer to biota: influence of soil contamination and landscape; | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 5| page = e20682 | pmid = 21655187 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0020682 | pmc=3105103| bibcode = 2011PLoSO...620682F | doi-access = free }} [100] => * {{cite journal |last1=Harley |first1=Christopher D. G. |last2=Randall Hughes |first2=A. |last3=Hultgren |first3=Kristin M. |last4=Miner |first4=Benjamin G. |last5=Sorte |first5=Cascade J. B. |last6=Thornber |first6=Carol S. |last7=Rodriguez |first7=Laura F. |last8=Tomanek |first8=Lars |last9=Williams |first9=Susan L. |title=The impacts of climate change in coastal marine systems |journal=Ecology Letters |date=February 2006 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=228–241 |doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00871.x |pmid=16958887 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2006EcolL...9..228H }} [101] => * {{cite journal |last1=Liess |first1=Matthias |last2=Foit |first2=Kaarina |last3=Knillmann |first3=Saskia |last4=Schäfer |first4=Ralf B. |last5=Liess |first5=Hans-Dieter |title=Predicting the synergy of multiple stress effects |journal=Scientific Reports |date=9 September 2016 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=32965 |doi=10.1038/srep32965 |pmid=27609131 |pmc=5017025 |bibcode=2016NatSR...632965L |doi-access=free }} [102] => * The Humane Society of the United States. (2011). Ecotoxicity. Retrieved December 12, 2011, from Procter & Gamble website: http://alttox.org/ttrc/toxicity-tests/ecotoxicity/ [103] => * {{cite journal |last1=Maltby |first1=L.|author1-link=Lorraine Maltby |last2=Naylor |first2=C. |title=Preliminary Observations on the Ecological Relevance of the Gammarus 'Scope for Growth' Assay: Effect of Zinc on Reproduction |journal=Functional Ecology |date=1990 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=393–397 |doi=10.2307/2389601 |jstor=2389601 |bibcode=1990FuEco...4..393M }} [104] => * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y11sdkzQLKkC&q=ecotoxicology+comprehensive+treatment | title=Ecotoxicology: A Comprehensive Treatment | isbn=9781420005011 | last1=Newman | first1=Michael C. | last2=Clements | first2=William H. | date=13 December 2007 | publisher=CRC Press }} [105] => * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I1i9SvR4wcMC&q=ecotoxicology+hierarchical+treatment | title=Ecotoxicology: A Hierarchical Treatment | isbn=9781566701273 | last1=Newman | first1=Michael C. | last2=Jagoe | first2=Charles H. | date=12 January 1996 | publisher=CRC Press }} [106] => * Oregon State University. (2011, March). Ecotoxicology topic fact sheet. Retrieved December 6, 2011, from National Pesticide Information Center website: http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/ecotox.pdf [107] => * {{cite journal |last1=Relyea |first1=Rick |last2=Hoverman |first2=Jason |title=Assessing the ecology in ecotoxicology: a review and synthesis in freshwater systems |journal=Ecology Letters |date=October 2006 |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages=1157–1171 |doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00966.x |pmid=16972879 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2006EcolL...9.1157R }} [108] => * {{cite journal |last1=Truhaut |first1=René |title=Ecotoxicology: Objectives, principles and perspectives |journal=Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |date=September 1977 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=151–173 |doi=10.1016/0147-6513(77)90033-1 |pmid=617089 |bibcode=1977EcoES...1..151T }} [109] => * {{cite journal |last1=Straalen |first1=Nico M. Van |title=Peer Reviewed: Ecotoxicology Becomes Stress Ecology |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |date=September 2003 |volume=37 |issue=17 |pages=324A–330A |doi=10.1021/es0325720 |pmid=12967088 |bibcode=2003EnST...37..324S |doi-access=free }} [110] => {{refend}} [111] => [112] => == Further reading == [113] => {{refbegin|2}} [114] => * {{cite book|author=Connell, Des|title=Introduction to Ecotoxicology|publisher=Blackwell Science|year=1999|isbn=978-0-632-03852-7|display-authors=etal}} [115] => * Catherine A. Harris, Alexander P. Scott, Andrew C. Johnson, Grace H. Panter, Dave Sheahan, Mike Roberts, John P. Sumpter (2014): ''Principles of Sound Ecotoxicology.'' Environ. Sci. Technol., Article ASAP, {{doi| 10.1021/es4047507}} [116] => {{refend}} [117] => [118] => == External links == [119] => * [https://www.ecetoc.org/ European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals] [120] => * [https://www.ecotoxmodels.org/ ecotoxmodels] website on ecotoxicology & models [121] => *Online biomonitoring of water quality by a 24/7 record of various bivalve molluscs' behavior and physiology worldwide (biological rhythms, growth rate, spawning, daily behavior): the [https://molluscan-eye.epoc.u-bordeaux.fr/index.php?rubrique=accueil&lang=en MolluSCAN ''eye''] project [122] => *[https://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=38122 SPEAR] Indicatorsystem informs on pesticide contamination in streams. [123] => [124] => {{Toxicology}} [125] => {{Branches of ecology}} [126] => {{Authority control}} [127] => [128] => [[Category:Ecotoxicology| ]] [129] => [[Category:Ecological experiments]] [] => )
good wiki

Ecotoxicology

Ecotoxicology is the study of the effects of toxic chemicals on biological organisms, especially at the population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere levels. Ecotoxicology is a multidisciplinary field, which integrates toxicology and ecology.

More about us

About

Expert Team

Vivamus eget neque lacus. Pellentesque egauris ex.

Award winning agency

Lorem ipsum, dolor sit amet consectetur elitorceat .

10 Year Exp.

Pellen tesque eget, mauris lorem iupsum neque lacus.

You might be interested in

Ecology

Ecology is the branch of biology that studies the interactions between living organisms and their environment.

Ecosystem

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system.

Toxicology

Toxicology is a scientific discipline that studies the harmful effects of substances on living organisms and the environment.