Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Biomedical bibliographical database}} [1] => {{other uses|Medline (disambiguation)}} [2] => {{infobox bibliographic database [3] => | image = [4] => | caption = [5] => | producer = U.S. National Library of Medicine [6] => | country = United States [7] => | history = 1879–present [8] => | languages = 40 languages for current journals, 60 for older journals [9] => | providers = [10] => | cost = Free [11] => | disciplines = [[Medicine]], [[nursing]], [[pharmacy]], [[dentistry]], [[veterinary medicine]], [[health care]], [[biology]], [[biochemistry]], [[molecular evolution]], [[biomedicine]], history of medicine, health services research, [[AIDS]], [[toxicology]] and [[environmental health]], [[molecular biology]], [[complementary medicine]], [[behavioral science]]s, [[chemical science]]s, [[bioengineering]], [[health policy|health policy development]], environmental science, [[marine biology]], [[plant science|plant]] and [[animal science]], [[biophysics]] [12] => | depth = NLM Medical subject headings, abstracts, indexing [13] => | formats = Mostly [[academic journal]]s; a small number of newspapers, magazines, and newsletters; over 40% are for cited articles published in the U.S., about 93% are published in English [14] => | temporal = 1946–present [15] => | geospatial = [16] => | number = Over 29 million [17] => | updates = Daily; 2,000-4,000 references per update [18] => | p_title = [19] => | p_dates = [20] => | ISSN = [21] => | web = {{URL|1=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/medline.html}} [22] => | titles = [23] => }} [24] => '''MEDLINE''' (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, or MEDLARS Online) is a [[bibliographic database]] of life sciences and biomedical information. It includes bibliographic information for articles from [[academic journal]]s covering [[medicine]], [[nursing]], [[pharmacy]], [[dentistry]], [[veterinary medicine]], and [[health care]]. MEDLINE also covers much of the literature in [[biology]] and [[biochemistry]], as well as fields such as [[molecular evolution]]. [25] => [26] => Compiled by the [[United States National Library of Medicine]] (NLM), MEDLINE is freely available on the [[Internet]] and searchable via [[PubMed]] and NLM's National Center for Biotechnology Information's [[Entrez]] system. [27] => [28] => == History == [29] => MEDLARS (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System) is a computerised biomedical [[bibliography|bibliographic]] retrieval system. It was launched by the [[National Library of Medicine]] in 1964 and was the first large-scale, computer-based, retrospective search service available to the general public.{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/about/nlmhistory.html |title=Milestones in NLM History |access-date=2009-09-06}} [30] => [31] => === Initial development of MEDLARS === [32] => {{More citations needed|date=April 2019}} [33] => Since 1879, the National Library of Medicine has published ''[[Index Medicus]]'', a monthly guide to medical articles in thousands of journals. The huge volume of bibliographic citations was manually compiled. In 1957 the staff of the NLM started to plan the mechanization of the ''Index Medicus'', prompted by a desire for a better way to manipulate all this information, not only for ''Index Medicus'' but also to produce subsidiary products. By 1960 a detailed specification was prepared, and by the spring of 1961, [[request for proposal]]s were sent out to 72 companies to develop the system. As a result, a contract was awarded to the [[General Electric Company]]. A [[Honeywell 800|Minneapolis-Honeywell 800]] computer, which was to run MEDLARS, was delivered to the NLM in March 1963, and [[Frank Bradway Rogers]] (Director of the NLM 1949 to 1963) said at the time, "..If all goes well, the January 1964 issue of ''Index Medicus'' will be ready to emerge from the system at the end of this year. It may be that this will mark the beginning of a new era in medical bibliography." [34] => [35] => MEDLARS cost $3 million to develop, and at the time of its completion in 1964, no other publicly available, fully operational electronic storage and retrieval system of its magnitude existed. The original computer configuration operated from 1964 until its replacement by MEDLARS II in January 1975.{{cite journal | pmc=198085 | date=1964 | last1=Rogers | first1=F. B. | title=The Development of MEDLARS | journal=Bulletin of the Medical Library Association | volume=52 | issue=1 | pages=150–151 | pmid=14119285 }}Miles, Wyndham. The History of the NLM: Chapter 20 – [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/manuscripts/miles/miles_20.pdf Evolution of Computerized Bibliographies] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017211456/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/manuscripts/miles/miles_20.pdf |date=2012-10-17 }} (1983)Rapp, Barbara A. 2008. “Excellence in Evaluation: Early Landmarks at the National Library of Medicine.” ''Library Trends'' 56 (4): 859–87. [36] => [37] => === MEDLARS Online === [38] => In late 1971, an online version called MEDLINE ("MEDLARS Online") became available as a way to do online searching of MEDLARS from remote medical libraries.US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment (1982), [http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/ota/Ota_4/DATA/1982/8219.PDF MEDLARS and Health Information Policy]. {{ISBN|1-4289-2424-8}} This early system covered 239 journals and boasted that it could support as many as 25 simultaneous online users (remotely logged in from distant medical libraries) at one time.{{cite web|url=http://www.acponline.org/clinical_information/journals_publications/ecp/sepoct00/nlm.pdf|title=Internet Access to the National Library of Medicine|access-date=6 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102194044/http://www.acponline.org/clinical_information/journals_publications/ecp/sepoct00/nlm.pdf}} However, this system remained primarily in the hands of libraries, with researchers able to submit pre-programmed search tasks to librarians and obtain results on printouts, but rarely able to interact with the NLM computer output in real-time. This situation continued through the beginning of the 1990s and the rise of the [[World Wide Web]]. [39] => [40] => In 1996, soon after most home computers began automatically bundling efficient [[web browser]]s, a free public version of MEDLINE was deployed. This system, called [[PubMed]], was offered to the general online user in June 1997, when MEDLINE searches via the Web were demonstrated. [41] => [42] => == Database == [43] => In May 2022, the database contained more than 34 million records{{Cite web|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=all[sb|publisher=NLM Systems|title=Pubmed all[sb]|date=2022-05-08|access-date=2016-05-08}} from 5,639{{Update inline|date=May 2016}} selected publications{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/num_titles.html|publisher=NLM|title=Number of Titles Currently Indexed for Index Medicus® and MEDLINE® on Pubmed®|date=2013-07-09|access-date=2013-11-05}} covering biomedicine and health from 1781 to the present.{{Clarify timeframe|date=July 2013}} Originally, the database covered articles starting from 1965, but this has been enhanced, and records as far back as 1781 are now available within the main index. The database is freely accessible on the Internet via the PubMed interface, and new citations are added Tuesday through Saturday. For citations added during 1995-2003, about 48% are for cited articles published in the U.S., about 88% are published in English, and about 76% have English abstracts written by authors of the articles. [44] => [45] => == Retrieval == [46] => MEDLINE uses [[Medical Subject Headings]] (MeSH) for information retrieval. Engines designed to search MEDLINE (such as Entrez and PubMed) generally use a [[Boolean expression]] combining MeSH terms, words in the abstract and title of the article, author names, date of publication, etc. Entrez and PubMed can also find articles similar to a given one based on a mathematical scoring system that takes into account the similarity of word content of the abstracts and titles of two articles.{{Cite journal|publisher=BMC Bioinformatics (2007) 8:423|title=PubMed related articles: a probabilistic topic-based model for content similarity|date=2007-10-30|doi=10.1186/1471-2105-8-423|last1=Lin|first1=Jimmy|last2=Wilbur|first2=W John|journal=BMC Bioinformatics|volume=8|pages=423|pmid=17971238|pmc=2212667 |doi-access=free }} [47] => [48] => MEDLINE added a "publication type" term for “randomized controlled trial” in 1991 and a MESH subset “systematic review” in 2001.{{cite book|last1=Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine by the American Public.|title=Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the United States.|date=2005|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK83790/|chapter=State of Emerging Evidence on CAM}} [49] => [50] => == Importance == [51] => MEDLINE functions as an important resource for biomedical researchers and [[journal club]]s from all over the world. Along with the [[Cochrane Library]] and a number of other databases, MEDLINE facilitates [[evidence-based medicine]].{{cite web |title=MEDLINE: Description of the Database |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/medline.html |publisher=US National Library of Medicine |access-date=1 February 2020 |date=10 April 2019}}{{cite web |title=How Cochrane Central is created |url=https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/central-creation |publisher=Cochrane Library, John Wiley & Sons, Inc |access-date=1 February 2020 |date=2020}} Most [[systematic review]] articles published presently build on extensive searches of MEDLINE to identify articles that might be useful in the review. MEDLINE influences researchers in their choice of journals in which to publish.{{cite journal | last=Greenhalgh | first=T. | title=How to read a paper: The Medline database | journal=BMJ| volume=315 | issue=7101 | date=19 July 1997 | issn=0959-8138 | doi=10.1136/bmj.315.7101.180 | pmid=9251552 | pmc=2127107 | pages=180–183}} [52] => [53] => == Inclusion of journals == [54] => More than 5,200 biomedical journals are indexed in MEDLINE. New journals are not included automatically or immediately. Several criteria for selection are applied.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medline/medline_journal_selection.html|title = Journal Selection for MEDLINE}} Selection is based on the recommendations of a panel, the Literature Selection Technical Review Committee, based on the scientific scope and quality of a journal.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/lstrc/jsel.html|publisher=LSTRC|title=MEDLINE Journal Selection Fact Sheet|access-date=2009-04-13}} The Journals Database (one of the Entrez databases) contains information, such as its name abbreviation and publisher, about all journals included in Entrez, including PubMed.{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/disted/pubmedtutorial/020_550.html |title=PubMed Tutorial – Building the Search - Search Tools - Journals Database |access-date=2009-09-06}}{{failed verification|date=July 2022}} Journals that no longer meet the criteria are removed.{{Cite web |last=Chatfield |first=Amy |title=Research Guides: Impact Factors, and other measures of scholarly impact: Indexing in Medline |url=https://libguides.usc.edu/c.php?g=293821&p=9237273 |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=libguides.usc.edu |language=en}} Being indexed in MEDLINE gives a non-predatory identity to a journal.{{Cite journal |last1=Gurnani |first1=Bharat |last2=Kaur |first2=Kirandeep |date=2022 |title=Predatory journals: The dark side of publications |journal=Indian Journal of Ophthalmology |volume=70 |issue=8 |pages=3144–3145 |doi=10.4103/ijo.IJO_1053_22 |issn=1998-3689 |pmc=9672775 |pmid=35918993 |doi-access=free }}{{Cite web |last=Abel |first=Kara Van |title=Research Guides: Predatory Publishing: MEDLINE vs. PubMed |url=https://guides.library.uab.edu/c.php?g=826341&p=5922618 |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=guides.library.uab.edu |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Lynch |first=Michael |title=MGH Guides: Scholarly Communication: Predatory Journals |url=https://libguides.massgeneral.org/scholarly/predatory |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=libguides.massgeneral.org |language=en}} [55] => [56] => == Usage == [57] => PubMed usage has been on the rise since 2008. In 2011, PubMed/MEDLINE was searched 1.8 billion times, up from 1.6 billion searches in the previous year.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/bsd_key.html|publisher=NLM|title=Key MEDLINE® Indicators|date=2012-02-06|access-date=2012-03-20}} [58] => [59] => A service such as MEDLINE strives to balance [[usability]] with power and comprehensiveness. In keeping with the fact that MEDLINE's primary user community is professionals ([[healthcare science|medical scientists]], [[health care provider]]s), searching MEDLINE effectively is a learned skill; untrained users are sometimes frustrated with the large numbers of articles returned by simple searches. Counterintuitively, a search that returns thousands of articles is not guaranteed to be comprehensive. Unlike using a typical Internet search engine, PubMed searching MEDLINE requires a little investment of time. Using the MeSH database to define the subject of interest is one of the most useful ways to improve the quality of a search. Using MeSH terms in conjunction with limits (such as publication date or publication type), qualifiers (such as adverse effects or prevention and control), and text-word searching is another. Finding one article on the subject and clicking on the "Related Articles" link to get a collection of similarly classified articles can expand a search that otherwise yields few results. [60] => [61] => For [[wikt:layperson|lay users]] who are trying to learn about health and medicine topics, the NIH offers [[MedlinePlus]]; thus, although such users are still free to search and read the medical literature themselves (via [[PubMed]]), they also have some help with [[content curation|curating]] it into something comprehensible and practically applicable for patients and family members. [62] => [63] => == See also == [64] => * [[Altbib]] [65] => * [[LILACS]] [66] => * [[HubMed]] an alternative interface to the PubMed medical literature database. [67] => * [[Journalology]] [68] => * [[eTBLAST]] – a natural language text similarity engine for MEDLINE and other text databases. [69] => * [[Medscape]] [70] => * [[Twease]] – an open-source biomedical search engine [71] => [72] => == References == [73] => {{reflist}} [74] => [75] => ==External links== [76] => * {{official website|https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/medline.html}} [77] => [78] => {{Authority control}} [79] => [80] => {{DEFAULTSORT:Medline}} [81] => [[Category:Biological databases]] [82] => [[Category:United States National Library of Medicine]] [83] => [[Category:Bibliographic databases and indexes]] [84] => [[Category:Medical databases]] [85] => [[Category:Online databases]] [86] => [[Category:Year of establishment missing]] [87] => [[Category:Public domain databases]] [] => )
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MEDLINE

MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, or MEDLARS Online) is a bibliographic database of life sciences and biomedical information. It includes bibliographic information for articles from academic journals covering medicine, nursing, pharmacy, dentistry, veterinary medicine, and health care.

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