Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Essential elements required by organisms}} [1] => {{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}} [2] => {{use American English|date=December 2023}} [3] => [4] => '''Micronutrients''' are [[nutrient|essential dietary elements]] required by [[organism]]s in varying quantities to regulate [[physiology|physiological functions]] of cells and [[organ (anatomy)|organs]].{{cite web|title=Vitamins|url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins|publisher=Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University|location=Corvallis, OR|access-date=1 December 2023|date=2023}}{{cite web|title=Minerals|url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals|publisher=Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University|access-date=1 December 2023|location=Corvallis, OR|date=2023}} Micronutrients support the health of organisms throughout life.{{cite web |title=Micronutrient Inadequacies in the US Population: an Overview |url=https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/micronutrient-inadequacies/overview |publisher=Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University |access-date=1 December 2023 |date=1 March 2018}}{{cite journal|pmc=4927329|year=2016|last1=Gernand|first1=A. D|title=Micronutrient deficiencies in pregnancy worldwide: Health effects and prevention|journal=Nature Reviews Endocrinology|volume=12|issue=5|pages=274–289|last2=Schulze|first2=K. J|last3=Stewart|first3=C. P|last4=West Jr|first4=K. P|last5=Christian|first5=P|doi=10.1038/nrendo.2016.37|pmid=27032981}}{{cite journal|pmid=27116240|year=2016|last1=Tucker|first1=K. L|title=Nutrient intake, nutritional status, and cognitive function with aging|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|volume=1367|issue=1|pages=38–49|doi=10.1111/nyas.13062|bibcode=2016NYASA1367...38T|doi-access=free}} [5] => [6] => In varying amounts supplied through the diet, micronutrients include such compounds as [[vitamin]]s and [[Mineral (nutrient)|dietary minerals]].{{cite web |title=Reference Guide: Daily Values for Nutrients |url=https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels#referenceguide |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=1 December 2023 |date=27 September 2023}} For [[human nutrition]], micronutrient requirements are in amounts generally less than 100 [[milligram]]s per day, whereas [[nutrient|macronutrient]]s are required in gram quantities daily. A [[multiple micronutrient powder]] of at least iron, [[zinc]], and [[vitamin A]] was added to the [[World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]] in 2019.{{cite tech report |title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019 |last=World Health Organization |date=2019 |hdl=10665/325771 |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/325771 |access-date=14 January 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014233625/https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/325771 |archive-date=14 October 2022}} [[Micronutrient deficiencies|Deficiencies in micronutrient intake]] commonly result in [[malnutrition]].{{cite journal |last1=Blancquaert |first1=D |last2=De Steur |first2=H |last3=Gellynck |first3=X |last4=Van Der Straeten |first4=D |year=2017 |title=Metabolic engineering of micronutrients in crop plants |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8519050/file/8519052.pdf |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1390 |issue=1 |pages=59–73 |bibcode=2017NYASA1390...59B |doi=10.1111/nyas.13274 |pmid=27801945 |s2cid=9439102 |hdl=1854/LU-8519050}} [7] => [8] => ==Inadequate micronutrient intake== [9] => Inadequate intake of essential nutrients predisposes humans to various chronic diseases, with some 50% of American adults having one or more preventable disease. In the United States, foods poor in micronutrient content and high in [[food energy]] make up some 27% of daily [[calorie]] intake. One US national survey (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2006) found that persons with high sugar intake consumed fewer micronutrients, especially vitamins A, C, and E, and magnesium. [10] => [11] => A 1994 report by the World Bank estimated that micronutrient malnutrition costs developing economies at least 5 percent of gross domestic product.World Bank (1994). ''Enriching Lives: Overcoming Vitamin and Mineral Malnutrition in Developing Countries''. Development in Practice Series. The [[Asian Development Bank]] has summarized the benefits of eliminating micronutrient deficiencies as follows: [12] => [13] =>
Along with a growing understanding of the extent and impact of micronutrient malnutrition, several interventions have demonstrated the feasibility and benefits of correction and prevention. Distributing inexpensive capsules, diversifying to include more micronutrient-rich foods, or fortifying commonly consumed foods can make an enormous difference. Correcting iodine, vitamin A, and iron deficiencies can improve the population-wide intelligence quotient by 10–15 points, reduce maternal deaths by one-fourth, decrease infant and child mortality by 40 percent, and increase people's work capacity by almost half. The elimination of these deficiencies will reduce health care and education costs, improve work capacity and productivity, and accelerate equitable economic [14] => growth and national development. Improved nutrition is essential to sustain economic growth. Micronutrient deficiency elimination is as cost-effective as the best public health interventions and fortification is the most cost-effective strategy.Asia Development Bank (October 2000). [www.adb.org/Documents/TARs/REG/tar_oth34014.pdf ''Regional Initiative to Eliminate Micronutrient Malnutrition in Asia Through Public-Private Partnership'']. TAR: OTH 34014. Retrieved on: 2011-10-13.
[15] => [16] => ===Salt iodization=== [17] => [[Salt iodization]] is major strategy for addressing iodine deficiency, which is a major cause of mental health problems. In 1990, less than 20 percent of households in developing countries were consuming iodized salt.Flour Fortification Initiative, GAIN, Micronutrient Initiative, USAID, The [[World Bank]], UNICEF, ''Investing in the future: a united call to action on vitamin and mineral deficiencies'', p. 19. By 1994, international partnerships had formed in a global campaign for Universal Salt Iodization. By 2008, it was estimated that 72 percent of households in developing countries were consuming iodized saltUNICEF, ''The State of the World's Children 2010'', Statistical Tables, p. 15. and the number of countries in which iodine deficiency disorders were a public health concern reduced by more than half from 110 to 47 countries. [18] => [19] => ===Vitamin A supplementation=== [20] => [[Vitamin A]] deficiency is a major factor in causing [[blindness]] worldwide, particularly among children.{{cite web |title=Vitamin A |url=https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-A |publisher=Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University |access-date=1 December 2023 |date=25 February 2021}} Global vitamin A supplementation efforts have targeted 103 priority countries. In 1999, 16 percent of children in these countries received two annual doses of vitamin A. By 2007, the rate increased to 62 percent.Flour Fortification Initiative, GAIN, Micronutrient Initiative, [[USAID]], The World Bank, UNICEF, ''Investing in the future: a united call to action on vitamin A and mineral deficiencies'', p. 17. [21] => [22] => Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A has uncertain benefits on reducing the risk of subclinical vitamin A deficiency.{{cite journal | vauthors = Hombali AS, Solon JA, Venkatesh BT, Nair NS, Peña-Rosas JP | title = Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2019 | issue = 5 | pages = CD010068 | date = May 2019 | pmid = 31074495 | pmc = 6509778 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD010068.pub2}} [23] => [24] => ===Zinc=== [25] => Fortification of staple foods may improve [[serum (blood)|serum]] zinc levels in the population. Other effects such as improving zinc deficiency, children's growth, cognition, work capacity of adults, or blood indicators are unknown.{{cite journal | vauthors = Shah D, Sachdev HS, Gera T, De-Regil LM, Peña-Rosas JP | title = Fortification of staple foods with zinc for improving zinc status and other health outcomes in the general population | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 2016 | issue = 6 | pages = CD010697 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27281654 | pmc = 8627255 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD010697.pub2 }} Experiments show that soil and [[Foliar feeding|foliar]] application of zinc fertilizer can effectively reduce the [[Phytic acid#Food science|phytate]] zinc ratio in grain. People who eat bread prepared from zinc-enriched wheat show a significant increase in serum zinc, suggesting that the zinc fertilizer strategy is a promising approach to address [[Zinc deficiency|zinc deficiencies]] in humans. [26] => [27] => ==Plants== [28] => {{Main|Plant nutrition}}Plants tend not to use vitamins, although minerals are required.{{cite book |title=Marschner's mineral nutrition of higher plants |date=2012 |publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press |isbn=9780123849052 |editor1-last=Marschner |editor1-first=Petra |edition=3rd |location=Amsterdam}}[[File:Oxygen Evolving Complex Crystal structure to 1.9 Angstrom Resolution.png|thumb|Structure of the Mn4O5Ca core of the oxygen-evolving site in plants, illustrating one of many roles of the trace mineral, manganese.{{Cite journal|last1 = Umena|first1 = Yasufumi|last2 = Kawakami|first2 = Keisuke|last3 = Shen|first3 = Jian-Ren|last4 = Kamiya|first4 = Nobuo|title = Crystal structure of oxygen-evolving photosystem II at a resolution of 1.9 Å|journal = Nature|volume = 473|issue = 7345|pages = 55–60|doi = 10.1038/nature09913|pmid=21499260|date=May 2011| bibcode=2011Natur.473...55U | s2cid=205224374 |url = http://ousar.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/files/public/4/47455/20160528084139320094/Nature_473_55–60.pdf}}]] [29] => Some seven trace elements are essential to plant growth, although often in trace quantities.{{cn|date=December 2023}} [30] => [31] => *[[Boron]] is believed to be involved in carbohydrate transport in plants; it also assists in metabolic regulation. Boron deficiency will often result in bud dieback. [32] => *[[Chloride]] is necessary for [[osmosis]] and ionic balance; it also plays a role in [[photosynthesis]]. [33] => *[[Copper]], [[iron]], [[manganese]], [[molybdenum]], and [[zinc]] are cofactors essential for the functioning of many enzymes.{{cite book |doi=10.1002/14356007.n10_n01 |chapter=Fertilizers, 2. Types |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |date=2009 |last1=Dittmar |first1=Heinrich |last2=Drach |first2=Manfred |last3=Vosskamp |first3=Ralf |last4=Trenkel |first4=Martin E. |last5=Gutser |first5=Reinhold |last6=Steffens |first6=Günter |isbn=9783527303854 }} For plants, deficiency in these elements often results in inefficient production of chlorophyll, manifested in [[chlorosis]]. [34] => [35] => ==See also== [36] => {{Portal|Ecology}} [37] => * [[List of micronutrients]] [38] => * [[Human nutrition]] [39] => * [[Macronutrient (ecology)]] [40] => * [[Dietary mineral]] (redirects to [[Mineral (nutrient)]]) [41] => * [[Silicon#Human_nutrition|Silicon § Human nutrition]] [42] => * [[Manganese deficiency (medicine)]] [43] => [44] => ==References== [45] => {{Reflist}} [46] => [47] => ==External links== [48] => {{Div col|colwidth=30em}} [49] => * [http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic Micronutrient Information Center], [[Oregon State University]] [50] => [51] => {{div col end}} [52] => {{Authority control}} [53] => [54] => [[Category:Nutrition]] [] => )
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Micronutrient

Micronutrients are essential dietary elements required by organisms in varying quantities to regulate physiological functions of cells and organs. Micronutrients support the health of organisms throughout life.

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