Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Malaria vaccine}} [1] => {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}} [2] => {{Infobox drug [3] => | Verifiedfields = [4] => | verifiedrevid = [5] => | image = [6] => [7] => | type = vaccine [8] => | target = ''[[Plasmodium falciparum|P. falciparum]]''; to a lesser extent [[Hepatitis B]] [9] => | vaccine_type = protein subunit [10] => [11] => | tradename = Mosquirix [12] => | Drugs.com = [13] => | pregnancy_AU = [14] => | pregnancy_US = [15] => | pregnancy_category = [16] => | legal_AU = [17] => | legal_CA = [18] => | legal_UK = [19] => | legal_US = [20] => | legal_status = Rx-only [21] => | routes_of_administration = intramuscular injection (0.5 mL) [22] => [23] => | ChemSpiderID_Ref = [24] => | ChemSpiderID = [25] => | CAS_number_Ref = [26] => | CAS_number = [27] => | ATC_prefix = [28] => | ATC_suffix = [29] => | PubChem = [30] => | DrugBank_Ref = [31] => | DrugBank = [32] => [33] => }} [34] => [[File:RTS,S bring your child for malaria vaccination.jpg|thumb|A poster advertising trials of the RTS,S vaccine{{cite web |title=RTS,S Malaria Vaccine: 2019 Partnership Award Honoree |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7u5NAG3yt2M |website=YouTube |publisher=Global Health Technologies Coalition |access-date=6 October 2021}}]] [35] => '''RTS,S/AS01''' (trade name '''Mosquirix''') is a [[Subunit vaccine|recombinant protein]]-based [[malaria vaccine]]. It is one of two [[malaria vaccine]]s approved (the other is [[R21/Matrix-M]]). {{As of|2022|4}}, the [[vaccine]] has been given to 1{{nbsp}}million children living in areas with moderate-to-high malaria transmission, with millions more doses to be provided as the vaccine's production expands. 18 million doses have been allocated for 2023-2025.{{cite web | url=https://www.who.int/news/item/05-07-2023-18-million-doses-of-first-ever-malaria-vaccine-allocated-to-12-african-countries-for-2023-2025--gavi--who-and-unicef | title=18 million doses of first-ever malaria vaccine allocated to 12 African countries for 2023–2025: Gavi, WHO and UNICEF }} It requires at least three doses in infants by age 2, with a fourth dose extending the protection for another 1–2 years. The vaccine reduces hospital admissions from severe malaria by around 30% and reduces toddler deaths by 15%.{{Cite web | vauthors = Wadman M |date=24 Oct 2023 |title=First malaria vaccine slashes early childhood mortality |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/first-malaria-vaccine-slashes-early-childhood-deaths |website=Science}} [36] => [37] => == Medical uses == [38] => {{Main|Malaria vaccine}} [39] => RTS,S/AS01 (commercial name ''Mosquirix'') is the only malaria vaccine approved and in current use. The vaccine's use requires at least three doses in infants by age 2, with a fourth dose extending the protection for another 1–2 years. The vaccine reduces hospital admissions from severe malaria by around 30%. [40] => [41] => == History == [42] => Potential malaria vaccines have been an intense area of research since the 1960s.{{cite journal | vauthors = Hill AV | title = Vaccines against malaria | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 366 | issue = 1579 | pages = 2806–2814 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21893544 | pmc = 3146776 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2011.0091 }} SPf66 was tested extensively in endemic areas in the 1990s, but clinical trials showed it to be insufficiently effective.{{cite journal | vauthors = Graves P, Gelband H | title = Vaccines for preventing malaria (SPf66) | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2006 | issue = 2 | pages = CD005966 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16625647 | pmc = 6532709 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005966 | veditors = Graves PM }} Other vaccine candidates, targeting the blood-stage of the malaria parasite's life cycle, had also been insufficient on their own.{{cite journal | vauthors = Graves P, Gelband H | title = Vaccines for preventing malaria (blood-stage) | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2006 | issue = 4 | pages = CD006199 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 17054281 | pmc = 6532641 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006199 | veditors = Graves PM }} [43] => [44] => The RTS,S vaccine was conceived of and created in the late 1980s by scientists working at SmithKline Beecham Biologicals (now [[GlaxoSmithKline]] (GSK) Vaccines) laboratories in [[Belgium]].{{Cite web|title=HYBRID PROTEIN BETWEEN CS FROM PLASMODIUM AND HBsAG|url=http://www.google.com/patents/EP0614465B1?cl=3Den}} The vaccine was further developed through a collaboration between GSK and the [[Walter Reed Army Institute of Research]] in the U.S. state of [[Maryland]]{{cite journal | vauthors = Heppner DG, Kester KE, Ockenhouse CF, Tornieporth N, Ofori O, Lyon JA, Stewart VA, Dubois P, Lanar DE, Krzych U, Moris P, Angov E, Cummings JF, Leach A, Hall BT, Dutta S, Schwenk R, Hillier C, Barbosa A, Ware LA, Nair L, Darko CA, Withers MR, Ogutu B, Polhemus ME, Fukuda M, Pichyangkul S, Gettyacamin M, Diggs C, Soisson L, Milman J, Dubois MC, Garçon N, Tucker K, Wittes J, Plowe CV, Thera MA, Duombo OK, Pau MG, Goudsmit J, Ballou WR, Cohen J | display-authors = 6 | title = Towards an RTS,S-based, multi-stage, multi-antigen vaccine against falciparum malaria: progress at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research | journal = Vaccine | volume = 23 | issue = 17–18 | pages = 2243–2250 | date = March 2005 | pmid = 15755604 | doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.01.142 | url = https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1019&context=usarmyresearch | url-status = live | s2cid = 22824901 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180723181342/https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=usarmyresearch | archive-date = 23 July 2018 }} and has been funded in part by the non-profit [[PATH (global health organization)#Malaria|PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI)]] and the [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]]. [45] => [46] => RTS,S was engineered using genes from the outer protein of ''P. falciparum'' malaria parasite and a portion of a hepatitis B virus plus a chemical [[adjuvant]] to boost the immune response. Infection is prevented by inducing high antibody titers that block the parasite from infecting the liver.{{cite journal | vauthors = Foquet L, Hermsen CC, van Gemert GJ, Van Braeckel E, Weening KE, Sauerwein R, Meuleman P, Leroux-Roels G | display-authors = 6 | title = Vaccine-induced monoclonal antibodies targeting circumsporozoite protein prevent Plasmodium falciparum infection | journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume = 124 | issue = 1 | pages = 140–144 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24292709 | pmc = 3871238 | doi = 10.1172/JCI70349 }} [47] => [48] => The first [[human challenge study]] was conducted in 1997, with six out of seven volunteers developing protection against the parasite.{{Cite web |title=Why we didn't get a malaria vaccine sooner - Works in Progress |url=https://worksinprogress.co/issue/why-we-didnt-get-a-malaria-vaccine-sooner/ |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=worksinprogress.co |language=en-US}} A successful [[Phases of clinical research|phase I trail]] took place in adult males in [[The Gambia]] in 1998. Subsequent phase I and II field trials were run in different regions with different dosages: first in 6–11 year old children, then in 1–4 year olds, and finally in younger infants.
'The outcome was extremely promising', wrote Ripley Ballou in 2009, 'not only was the vaccine extremely well tolerated and highly immunogenic – it reduced the risk of infection by 65.9 percent (95 percent CI: 42.6– 79.8 percent, P < 0.0001) during a three-month follow-up period.'
In November 2012, a phase III trial of RTS,S found that it provided modest protection against both clinical and severe malaria in young infants.{{cite journal | vauthors = Agnandji ST, Lell B, Fernandes JF, Abossolo BP, Methogo BG, Kabwende AL, Adegnika AA, Mordmüller B, Issifou S, Kremsner PG, Sacarlal J, Aide P, Lanaspa M, Aponte JJ, Machevo S, Acacio S, Bulo H, Sigauque B, Macete E, Alonso P, Abdulla S, Salim N, Minja R, Mpina M, Ahmed S, Ali AM, Mtoro AT, Hamad AS, Mutani P, Tanner M, Tinto H, D'Alessandro U, Sorgho H, Valea I, Bihoun B, Guiraud I, Kaboré B, Sombié O, Guiguemdé RT, Ouédraogo JB, Hamel MJ, Kariuki S, Oneko M, Odero C, Otieno K, Awino N, McMorrow M, Muturi-Kioi V, Laserson KF, Slutsker L, Otieno W, Otieno L, Otsyula N, Gondi S, Otieno A, Owira V, Oguk E, Odongo G, Woods JB, Ogutu B, Njuguna P, Chilengi R, Akoo P, Kerubo C, Maingi C, Lang T, Olotu A, Bejon P, Marsh K, Mwambingu G, Owusu-Agyei S, Asante KP, Osei-Kwakye K, Boahen O, Dosoo D, Asante I, Adjei G, Kwara E, Chandramohan D, Greenwood B, Lusingu J, Gesase S, Malabeja A, Abdul O, Mahende C, Liheluka E, Malle L, Lemnge M, Theander TG, Drakeley C, Ansong D, Agbenyega T, Adjei S, Boateng HO, Rettig T, Bawa J, Sylverken J, Sambian D, Sarfo A, Agyekum A, Martinson F, Hoffman I, Mvalo T, Kamthunzi P, Nkomo R, Tembo T, Tegha G, Tsidya M, Kilembe J, Chawinga C, Ballou WR, Cohen J, Guerra Y, Jongert E, Lapierre D, Leach A, Lievens M, Ofori-Anyinam O, Olivier A, Vekemans J, Carter T, Kaslow D, Leboulleux D, Loucq C, Radford A, Savarese B, Schellenberg D, Sillman M, Vansadia P | display-authors = 6 | title = A phase 3 trial of RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine in African infants | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 367 | issue = 24 | pages = 2284–2295 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23136909 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa1208394 | doi-access = free | pmc = 10915853 }} The RTS,S-based vaccine formulation had previously been demonstrated to be safe, well tolerated, immunogenic, and to potentially confer partial efficacy in both malaria-naive and malaria-experienced adults as well as children.{{cite journal | vauthors = Regules JA, Cummings JF, Ockenhouse CF | title = The RTS,S vaccine candidate for malaria | journal = Expert Review of Vaccines | volume = 10 | issue = 5 | pages = 589–599 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 21604980 | doi = 10.1586/erv.11.57 | s2cid = 20443829 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1235797 }} [49] => [50] => In October 2013, preliminary results of a phase III clinical trial indicated that RTS,S/AS01 reduced the number of cases among young children by almost 50 percent and among infants by around 25 percent. The study ended in 2014. The effects of a booster dose were positive, even though overall efficacy seems to wane with time. After four years, reductions were 36 percent for children who received three shots and a booster dose. Missing the booster dose reduced the efficacy against severe malaria to a negligible effect. The vaccine was shown to be less effective for infants. Three doses of vaccine plus a booster reduced the risk of clinical episodes by 26 percent over three years but offered no significant protection against severe malaria.{{Cite web|url=http://www.gizmag.com/malaria-vaccine-candidate-trial/37205|title=Malaria vaccine candidate shown to prevent thousands of cases| vauthors = Borghino D |date=27 April 2015|website=www.gizmag.com|access-date=11 June 2016}} [51] => [52] => In a bid to accommodate a larger group and guarantee a sustained availability for the general public, GSK applied for a marketing license with the [[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA) in July 2014.{{cite press release|url=http://www.gsk.com/en-gb/media/press-releases/2014/gsk-announces-eu-regulatory-submission-for-malaria-vaccine-candidate-rtss//|title=GSK announces EU regulatory submission of malaria vaccine candidate RTS,S|publisher=GSK|date=24 July 2014|access-date=30 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204005601/http://www.gsk.com/en-gb/media/press-releases/2014/gsk-announces-eu-regulatory-submission-for-malaria-vaccine-candidate-rtss/|archive-date=4 December 2016|url-status=dead}} GSK treated the project as a non-profit initiative, with most funding coming from the Gates Foundation, a major contributor to malaria eradication.{{cite news|title=GSK aims to market world's first malaria vaccine| vauthors = Kelland K |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaria-vaccine-gsk-idUSBRE9960Y320131007|newspaper=Reuters|date=7 October 2013|access-date=9 December 2013}} [53] => [54] => In July 2015, Mosquirix received a positive scientific opinion from the European Medicines Agency on the proposal for the vaccine to be used to vaccinate children aged 6 weeks to 17 months outside the European Union.{{cite web|title=Mosquirix H-W-2300|date=8 December 2020 |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/mosquirix-h-w-2300|access-date=4 March 2021|publisher=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}} It is the world's first licensed malaria vaccine and also the first vaccine licensed for use against a human [[parasitic disease]] of any kind.{{cite news| vauthors = Walsh F |date=24 July 2015|title=Malaria vaccine gets 'green light'|publisher=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-33641939|url-status=live|access-date=25 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721200501/https://www.bbc.com/news/health-33641939|archive-date=21 July 2020}} On 23 October 2015, WHO's [[Strategic Advisory Group of Experts]] on Immunization (SAGE) and the [[Malaria Policy Advisory Committee]] (MPAC) jointly and unexpectedly recommended a pilot implementation in Africa, arguing for the need to rule out any increase in meningitis, something that a post-hoc analysis had found in children who had received the vaccine.{{Cite press release|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/23-10-2015-pilot-implementation-of-first-malaria-vaccine-recommended-by-who-advisory-groups|title=Pilot implementation of first malaria vaccine recommended by WHO advisory groups|date=23 October 2015|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]| vauthors = Stewart S |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919012229/https://www.who.int/news/item/23-10-2015-pilot-implementation-of-first-malaria-vaccine-recommended-by-who-advisory-groups|archive-date=19 September 2021|location=Geneva}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Greenwood B, Doumbo OK | title = Implementation of the malaria candidate vaccine RTS,S/AS01 | journal = Lancet | location = London, England | volume = 387 | issue = 10016 | pages = 318–319 | date = January 2016 | pmid = 26549465 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00807-7 | doi-access = free }} [55] => [56] => In November 2016, WHO announced that the RTS,S vaccine would be rolled out in pilot projects in three countries in sub-Saharan Africa. This pilot project for vaccination was launched on 23 April 2019 in [[Malawi]], on 30 April 2019 in [[Ghana]], and on 13 September 2019 in [[Kenya]].{{cite press release | vauthors = Alonso P | date=19 June 2019 |title=Letter to partners – June 2019 |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/19-06-2019-letter-to-partners-june-2019 |location=Wuxi |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=22 October 2019}}{{cite press release |author= |title=Malaria vaccine launched in Kenya: Kenya joins Ghana and Malawi to roll out landmark vaccine in pilot introduction |url=https://www.afro.who.int/news/malaria-vaccine-launched-kenya-kenya-joins-ghana-and-malawi-roll-out-landmark-vaccine-pilot |location=Homa Bay |publisher=World Health Organization |date=13 September 2019 |access-date=22 October 2019}} [57] => [58] => In October 2021, the vaccine was endorsed by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) for "broad use" in children, making it the first [[malaria]] vaccine candidate, and first vaccine to address parasitic infection, to receive this recommendation.{{cite news| vauthors = Davies L |date=6 October 2021|title=WHO endorses use of world's first malaria vaccine in Africa|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/oct/06/who-endorses-use-of-worlds-first-malaria-vaccine-in-africa|access-date=6 October 2021}}{{cite press release| vauthors = Drysdale C, Kelleher K |title=WHO recommends groundbreaking malaria vaccine for children at risk|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/06-10-2021-who-recommends-groundbreaking-malaria-vaccine-for-children-at-risk|location=Geneva|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|access-date=6 October 2021}}{{Cite news| vauthors = Mandavilli A |date=6 October 2021|title=A 'Historical Event': First Malaria Vaccine Approved by W.H.O.|work=[[New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/06/health/malaria-vaccine-who.html|access-date=6 October 2021}} {{As of|2022|4}}, 1{{nbsp}}million children in Ghana, Kenya and Malawi have received at least one shot of the vaccine.{{Cite web |date=13 May 2022 |title=First malaria vaccine hits 1 million dose milestone — although it has its shortcomings |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/05/13/1098536246/first-malaria-vaccine-hits-1-million-dose-milestone-although-it-has-its-shortcom |access-date=2 January 2023 |website=NPR}} [59] => [60] => In August 2022, [[UNICEF]] awarded a contract to GSK to purchase 18{{nbsp}}million doses of the RTS,S vaccine over three years. More than 30 countries have areas with moderate to high malaria transmission where the vaccine is expected to be useful.{{Cite web |date=16 August 2022 |title=Millions more children to benefit from malaria vaccine as UNICEF secures supply |url=https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/millions-more-children-benefit-malaria-vaccine-unicef-secures-supply |access-date=2 January 2023 |website=[[UNICEF]] |language=en}} [61] => [62] => {{As of|2023|4}}, 1.5{{nbsp}}million children in Ghana, Kenya and Malawi had received at least one injection of the vaccine, with more than 4.5 million doses of the vaccine administered through the countries' routine immunization programs.{{Cite web |date=2023-04-19 |title=Q&A on RTS,S malaria vaccine - WHO |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/q-a-on-rts-s-malaria-vaccine |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=[[World Health Organization]] |language=en}} The next 9 countries to receive the vaccine over the next 2 years are Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Niger, Sierra Leone, and Uganda.{{cite journal | vauthors = Devi S | title = 12 countries to get first doses of malaria vaccine | journal = Lancet | volume = 402 | issue = 10397 | pages = 172 | date = July 2023 | pmid = 37454658 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01456-3 | s2cid = 259849056 }} [63] => [64] => == Components and mechanism == [65] => [[File:RTS_S_recombinant_protein_viruslike_particle.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|RTS,S recombinant protein viruslike particle]] [66] => {{Missing information|section|more on the adjuvant—liposome with [[QS-21]] and 3D-MPL (detoxified Lipid A). PMID 22521140 may help|date=October 2021}} [67] => [68] => The RTS,S vaccine is based on a protein construct first developed by [[GlaxoSmithKline]] in 1986. It was named RTS because it was engineered using genes from the repeat ('R') and T-cell epitope ('T') of the pre-erythrocytic [[circumsporozoite protein]] (CSP) of the ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]'' malaria parasite together with a viral surface antigen ('S') of the hepatitis B virus ([[HBsAg]]). This protein was then mixed with additional HBsAg to improve purification, hence the extra "S". Together, these two protein components assemble into soluble [[virus-like particle]]s similar to the outer shell of a hepatitis B virus.{{cite journal | vauthors = Rutgers T, Gordon D, Gathoye AM, Hollingdale M, Hockmeyer W, Rosenberg M, De Wilde M |title=Hepatitis B Surface Antigen as Carrier Matrix for the Repetitive Epitope of the Circumsporozoite Protein of Plasmodium Falciparum. |journal=Nature Biotechnology |date=September 1988 |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=1065–1070 |doi=10.1038/nbt0988-1065|s2cid=39880644 |doi-access=free }} [69] => [70] => A chemical [[Immunologic adjuvant|adjuvant]] (AS01, specifically AS01E) was added to increase the immune system response.{{cite journal | vauthors = ((RTS,S Clinical Trials Partnership)) | title = Efficacy and safety of RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine with or without a booster dose in infants and children in Africa: final results of a phase 3, individually randomised, controlled trial | journal = Lancet | volume = 386 | issue = 9988 | pages = 31–45 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 25913272 | pmc = 5626001 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60721-8 }} Infection is prevented by inducing [[humoral immunity|humoral]] and [[cellular immunity]], with high antibody [[titer]]s, that block the parasite from infecting the liver. [71] => [72] => The T-cell epitope of CSP is [[Fucosylation|O-fucosylated]] in ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]''{{cite journal | vauthors = Swearingen KE, Lindner SE, Shi L, Shears MJ, Harupa A, Hopp CS, Vaughan AM, Springer TA, Moritz RL, Kappe SH, Sinnis P | display-authors = 6 | title = Interrogating the Plasmodium Sporozoite Surface: Identification of Surface-Exposed Proteins and Demonstration of Glycosylation on CSP and TRAP by Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics | journal = PLOS Pathogens | volume = 12 | issue = 4 | pages = e1005606 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 27128092 | pmc = 4851412 | doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005606 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Lopaticki S, Yang AS, John A, Scott NE, Lingford JP, O'Neill MT, Erickson SM, McKenzie NC, Jennison C, Whitehead LW, Douglas DN, Kneteman NM, Goddard-Borger ED, Boddey JA | display-authors = 6 | title = Protein O-fucosylation in Plasmodium falciparum ensures efficient infection of mosquito and vertebrate hosts | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 561 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28916755 | pmc = 5601480 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-017-00571-y | bibcode = 2017NatCo...8..561L }} and ''[[Plasmodium vivax]]'',{{cite journal | vauthors = Swearingen KE, Lindner SE, Flannery EL, Vaughan AM, Morrison RD, Patrapuvich R, Koepfli C, Muller I, Jex A, Moritz RL, Kappe SH, Sattabongkot J, Mikolajczak SA | display-authors = 6 | title = Proteogenomic analysis of the total and surface-exposed proteomes of Plasmodium vivax salivary gland sporozoites | journal = PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | volume = 11 | issue = 7 | pages = e0005791 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28759593 | pmc = 5552340 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005791 | doi-access = free }} while the RTS,S vaccine produced in yeast is not.{{cite journal | vauthors = Goddard-Borger ED, Boddey JA | title = Implications of Plasmodium glycosylation on vaccine efficacy and design | journal = Future Microbiology | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | pages = 609–612 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 29624074 | doi = 10.2217/fmb-2017-0284 | doi-access = free }} [73] => [74] => == References == [75] => {{Reflist}} [76] => [77] => == Further reading == [78] => {{refbegin}} [79] => * {{cite journal | vauthors = Asante KP, Abdulla S, Agnandji S, Lyimo J, Vekemans J, Soulanoudjingar S, Owusu R, Shomari M, Leach A, Jongert E, Salim N, Fernandes JF, Dosoo D, Chikawe M, Issifou S, Osei-Kwakye K, Lievens M, Paricek M, Möller T, Apanga S, Mwangoka G, Dubois MC, Madi T, Kwara E, Minja R, Hounkpatin AB, Boahen O, Kayan K, Adjei G, Chandramohan D, Carter T, Vansadia P, Sillman M, Savarese B, Loucq C, Lapierre D, Greenwood B, Cohen J, Kremsner P, Owusu-Agyei S, Tanner M, Lell B | display-authors = 6 | title = Safety and efficacy of the RTS,S/AS01E candidate malaria vaccine given with expanded-programme-on-immunisation vaccines: 19 month follow-up of a randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial | journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases | volume = 11 | issue = 10 | pages = 741–749 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21782519 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70100-1 }} [80] => * {{cite journal | vauthors = Wilby KJ, Lau TT, Gilchrist SE, Ensom MH | title = Mosquirix (RTS,S): a novel vaccine for the prevention of Plasmodium falciparum malaria | journal = The Annals of Pharmacotherapy | volume = 46 | issue = 3 | pages = 384–393 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22408046 | doi = 10.1345/aph.1AQ634 | s2cid = 32412123 }} [81] => {{refend}} [82] => [83] => == External links == [84] => * [https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/outside-eu-product-information/mosquirix-product-information_en.pdf Mosquirix: Product information] [85] => * [https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/outside-eu-assessment-report/mosquirix-public-assessment-report_en.pdf Mosquirix: Public Assessment Report] [86] => [87] => {{Malaria}} [88] => {{Vaccines}} [89] => {{Portal bar | Medicine}} [90] => [91] => [[Category:Peptide vaccines]] [92] => [[Category:Subunit vaccines]] [93] => [[Category:Malaria]] [] => )
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RTS,S

RTS,S/AS01 (trade name Mosquirix) is a recombinant protein-based malaria vaccine. It is one of two malaria vaccines approved (the other is R21/Matrix-M).

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