Array ( [0] => {{Hatnote|Not to be confused with [[Astraeaceae]], a family of fungi.}} [1] => {{Short description|Large family of flowering plants}} [2] => {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}} [3] => {{Use list-defined references|date=November 2022}} [4] => {{Automatic taxobox [5] => |fossil_range = {{fossil range|76|0}}[[Campanian]]–recent [6] => |image = Asteracea poster 3.jpg [7] => |image_upright = 1.3 [8] => |image_alt = refer to caption [9] => |image_caption = Twelve species of Asteraceae from the subfamilies Asteroideae, Carduoideae, and Cichorioideae [10] => |taxon = Asteraceae [11] => |authority = [[Friedrich von Berchtold|Bercht.]] & [[Jan Svatopluk Presl|J.Presl]] [12] => |diversity = 1,911 genera [13] => |diversity_link = List of Asteraceae genera [14] => |diversity_ref = [15] => |type_genus = ''[[Aster (genus)|Aster]]'' [16] => |type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] [17] => |subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies [18] => |subdivision_ref = {{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} [19] => |subdivision = [20] => * [[Asteroideae]] [[John Lindley|Lindl.]] [21] => * [[Barnadesioideae]] [[Kåre Bremer|K.Bremer]] & [[Robert K. Jansen|R.K.Jansen]] [22] => * [[Carduoideae]] [[Robert Sweet (botanist)|Sweet]] [23] => * [[Cichorioideae]] [[François Fulgis Chevallier|Chevall.]] [24] => * [[Corymbioideae]] [[José L. Panero|Panero]] & [[Vicki Ann Funk|Funk]] [25] => * [[Famatinanthoideae]] [[Susana Edith Freire|S.E.Freire]], [[Luis Ariza Espinar|Ariza]] & Panero [26] => * [[Gochnatioideae]] Panero & Funk [27] => * [[Gymnarrhenoideae]] Panero & Funk [28] => * [[Hecastocleidoideae]] Panero & Funk [29] => * [[Mutisioideae]] Lindl. [30] => * [[Pertyoideae]] Panero & Funk [31] => * [[Stifftioideae]] Panero [32] => * [[Vernonioideae]] [33] => * [[Wunderlichioideae]] Panero & Funk [34] => |synonyms = [35] => {{Collapsible list | title = List | bullets = on [36] => | Compositae [[Paul Dietrich Giseke|Giseke]] [37] => | Acarnaceae [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Link]] [38] => | Ambrosiaceae Bercht. & J.Presl [39] => | Anthemidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl [40] => | Aposeridaceae [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]] [41] => | Arctotidaceae Bercht. & J.Presl [42] => | Artemisiaceae [[Ivan Martinov|Martinov]] [43] => | Athanasiaceae Martinov [44] => | Calendulaceae Bercht. & J.Presl [45] => | Carduaceae Bercht. & J.Presl [46] => | Cassiniaceae [[Carl Heinrich "Bipontinus" Schultz|Sch.Bip.]] [47] => | Cichoriaceae [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]] [48] => | Coreopsidaceae Link [49] => | Cynaraceae [[Fridolin Carl Leopold Spenner|Spenn.]] [50] => | Echinopaceae Bercht. & J.Presl [51] => | Eupatoriaceae Bercht. & J.Presl [52] => | Helichrysaceae Link [53] => | Inulaceae Bercht. & J.Presl [54] => | Lactucaceae [[Carl Georg Oscar Drude|Drude]] [55] => | Mutisiaceae [[Gilbert Thomas Burnett|Burnett]] [56] => | Partheniaceae Link [57] => | Perdiciaceae Link [58] => | Senecionaceae Bercht. & J.Presl [59] => | Vernoniaceae [[Hermann Burmeister|Burmeist.]] [60] => }} [61] => |synonyms_ref = [62] => }} [63] => [64] => The [[family (biology)|family]] '''Asteraceae''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|s|t|ə|'|r|eɪ|s|i|iː|,_|-|s|i|aɪ}}), with the original name '''Compositae''', consists of over 32,000 known species of [[flowering plant]]s in over 1,900 genera within the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Asterales]]. Commonly referred to as the '''aster''', '''daisy''', '''composite''', or '''sunflower family''', Compositae were first described in the year 1740. The number of species in Asteraceae is rivaled only by the [[Orchidaceae]], and which is the larger family is unclear as the quantity of [[Extant taxon|extant]] species in each family is unknown. [65] => [66] => Most species of Asteraceae are [[Annual plant|annual]], [[Biennial plant|biennial]], or [[Perennial plant|perennial]] herbaceous plants, but there are also [[shrubs]], [[vines]], and [[trees]]. The family has a widespread distribution, from subpolar to [[tropical regions]], in a wide variety of habitats. Most occur in [[Hot desert climate|hot desert]] and cold or hot [[Semi-arid climate|semi-desert climates]], and they are found on every continent but [[Antarctica]]. Their primary common characteristic is [[flower head]]s, technically known as [[Capitulum (flower)|capitula]], consisting of sometimes hundreds of tiny individual [[florets]] enclosed by a whorl of protective [[Bract#Involucral bracts|involucral bract]]s. [67] => [68] => The oldest known fossils are pollen grains from the [[Late Cretaceous]] ([[Campanian]] to [[Maastrichtian]]) of Antarctica, dated to {{Circa|76–66}} [[million years ago]] (mya). It is estimated that the [[crown group]] of Asteraceae evolved at least 85.9 mya (Late Cretaceous, [[Santonian]]) with a stem node age of 88–89 mya (Late Cretaceous, [[Coniacian]]). [69] => [70] => Asteraceae is an economically important family, providing food staples, garden plants, and herbal medicines. Species outside of their native ranges can be considered [[weed]]y or [[Invasive species|invasive]]. [71] => [72] => ==Description== [73] => Members of the Asteraceae are mostly [[herbaceous plants]], but some shrubs, vines, and trees (such as ''[[Lachanodes arborea]]'') do exist. Asteraceae species are generally easy to distinguish from other plants because of their unique [[inflorescence]] and other shared characteristics, such as the joined anthers of the [[stamen]]s. Nonetheless, determining genera and species of some groups such as ''[[Hieracium#Species|Hieracium]]'' is notoriously difficult (see "[[damned yellow composite]]" for example). [74] => [75] => ===Roots=== [76] => Members of the family Asteraceae generally produce [[taproot]]s, but sometimes they possess fibrous root systems. Some species have underground stems in the form of [[caudex|caudices]] or [[rhizome]]s. These can be fleshy or woody depending on the species. [77] => [78] => ===Stems=== [79] => The stems are herbaceous, aerial, branched, and cylindrical with glandular hairs, usually erect, but can be prostrate to ascending. The stems can contain secretory canals with [[resin]], or [[latex]], which is particularly common among the [[Cichorioideae]]. [80] => [81] => ===Leaves=== [82] => Leaves can be [[Alternate leaf|alternate]], [[Opposite leaf|opposite]], or [[Whorl (botany)|whorled]]. They may be [[Simple leaf|simple]], but are often deeply [[Lobed leaf|lobed]] or otherwise incised, often [[Conduplicate leaf|conduplicate]] or [[Revolute leaf|revolute]]. The margins also can be [[Entire leaf|entire]] or [[Dentate leaf|toothed]]. Resin or latex can also be present in the leaves. [83] => [84] => ===Inflorescences=== [85] => {{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}} [86] => [87] => Nearly all Asteraceae bear their flowers in dense flower heads called ''capitula''. They are surrounded by [[bract#Involucral bracts|involucral bracts]], and when viewed from a distance, each capitulum may appear to be a single flower. Enlarged outer (peripheral) flowers in the capitulum may resemble petals, and the involucral bracts may look like a calyx. [88] => [89] => ==== Floral heads ==== [90] => [[File:Bidens flwr.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A typical Asteraceae flower head showing the (five) individual ray florets and the (approximately 16) disk florets of a specimen of (''[[Bidens torta]]'')]] [91] => [92] => In plants of the Asteraceae, what appears to be a single "daisy"-type flower is actually a composite of several much smaller flowers, known as the ''capitulum'' or ''head''. By visually presenting as a single flower, the capitulum functions in attracting [[pollinators]], in the same manner that other "showy" flowering plants in numerous other, older, plant families have evolved to attract pollinators. The previous name for the family, ''Compositae'', reflects the fact that what appears to be a single floral entity is in fact a ''composite'' of much smaller flowers. [93] => [94] => The "petals" or "sunrays" in an "asteraceous" head are in fact individual strap-shaped flowers called ''ray flowers'' or ''ray florets'', and the "sun disk" is made up of smaller, [[radial symmetry|radially symmetric]], individual flowers called ''disc flowers'' or ''disc florets''. The word ''aster'' means "star" in Greek, referring to the appearance of most family members as a "[[star|celestial body]] with rays". [95] => The capitulum, which often appears to be a single flower, is often referred to as a ''head''. In some species, the entire head is able to pivot its floral stem in the course of the day to track the sun (like a "smart" solar panel), thus maximizing the reflectivity of the entire floral unit and further attracting flying pollinators. [96] => [97] => Nearest to the flower stem lie a series of small, usually green, scale-like [[bract]]s. These are known as ''[[phyllary|phyllaries]]''; collectively, they form the [[involucre]], which serves to protect the immature head of florets during its development.{{r|CDF|p=29}} The individual florets are arranged atop a dome-like structure called the ''receptacle''.{{r|CDF}} [98] => [99] => The individual florets in a head consist, developmentally, of five fused [[petal]]s (rarely four); instead of [[sepal]]s, they have threadlike, hairy, or bristly structures, known collectively as a ''[[Pappus (flower structure)|pappus]]'', (plural ''pappi''). The pappus surrounds the ovary and can, when mature and attached to a seed, adhere to animal fur or be carried by air currents, aiding in [[seed dispersal]]. The whitish, fluffy head of a [[dandelion]], commonly blown on by children, consists of numerous seeds resting on the receptacle, each seed attached to its pappus. The pappi provide a parachute-like structure to help the seed travel from its point of origin to a more hospitable site. [100] => [101] => [[File:Leucanthemum diagram.svg|thumb|upright=3|center|alt=refer to caption|Schemes and floral diagrams of the different floret types of the Asteraceae: ''[[Leucanthemum vulgare]]'': a = disc flower; b = ray flower.
[102] => 1 – [[Style (botany)|style]] with [[Stigma (botany)|stigmas]]
[103] => 2 – [[anther]]s [104] =>
3 – corolla ([[petal]]s); typically, in the ray flower, three petals are joined to form a strap (in other species, five petals can fuse to form a ''ligule'')
[105] => 4 – reduced [[Calyx (botany)|calyx]]
[106] => 4’ – ''Carduus acanthoides'' (left shaded circle): [[pappus (flower structure)|pappus]]: in many Asteraceae species, the calyx develops as a fibrous or bristly pappus
[107] => 5 – [[inferior ovary]]: fused ovary consisting of two [[carpel]]s, containing one [[Abaxial (botany)|abaxial]] [[ovule]] ([[basal placentation]]).]] [108] => [109] => A ''ray flower'' is a two- or three-lobed, strap-shaped, individual flower, found in the head of most members of the Asteraceae. The [[Petal|corolla]] of the ray flower may have two tiny, [[vestigial]] teeth, opposite to the three-lobed strap, or tongue, indicating its evolution by fusion from an ancestral, five-part corolla. In some species, the 3:2 arrangement is reversed, with two lobes, and zero or three tiny teeth visible opposite the tongue. [110] => [111] => A ''ligulate flower'' is a five-lobed, strap-shaped, individual flower found in the heads of certain other asteraceous species. A ''ligule'' is the strap-shaped tongue of the corolla of either a ray flower or of a ligulate flower.{{clarify|date=April 2023}}{{example needed|date=April 2023}} A ''disk flower'' (or ''disc flower'') is a radially symmetric individual flower in the head, which is ringed by the ray flowers when both are present. In some species, ray flowers may be arranged around the disc in irregular symmetry, or with a weakly [[bilateral symmetry|bilaterally symmetric]] arrangement. [112] => [113] => == Variations == [114] => A ''radiate head'' has disc flowers surrounded by ray flowers. A ''ligulate head'' has all ligulate flowers and no disc flowers. When an Asteraceae flower head has only disc flowers that are either sterile, male, or [[Plant reproductive morphology#Bisexual|bisexual]] (but not female and fertile), it is a ''discoid head''. [115] => [116] => ''Disciform heads'' possess only disc flowers in their heads, but may produce two different sex types (male or female) within their disciform head. [117] => [118] => Some other species produce two different head types: ''staminate'' (all-male), or ''pistillate'' (all-female). In a few unusual species, the "head" will consist of one single disc flower; alternatively, a few species will produce both single-flowered female heads, along with multi-flowered male heads, in their "pollination strategy". [119] => [120] => === Floral structures === [121] => [[File:Carduus floral diagram.svg|thumb|Flower diagram of ''[[Carduus]]'' (Carduoideae) shows (outermost to innermost): subtending bract and stem axis; calyx forming a pappus; fused corolla; stamens fused to corolla; gynoecium with two carpels and one [[locule]]]] [122] => [[File:Senecio mikanioides (delairea odorata).jpg|thumb|Discoid flowerheads of ''[[Delairea odorata]]''.]] [123] => The distinguishing characteristic of Asteraceae is their [[inflorescence]], a type of specialised, composite flower head or ''[[pseudanthium]]'', technically called a calathium or ''[[Pseudanthium|capitulum]]'', that may look superficially like a single flower. The ''capitulum'' is a contracted [[raceme]] composed of numerous individual [[Sessility (botany)|sessile]] [[flower]]s, called ''florets'', all sharing the same [[Receptacle (botany)|receptacle]]. [124] => [125] => A set of [[bract]]s forms an [[involucral bract|involucre]] surrounding the base of the capitulum. These are called "phyllaries", or "involucral bracts". They may simulate the sepals of the pseudanthium. These are mostly herbaceous but can also be brightly coloured (e.g. ''[[Helichrysum]]'') or have a scarious (dry and membranous) texture. The phyllaries can be free or fused, and arranged in one to many rows, overlapping like the tiles of a roof (''imbricate'') or not (this variation is important in identification of tribes and genera). [126] => [127] => Each floret may be subtended by a bract, called a "palea" or "receptacular bract". These bracts are often called "[[chaff]]". The presence or absence of these bracts, their distribution on the receptacle, and their size and shape are all important diagnostic characteristics for genera and tribes. [128] => [129] => The florets have five petals fused at the base to form a [[Corolla (flower)|corolla]] tube and they may be either [[actinomorphic]] or [[zygomorphic]]. ''Disc florets'' are usually actinomorphic, with five petal lips on the rim of the corolla tube. The petal lips may be either very short, or long, in which case they form deeply lobed petals. The latter is the only kind of floret in the [[Carduoideae]], while the first kind is more widespread. ''Ray florets'' are always highly zygomorphic and are characterised by the presence of a ''ligule'', a strap-shaped structure on the edge of the corolla tube consisting of fused petals. In the Asteroideae and other minor subfamilies these are usually borne only on florets at the circumference of the capitulum and have a 3+2 scheme – above the fused corolla tube, three very long fused petals form the ligule, with the other two petals being inconspicuously small. The Cichorioideae has only ray florets, with a 5+0 scheme – all five petals form the ligule. A 4+1 scheme is found in the Barnadesioideae. The tip of the ligule is often divided into teeth, each one representing a petal. Some marginal florets may have no petals at all (filiform floret). [130] => [131] => The calyx of the florets may be absent, but when present is always modified into a [[Pappus (botany)|pappus]] of two or more teeth, scales or bristles and this is often involved in the dispersion of the seeds. As with the bracts, the nature of the pappus is an important diagnostic feature. [132] => [133] => There are usually four or five [[stamen]]s. The filaments are fused to the corolla, while the anthers are generally [[connation|connate]] (''syngenesious'' anthers), thus forming a sort of tube around the style (''theca''). They commonly have basal and/or apical appendages. Pollen is released inside the tube and is collected around the growing style, and then, as the style elongates, is pushed out of the tube (''nüdelspritze''). [134] => [135] => The [[pistil]] consists of two connate [[carpel]]s. The [[carpel|style]] has two lobes. Stigmatic tissue may be located in the interior surface or form two lateral lines. The [[ovary (plants)|ovary]] is inferior and has only one [[ovule]], with basal [[placentation]]. [136] => [137] => === Fruits and seeds === [138] => In members of the Asteraceae the fruit is [[achene]]-like, and is called a ''cypsela'' (plural ''cypselae''). Although there are two fused carpels, there is only one locule, and only one [[seed]] per fruit is formed. It may sometimes be winged or spiny because the pappus, which is derived from calyx tissue often remains on the fruit (for example in [[dandelion]]). In some species, however, the pappus falls off (for example in ''[[Helianthus]]''). Cypsela [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] is often used to help determine plant relationships at the genus and species level. The mature [[seed]]s usually have little [[endosperm]] or none. [139] => [140] => === Pollen === [141] => The pollen of composites is typically echinolophate, a [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] term meaning "with elaborate systems of ridges and spines dispersed around and between the apertures." [142] => [143] => === Metabolites === [144] => In Asteraceae, the energy store is generally in the form of [[inulin]] rather than starch. They produce iso/[[chlorogenic acid]], [[sesquiterpene]] [[lactones]], pentacyclic triterpene alcohols, various [[alkaloid]]s, [[acetylene]]s (cyclic, aromatic, with vinyl end groups), [[tannin]]s. They have [[terpene|terpenoid]] [[essential oil]]s that never contain [[iridoid]]s. [145] => [146] => Asteraceae produce [[secondary metabolites]], such as [[flavonoid]]s and [[terpenoid]]s. Some of these molecules can inhibit protozoan [[parasites]] such as ''[[Plasmodium]]'', ''[[Trypanosoma]]'', ''[[Leishmania]]'' and parasitic intestinal worms, and thus have potential in medicine. [147] => [148] => == Taxonomy == [149] => [150] => ===History=== [151] => Compositae, the original name for Asteraceae, were first described in 1740 by Dutch botanist [[Adriaan van Royen]].{{r|vanRoyen1740|p=117–118}} Traditionally, two subfamilies were recognised: [[Asteroideae]] (or Tubuliflorae) and [[Cichorioideae]] (or Liguliflorae).{{r|BayerStarr1998|p=242}} The latter has been shown to be extensively [[paraphyletic]], and has now been divided into 12 subfamilies, but the former still stands.{{Update inline|reason=Possibly changed since 2002; see Mandel, et al (2019)|date=February 2021}} The study of this family is known as [[synantherology]]. [152] => [153] => ===Phylogeny=== [154] => {{See also|List of Asteraceae genera}} [155] => [156] => The [[phylogenetic tree]] of subfamilies presented below is based on Panero & [[Vicki Ann Funk|Funk]] (2002) updated in 2014, and now also includes the monotypic [[Famatinanthoideae]].{{Update inline|reason=Possibly changed since 2014|date=February 2021}} [157] => The diamond (♦) denotes a very poorly supported [[cladistics|node]] (<50% bootstrap support), the dot (•) a poorly supported node (<80%). [158] => [159] => {{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:90% [160] => |1={{clade|1='''[[Barnadesioideae]]''': 9 genera, 93 species. [[South America]], mainly the [[Andes]]. [161] => |2={{clade|1='''[[Famatinanthoideae]]''': South America, 1 genus, 1 species ''[[Famatinanthus decussatus]]''. [162] => |2={{clade|1='''[[Mutisioideae]]''': 58 genera, 750 species. Absent from Europe, mostly in South America. [163] => |2='''[[Stifftioideae]]''': 10 genera. South America. [164] => |label3=♦|3={{clade|1='''[[Wunderlichioideae]]''': 8 genera, 24 species. Mostly in [[Venezuela]] and [[Guyana]]. [165] => |2={{clade|1='''[[Gochnatioideae]]''': 4 or 5 genera, 90 species. Latin America and southern United States. [166] => |2={{clade [167] => |1='''[[Hecastocleidoideae]]''': Only ''[[Hecastocleis shockleyi]]''. [[Southwestern United States]]. [168] => |2={{clade [169] => |1='''[[Carduoideae]]''': 83 genera, 2,500 species. Worldwide. [170] => |2={{clade [171] => |1='''[[Pertyoideae]]''': 5 or 6 genera, 70 species. Asia. [172] => |2={{clade|1='''[[Gymnarrhenoideae]]''': Two genera/species, ''[[Gymnarrhena micrantha]]'' ([[Northern Africa]], [[Middle East]]) and ''[[Cavea tanguensis]]'' ([[Eastern Himalayas]]). [173] => |label2=•|2={{clade|1='''[[Cichorioideae]]''': 224 genera, 3,200 species. Worldwide. [174] => |2={{clade [175] => |1='''[[Corymbioideae]]''': Only the genus ''[[Corymbium]]'', with 9 species. Cape provinces, South Africa. [176] => |label2=•|2='''[[Asteroideae]]''': 1,130 genera and 16,200 species. Worldwide.}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} [177] => [178] => The family includes over 32,000 currently accepted species, in over 1,900 genera ([[List of Asteraceae genera|list]]) in 13 subfamilies.{{Update inline|reason=Possibly changed since 2016|date=February 2021}} The number of species in the family Asteraceae is rivaled only by Orchidaceae. Which is the larger family is unclear, because of the uncertainty about how many [[Extant taxon|extant]] species each family includes.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} The four subfamilies [[Asteroideae]], [[Cichorioideae]], [[Carduoideae]] and [[Mutisioideae]] contain 99% of the species diversity of the whole family (approximately 70%, 14%, 11% and 3% respectively).{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} [179] => [180] => Because of the [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] complexity exhibited by this family, agreeing on generic circumscriptions has often been difficult for [[taxonomist]]s. As a result, several of these genera have required multiple revisions. [181] => [182] => ==== Paleontology and evolutionary processes ==== [183] => The oldest known fossils of members of Asteraceae are pollen grains from the [[Late Cretaceous]] of [[Antarctica]], dated to ~76–66 mya ([[Campanian]] to [[Maastrichtian]]) and assigned to the extant genus ''[[Dasyphyllum]]''. Barreda, ''et al.'' (2015) estimated that the [[crown group]] of Asteraceae evolved at least 85.9 mya (Late Cretaceous, [[Santonian]]) with a stem node age of 88–89 mya (Late Cretaceous, [[Coniacian]]). [184] => [185] => It is not known whether the precise cause of their great success was the development of the highly specialised capitulum, their ability to store energy as [[fructan]]s (mainly [[inulin]]), which is an advantage in relatively dry zones, or some combination of these and possibly other factors. Heterocarpy, or the ability to produce different fruit morphs, has evolved and is common in Asteraceae. It allows seeds to be dispersed over varying distances and each is adapted to different environments, increasing chances of survival. [186] => [187] => === Etymology and pronunciation === [188] => The original name Compositae is still valid under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. It refers to the "composite" nature of the capitula, which consist of a few or many individual flowers.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} [189] => [190] => The alternative (as it came later) name Asteraceae ({{IPAc-en|lang|ˌ|æ|s|t|ə|ˈ|r|eɪ|s|i|,_|-|s|i|ˌ|aɪ|,_|-|s|i|ˌ|eɪ|,_|-|s|i|ˌ|iː}}) comes to [[international scientific vocabulary]] from [[Neo-Latin]], from ''[[Aster (genus)|Aster]]'', the [[type genus]], + ''[[wikt:-aceae#Suffix|-aceae]]'', a standardized [[suffix]] for plant family names in modern taxonomy. This genus name comes from the [[Classical Latin]] word {{wikt-lang|la|aster}}, "star", which came from [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|ἀστήρ}} ({{transl|grc|astḗr}}), "star". It refers to the star-like form of the inflorescence.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} [191] => [192] => The vernacular name ''daisy'', widely applied to members of this family, is derived from the [[Old English]] name of the daisy (''[[Bellis perennis]]''): {{wikt-lang|ang|dæġes ēaġe}}, meaning "day's eye". This is because the petals open at dawn and close at dusk. [193] => [194] => == Distribution and habitat == [195] => Asteraceae species have a widespread distribution, from subpolar to tropical regions in a wide variety of habitats. Most occur in hot desert and cold or hot semi-desert climates, and they are found on every continent but Antarctica. They are especially numerous in tropical and subtropical regions (notably [[Central America]], eastern [[Brazil]], the [[Mediterranean region|Mediterranean]], [[the Levant]], [[southern Africa]], [[central Asia]], and [[southwestern China]]). The largest proportion of the species occur in the arid and semi-arid regions of subtropical and lower temperate latitudes. The Asteraceae family comprises 10% of all flowering plant species. [196] => [197] => == Ecology == [198] => {{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}} [199] => {{multiple image [200] => | align = right [201] => | direction = horizontal [202] => | image1 = Kih-silberdistel.jpg [203] => | width1 = {{#expr: trunc (150 * 800 / 532)}} [204] => | caption1 = Anemochory in ''[[Carlina]]'' [205] => | image2 = Epizoochoria NRM.jpg [206] => | width2 = {{#expr: trunc (150 * 800 / 600)}} [207] => | caption2 = Epizoochory in ''[[Bidens tripartita]]'' [208] => }} [209] => Asteraceae are especially common in open and dry environments. Many members of Asteraceae are [[pollination|pollinated]] by insects, which explains their value in attracting [[beneficial insects]], but [[anemophily]] is also present (e.g. ''[[Ragweed|Ambrosia]]'', ''[[Artemisia (genus)|Artemisia]]''). There are many [[apomixis|apomictic]] species in the family. [210] => [211] => Seeds are ordinarily dispersed intact with the fruiting body, the cypsela. ''[[Seed dispersal#Wind|Anemochory]]'' (wind dispersal) is common, assisted by a hairy pappus. ''[[Seed dispersal#By animals|Epizoochory]]'' is another common method, in which the dispersal unit, a single cypsela (e.g. ''[[Bidens]]'') or entire capitulum (e.g. ''[[Arctium]]'') has hooks, spines or some structure to attach to the fur or plumage (or even clothes, as in the photo) of an animal just to fall off later far from its mother plant. [212] => [213] => Some members of Asteraceae are economically important as weeds. Notable in the United States are ''[[Senecio jacobaea]]'' (ragwort), ''[[Senecio vulgaris]]'' (groundsel), and ''[[Taraxacum]]'' (dandelion). Some are [[invasive species]] in particular regions, often having been introduced by human agency. Examples include various [[tumbleweed]]s, ''[[Bidens]]'', [[Ambrosia (plant)|ragweeds]], [[thistle]]s, and [[Taraxacum officinale|dandelion]]. Dandelion was introduced into [[North America]] by European settlers who used the young leaves as a salad green. A number of species are toxic to grazing animals. [214] => [215] => == Uses == [216] => [[File:Senecio angulatus flowers.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|The [[vine|twining]] [[succulent]], ''[[Senecio angulatus]]'', is used for its [[cut flowers]], despite being an invasive [[weed]] in some places, such as [[Victoria, Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].]] [217] => Asteraceae is an economically important family, providing products such as [[cooking oil]]s, [[leaf vegetable]]s like [[lettuce]], [[sunflower seed]]s, [[artichoke]]s, [[sweetening agent]]s, coffee substitutes and [[herbal tea]]s. Several genera are of [[horticulture|horticultural]] importance, including pot marigold (''[[Calendula officinalis]]''), ''[[Echinacea]]'' (coneflowers), various daisies, [[Erigeron|fleabane]], [[chrysanthemum]]s, [[dahlia]]s, [[zinnia]]s, and [[helenium]]s. Asteraceae are important in herbal medicine, including ''[[Grindelia]]'', [[Achillea millefolium|yarrow]], and many others. [218] => [219] => Commercially important plants in Asteraceae include the food crops ''[[Lactuca sativa]]'' (lettuce), ''[[Cichorium]]'' (chicory), ''[[Cynara scolymus]]'' (globe artichoke), ''[[Helianthus annuus]]'' (sunflower), ''[[Smallanthus sonchifolius]]'' (yacón), ''[[Carthamus tinctorius]]'' (safflower) and ''[[Helianthus tuberosus]]'' (Jerusalem artichoke). [220] => [221] => Plants are used as herbs and in [[herbal tea]]s and other beverages. Chamomile, for example, comes from two different species: the annual ''[[Matricaria chamomilla]]'' (German chamomile) and the perennial ''[[Chamaemelum nobile]]'' (Roman chamomile). ''[[Calendula]]'' (known as pot marigold) is grown commercially for herbal teas and [[potpourri]]. ''[[Echinacea purpurea|Echinacea]]'' is used as a medicinal tea. The wormwood genus ''[[Artemisia (genus)|Artemisia]]'' includes [[absinthe]] (''A. absinthium'') and [[tarragon]] (''A. dracunculus''). Winter tarragon (''[[Tagetes lucida]]''), is commonly grown and used as a tarragon substitute in climates where tarragon will not survive. [222] => [223] => Many members of the family are grown as ornamental plants for their flowers, and some are important ornamental crops for the cut flower industry. Some examples are ''[[Chrysanthemum]]'', ''[[Gerbera]]'', ''[[Calendula]]'', ''[[Dendranthema]]'', ''[[Argyranthemum]]'', ''[[Dahlia]]'', ''[[Tagetes]]'', ''[[Zinnia]]'', and many others. [224] => [[File:Senecio confusus (433794241).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''[[Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides]]'' is used as an ornamental plant for its bright orange flowers.[https://plantpono.org/high-risk-plants/pseudogynoxys-chenopodioides/ Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides (Mexican flamevine)] CGAPS]] [225] => Many species of this family possess medicinal properties and are used as traditional [[parasite|antiparasitic]] medicine. [226] => [227] => Members of the family are also commonly featured in medical and phytochemical journals because the [[sesquiterpene]] [[lactone]] compounds contained within them are an important cause of [[allergic contact dermatitis]]. Allergy to these compounds is the leading cause of allergic contact dermatitis in florists in the US. [[Pollen]] from ragweed ''[[Ragweed|Ambrosia]]'' is among the main causes of so-called [[hay fever]] in the [[United States]]. [228] => [229] => Asteraceae are also used for some industrial purposes. French Marigold (''[[Tagetes patula]]'') is common in commercial poultry feeds and its oil is extracted for uses in cola and the cigarette industry. The genera ''[[Chrysanthemum]]'', ''[[Pulicaria]]'', ''[[Tagetes]]'', and ''[[Tanacetum]]'' contain species with useful insecticidal properties. ''[[Parthenium argentatum]]'' (guayule) is a source of [[hypoallergenic]] [[latex]]. [230] => [231] => Several members of the family are copious [[nectar (plant)|nectar]] producers and are useful for evaluating [[pollinator]] populations during their bloom.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} ''[[Centaurea]]'' (knapweed), ''Helianthus annuus'' (domestic sunflower), and some species of ''[[Solidago]]'' (goldenrod) are major "[[honey plant]]s" for [[beekeeper]]s. ''Solidago'' produces relatively high protein [[pollen]], which helps [[honey bee]]s over winter. [232] => {{clear}} [233] => [234] => ==References== [235] => {{Reflist|refs= [236] => [237] => [238] => {{Cite journal [239] => | last1 = Bayer | first1 = Randall J. | author-link1 = Randall James Bayer [240] => | last2 = Starr | first2 = Julian R. 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Bayer [975] => |pages = 327–332 [976] => |isbn = 978-3950175431 [977] => |chapter-url = https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/11411/bot_2009_pr_Funk_Fragman-Sapir_Fymnarrheneae.pdf [978] => |archive-date = 6 May 2021 [979] => |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210506171048/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/11411/bot_2009_pr_Funk_Fragman-Sapir_Fymnarrheneae.pdf [980] => |url-status = live [981] => |language = en [982] => |access-date = 16 February 2021 [983] => }} [984] => [985] => [986] => [987] => {{Cite book [988] => | last1 = Judd | first1 = W.S. [989] => | last2 = Campbell | first2 = C.S. [990] => | last3 = Kellogg | first3 = E.A. [991] => | last4 = Stevens | first4 = P.F. | author-link4 = Peter F. Stevens [992] => | last5 = Donaghue | first5 = M.J. 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[1024] => | editor-last3 = Stuessy | editor-first3 = T.F. [1025] => | editor-last4 = Bayer | editor-first4 = R.J. [1026] => | date = 2009 [1027] => | title = Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of Compositae [1028] => | publisher = [[International Association for Plant Taxonomy]] [1029] => | location = Vienna [1030] => | isbn = 978-3-9501754-3-1 [1031] => | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oj4lAQAAMAAJ [1032] => | archive-date = 15 January 2023 [1033] => | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230115175957/https://books.google.com/books?id=oj4lAQAAMAAJ [1034] => | url-status = live [1035] => | access-date = 12 November 2021 [1036] => | via = [[Google Books]] [1037] => }} {{link note|note=Also available [https://archive.org/details/systematicsevolu0000unse here] at [[Internet Archive]]}} [1038] => {{refend}} [1039] => [1040] => == External links == [1041] => {{Portal|Plants}} [1042] => * {{Commons category-inline}} [1043] => * {{Wikispecies-inline}} [1044] => * [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/asteralesweb.htm#Asteraceae Asteraceae] at the [http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/ ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website''] [1045] => * [http://compositae.org/ Compositae.org] – Compositae Working Group (CWG) and Global Compositae Database (GCD) [1046] => [1047] => {{Angiosperm families}} [1048] => {{Taxonbar|from1=Q25400|from2=Q14847254}} [1049] => {{Authority control}} [1050] => [1051] => [[Category:Asteraceae| ]] [1052] => [[Category:Asterales families]] [1053] => [[Category:Extant Campanian first appearances]] [] => )
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Asteraceae

Asteraceae is a large family of flowering plants commonly known as the aster, daisy, or sunflower family. It is one of the largest plant families, comprising over 32,000 known species.

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It is one of the largest plant families, comprising over 32,000 known species. Asteraceae plants can be found in nearly every habitat on Earth, ranging from deserts to alpine meadows. They are characterized by their composite flower heads, which consist of many individual flowers grouped together in a dense cluster. The family includes several important crops and ornamental plants, such as lettuce, sunflowers, daisies, and marigolds. Asteraceae plants have also been used for medicinal purposes throughout history. This family plays a crucial role in ecosystems as a food source for insects, birds, and other animals. Overall, Asteraceae is a diverse and economically significant family of plants with a wide range of biological and ecological importance.

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