Array ( [0] => {{short description|Subdiscipline of microbiology that studies bacteria}} [1] => [[File:E. coli Bacteria (7316101966).jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.2|Scanning electron micrograph of Escherichia coli, a common [[human pathogen]] and [[Biological specimen|research organism]].]] [2] => '''Bacteriology''' is the branch and specialty of [[biology]] that studies the [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]], [[ecology]], [[genetics]] and [[biochemistry]] of [[bacteria]] as well as many other aspects related to them. This subdivision of [[microbiology]] involves the identification, classification, and characterization of bacterial species.{{cite web |last=Wassenaar |first=T. M. |title=Bacteriology: the study of bacteria |url=http://www.bacteriamuseum.org/cms/bacteria/bacteriology-the-study-of-bacteria.html |publisher=www.mmgc.eu |access-date=18 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724020909/http://www.bacteriamuseum.org/cms/bacteria/bacteriology-the-study-of-bacteria.html |archive-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=live}} Because of the similarity of thinking and working with [[microorganism]]s other than bacteria, such as [[protozoa]], [[fungi]], and [[virus]]es, there has been a tendency for the field of bacteriology to extend as microbiology.{{cite book |first1=Ward J. |last1=MacNeal |first2=Herbert Upham |last2=Williams |title=Pathogenic micro-organisms; a text-book of microbiology for physicians and students of medicine |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ijQRAAAAYAAJ |access-date=18 June 2011 |year=1914 |publisher=P. Blakiston's Sons |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ijQRAAAAYAAJ/page/n54 1]–}} The terms were formerly often used interchangeably.{{cite book |first1=Jeanne Stove |last1=Poindexter |title=Methods and special applications in bacterial ecology |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BYGRgeBChYYC&pg=PA87 |access-date=18 June 2011 |date=30 November 1986 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-0-306-42346-8 |page=87}} However, bacteriology can be classified as a distinct science. [3] => [4] => == Overview == [5] => [[File:Colonies de legionelles.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|An [[agar plate]] with [[bacteria]] spread by the streak plate method.{{Cite web |last=Dahal |first=Prashant |date=2022-08-28 |title=Streak Plate Method - Principle, Types, Methods, Uses |url=https://microbenotes.com/streak-plate-method-principle-methods-significance-limitations/ |website=Microbe Notes |language=en-US}}]] [6] => [7] => === Definition === [8] => Bacteriology is the study of bacteria and their relation to medicine. Bacteriology evolved from physicians needing to apply the [[Germ theory of disease|germ theory]] to address the concerns relating to disease spreading in hospitals the 19th century. Identification and characterizing of bacteria being associated to diseases led to advances in [[pathogenic bacteriology]]. [[Koch's postulates]] played a role into identifying the relationships between bacteria and specific diseases. Since then, bacteriology has played a role in successful advances in science such as bacterial vaccines like [[diphtheria toxoid]] and [[tetanus toxoid]]. Bacteriology can be studied and applied in many sub-fields relating to [[agriculture]], [[marine biology]], [[water pollution]], [[bacterial genetics]], [[veterinary medicine]], [[biotechnology]] and others.{{cite book |last1=Kreuder‐Sonnen |first1=Katharina |title=eLS |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |year=2016 |isbn=9780470015902 |pages=1–11 |chapter=History of Bacteriology |doi=10.1002/9780470015902.a0003073.pub2}}{{cite book |last1=Baron |first1=S. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7627/ |title=Medical Microbiology |publisher=[[University of Texas]] Medical Branch at Galveston |year=1996 |isbn=0-9631172-1-1 |editor-last=Baron |editor-first=S. |edition=4th |chapter=Introduction to Bacteriology |pmid=21413299 |id=NBK8120 |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8120/}} [9] => [10] => === Bacteriologists === [11] => {{Main|Bacteriologist}} [12] => A [[bacteriologist]] is a [[microbiologist]] or other trained professional in bacteriology. Bacteriologists are interested in studying and learning about bacteria, as well as using their skills in clinical settings. This includes investigating properties of bacteria such as morphology, ecology, genetics and biochemistry, phylogenetics, genomics and many other areas related to bacteria like disease diagnostic testing.{{Cite news |title=Bacteriologist: Job Description, Duties and Salary |language=en |work=Study.com |url=http://study.com/articles/Bacteriologist_Job_Description_Duties_and_Salary.html |access-date=2017-04-03}} They can also work as medical scientists, veterinary scientists, or diagnostic technicians in locations like clinics, blood banks, hospitals, laboratories and animal hospitals.{{Cite web |date=2021-10-20 |title=Bacteriologist: Job Description, Duties and Salary |url=https://bestaccreditedcolleges.org/articles/bacteriologist-job-description-duties-and-salary.html |access-date= |website=Best Accredited Colleges |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=About {{!}} American College of Veterinary Microbiologists |url=https://www.acvm.us/about-acvm/ |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=www.acvm.us}} Bacteriologists working in public health or biomedical research help develop vaccines for public use.{{Cite web |date=2020-09-03 |title=Vaccines Working Group |url=https://www.nih.gov/research-training/medical-research-initiatives/activ/vaccines-working-group |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=National Institutes of Health (NIH) |language=EN}} [13] => [14] => ==Culturing bacteria== [15] => [[File:Salmonella growing on XLD agar.JPG|right|thumb|Salmonella growing on XLD agar]] [16] => The growth of bacteria in laboratory cultures is the mainstay method used by bacteriologists. Both solid and liquid culture media are used. Solid culture medium is usually [[nutrient agar]] in a [[petri dish]]. The constituents of the nutrient agar vary according to the bacteria under investigation. For growing the bacterium ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'', for example, which is dependent on [[hemin]] and [[nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide]] for its growth, blood (usually from a sheep or a horse) is added to the medium.{{cite journal |vauthors=Vogel L, Geluk F, Jansen H, Dankert J, van Alphen L |title=Human lactoferrin receptor activity in non-encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae |journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters |volume=156 |issue=1 |pages=165–70 |date=November 1997 |pmid=9368377 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb12723.x |s2cid=42022492 |url=|doi-access=free }} When growing bacteria that are found in the intestines of mammals, such as [[salmonella]], [[XLD agar]] which contains, among other ingredients [[deoxycholic acid]] is used.{{cite journal |vauthors=Torrico M, Casino P, López A, Peiró S, Ríos M, Ríos S, Montes MJ, Guillén C, Nardi-Ricart A, García-Montoya E, Asensio D, Marqués AM, Piqué N |title=Improvement of Mueller-Kauffman Tetrathionate-Novobiocin (MKTTn) enrichment medium for the detection of Salmonella enterica by the addition of ex situ-generated tetrathionate |journal=Journal of Microbiological Methods |volume=199 |issue= |pages=106524 |date=August 2022 |pmid=35732231 |doi=10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106524 |s2cid=249877386 |url=|hdl=2445/189169 |hdl-access=free }} [17] => [18] => == History == [19] => {{for multi|the history of microbiology|Microbiology|the history of bacterial classification|Bacterial taxonomy|the natural history of Bacteria|Last universal common ancestor}} [20] => [[File:Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723). Natuurkundige te Delft Rijksmuseum SK-A-957.jpeg|thumb|alt=painting of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, in robe and frilled shirt, with ink pen and paper|[[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]], the first person to observe bacteria using a [[microscope]].|left]] [21] => [[File:Albert Edelfelt - Louis Pasteur - 1885.jpg|thumb|''Louis Pasteur in his laboratory'', painting by [[Albert Edelfelt|A. Edelfeldt]] in 1885]] [22] => [[File:Statue of Robert Koch in Berlin.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Robert Koch]] in Berlin]] [23] => [24] => Bacteria were first observed by the Dutch microscopist [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] in 1676, using a single-lens [[microscope]] of his own design. He then published his observations in a series of letters to the [[Royal Society of London]]. His observations also included protozoans, which he called [[animalcule]]s. The German [[Ferdinand Cohn]] began studying bacteria in 1870 and is also said to be a founder of bacteriology, as he was the first to classify bacteria based on their [[Bacterial morphology|morphology]].{{cite web |last=Chung |first=King-Thom |name-list-style=vanc |title=Ferdinand Julius Cohn (1828–1898): Pioneer of Bacteriology |url=http://www.pnf.org/compendium/Ferdinand_Julius_Cohn.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727180844/http://www.pnf.org/compendium/Ferdinand_Julius_Cohn.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2011 |publisher=Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Sciences, The University of Memphis |df=dmy-all}}{{cite journal |author=Drews, Gerhart |year=1999 |title=Ferdinand Cohn, a founder of modern microbiology |url=http://www.microbeworld.org/images/stories/history_pdfs/f3.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=ASM News |volume=65 |issue=8 |pages=547–52 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713150622/http://www.microbeworld.org/images/stories/history_pdfs/f3.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2017}} [25] => [26] => [[Louis Pasteur]] demonstrated in 1859 that microorganisms cause the [[fermentation (food)|fermentation]] process, and that this growth is not due to [[spontaneous generation]] ([[yeast]]s and [[Mold (fungus)|molds]], commonly associated with fermentation, are not bacteria, but rather [[fungus|fungi]]). Along with his contemporary [[Robert Koch]], Pasteur was an early advocate of the [[germ theory of disease]].{{cite web|url = http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cphl/history/articles/pasteur.htm#paperII|title = Pasteur's Papers on the Germ Theory|publisher = LSU Law Center's Medical and Public Health Law Site, Historic Public Health Articles|access-date = 23 November 2006| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061218123426/http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cphl/history/articles/pasteur.htm| archive-date= 18 December 2006 | url-status= live}} Between 1880 and 1881 Pasteur produced two successful [[vaccination]]s for animals against diseases caused by bacteria. The importance of bacteria was recognized as it led to a study of disease prevention and treatment of diseases by vaccines. Pasteur's research led to [[Ignaz Semmelweis]] and [[Joseph Lister]] researching the importance of sanitized hands in medical work. [27] => [28] => In the 1840s, Semmelweis' observations and ideas surrounding sanitary techniques were rejected and his book on the topic condemned by the medical community due to its conflict with the prevailing theory and practice of [[humorism]] at the time.{{Cite book |last=Carter |first=K. Codell |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56198835 |title=Childbed fever : a scientific biography of Ignaz Semmelweis, with a new introduction by the authors |date=2005 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |others=Barbara R. Carter |isbn=1-4128-0467-1 |location=New Brunswick, N.J. |oclc=56198835}} After Lister's publications, which supported hand washing and sanitation with germ theory, doctors started sanitizing their hands in the 1870s; mandatory handwashing was not incorporated into common health practice until as late as the 1980s.''[https://web.archive.org/web/20210224040602/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/handwashing-once-controversial-medical-advice 'Wash your hands' was once controversial medical advice]'', National Geographic. [29] => [30] => The discovery of the connection of microorganisms to disease came later in the nineteenth century, when German physician [[Robert Koch]] introduced the science of microorganisms including bacteria to the medical field.{{cite journal |last=Lakhtakia |first=R. |title=The Legacy of Robert Koch |journal=Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal |date=February 2014 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=e37–41 |doi=10.12816/0003334 |pmid=24516751 |pmc=3916274}} Koch, a pioneer in medical microbiology, worked on [[cholera]], [[anthrax]] and [[tuberculosis]]. In his research into tuberculosis Koch finally proved the germ theory, for which he received a [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] in 1905.{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905 |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210184150/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/ |archive-date=10 December 2006 |access-date=22 November 2006 |publisher=Nobelprize.org}} In [[Koch's postulates]], he set out criteria to test if an organism is the cause of a [[disease]], and these postulates are still used today.{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Brien SJ, Goedert JJ |date=October 1996 |title=HIV causes AIDS: Koch's postulates fulfilled |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1260157 |journal=Current Opinion in Immunology |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=613–18 |doi=10.1016/S0952-7915(96)80075-6 |pmid=8902385}} Both Koch and Pasteur played a role in improving antisepsis in medical treatment. In 1870-1885 the modern methods of bacteriology technique were introduced by the use of [[Staining|stains]], and by the method of separating mixtures of organisms on plates of nutrient media. [31] => [32] => Though it had been known since the nineteenth century that bacteria are a cause of many diseases, no effective [[antiseptic|antibacterial]] treatments were available until the 20th century.{{cite journal | vauthors = Thurston AJ | title = Of blood, inflammation and gunshot wounds: the history of the control of sepsis | journal = The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery | volume = 70 | issue = 12 | pages = 855–61 | date = December 2000 | pmid = 11167573 | doi = 10.1046/j.1440-1622.2000.01983.x | doi-access = free }} In 1910, [[Paul Ehrlich]] developed the first antibiotic, by changing dyes that selectively stained ''[[Treponema pallidum]]''—the [[spirochaete]] that causes [[syphilis]]—into compounds that selectively killed the pathogen.{{cite journal | vauthors = Schwartz RS | title = Paul Ehrlich's magic bullets | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 350 | issue = 11 | pages = 1079–80 | date = March 2004 | pmid = 15014180 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMp048021 }} Ehrlich was awarded a 1908 Nobel Prize for his work on [[immunology]], and pioneered the use of stains to detect and identify bacteria, with his work being the basis of the [[Gram stain]] and the [[Ziehl–Neelsen stain]].{{cite web|url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1908/ehrlich-bio.html|title = Biography of Paul Ehrlich|publisher = Nobelprize.org|access-date = 26 November 2006| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061128093700/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1908/ehrlich-bio.html| archive-date= 28 November 2006 | url-status= live}} [33] => [34] => A major step forward in the study of bacteria came in 1977 when [[Carl Woese]] recognised that [[archaea]] have a separate line of evolutionary descent from bacteria.{{cite journal | vauthors = Woese CR, Fox GE | title = Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 74 | issue = 11 | pages = 5088–90 | date = November 1977 | pmid = 270744 | pmc = 432104 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088 | bibcode = 1977PNAS...74.5088W | doi-access = free }} This new [[phylogenetic]] [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] came from the [[sequencing]] of [[16S ribosomal RNA]] and divided prokaryotes into two evolutionary domains as part of the [[three-domain system]].{{cite book |vauthors=Hall B |title=Strickberger's Evolution : the integration of genes, organisms and populations |publisher=Jones and Bartlett |publication-place=Sudbury, Mass |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7637-0066-9 |oclc=85814089 |page=145}} [35] => [36] => == References == [37] => {{Reflist}}{{Branches of biology}} [38] => {{Authority control}} [39] => [40] => [[Category:Bacteriology| ]] [] => )
good wiki

Bacteriology

Bacteriology is the branch and specialty of biology that studies the morphology, ecology, genetics and biochemistry of bacteria as well as many other aspects related to them. This subdivision of microbiology involves the identification, classification, and characterization of bacterial species.

More about us

About

Expert Team

Vivamus eget neque lacus. Pellentesque egauris ex.

Award winning agency

Lorem ipsum, dolor sit amet consectetur elitorceat .

10 Year Exp.

Pellen tesque eget, mauris lorem iupsum neque lacus.

You might be interested in

Agriculture

Agriculture refers to the practice of cultivating plants, animals, and other forms of life for food, fiber, medicinal plants, and other products used to sustain and enhance human life.

Antiseptic

An antiseptic is a substance that is applied to living tissue to prevent infection by killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms.

Bacteria

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that have a wide range of shapes and sizes.

Bacteriologist

A bacteriologist is a microbiologist, or similarly trained professional, in bacteriology- a subdivision of microbiology that studies bacteria, typically pathogenic ones.

Biochemistry

Biochemistry is a branch of science that explores the chemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms.

Biology

Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.

Biotechnology

Biotechnology is a field of science that combines biology with technology to develop new and innovative products and processes.

Disease

A disease, in the context of health, is a condition that impairs the normal functioning of the body or mind.

Ecology

Ecology is the branch of biology that studies the interactions between living organisms and their environment.

Fungi

Fungi are a diverse group of organisms that belong to the kingdom Fungi.

Fungus

Fungi are a diverse group of organisms that belong to the kingdom Fungi.

Genetics

Genetics is a branch of biology that focuses on the study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms.

Immunology

Immunology is the branch of biomedical science that focuses on the study of the immune system, including its structure, function, and ability to defend the body against foreign substances and diseases.

Microbiologist

A microbiologist (from Greek ) is a scientist who studies microscopic life forms and processes.

Microbiology

Microbiology is the scientific study of microorganisms, which are tiny, single-celled organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye.

Microorganism

A microorganism is a living organism that is too small to be seen by the naked eye.

Vaccination

Vaccination is the process of administering vaccines to individuals in order to protect them from certain diseases.

Yeast

Yeast is a group of single-celled microorganisms belonging to the fungus kingdom.