Array ( [0] => {{short description|Scientist trained in the study of chemistry}} [1] => {{About||healthcare professionals who practice in pharmacy|Pharmacist|other uses}} [2] => {{Refimprove|date=November 2018}} [3] => [[File:Metsu, Gabriël - L'Apothicaire - c. 1651-1667.jpg|thumb|250px|''The Apothecary'' or ''The Chemist'' by [[Gabriël Metsu]] (c. 1651–67).]] [4] => {{TopicTOC-Chemistry}} [5] => A '''chemist''' (from Greek ''chēm(ía)'' alchemy; replacing ''chymist'' from [[Medieval Latin]] ''alchemist''){{cite web|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/chemist|title=the definition of chemist|website=www.dictionary.com}} is a graduated [[scientist]] trained in the study of [[chemistry]], or an officially enrolled student in the relevant field. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties. Chemists carefully describe the properties they study in terms of quantities, with detail on the level of [[molecule]]s and their component [[atom]]s. Chemists carefully measure substance proportions, [[chemical reaction]] rates, and other [[chemical properties]]. In Commonwealth English, [[pharmacist]]s are often called chemists. [6] => [7] => Chemists use their knowledge to learn the composition and properties of unfamiliar substances, as well as to reproduce and synthesize large quantities of useful naturally occurring substances and create new artificial substances and useful processes. Chemists may specialize in any number of [[Chemistry#Subdisciplines|subdisciplines of chemistry]]. [[Materials science|Materials scientists]] and [[metallurgist]]s share much of the same education and skills with chemists. The work of chemists is often related to the work of [[chemical engineer]]s, who are primarily concerned with the proper design, construction and evaluation of the most cost-effective large-scale [[chemical plant]]s and work closely with industrial chemists on the development of new processes and methods for the commercial-scale manufacture of chemicals and related products. [8] => [9] => ==History of chemistry== [10] => {{main|History of chemistry}} [11] => [12] => [[File:Georgius Agricola.jpg|thumb|German chemist [[Georgius Agricola]] (1494–1555) was the first to drop the Arabic definite article ''al-'', exclusively writing ''chymia'' and ''chymista'' in describing activity that we today would characterize as chemical or alchemical.]] [13] => [14] => [[File:Medeleeff by repin.jpg|thumb|Russian chemist [[Dmitri Mendeleev]] – author of the first modern [[periodic table of elements]]]] [15] => [[File:David - Portrait of Monsieur Lavoisier (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Antoine Lavoisier]] (1743–94) is considered the "[[List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field#Chemistry|Father of Modern Chemistry]]".]] [16] => [17] => The roots of chemistry can be traced to the phenomenon of [[combustion|burning]]. [[Fire]] was a mystical force that transformed one substance into another and thus was of primary interest to mankind. It was fire that led to the [[Discovery (observation)|discovery]] of [[iron]] and [[Glass|glasses]]. After [[gold]] was discovered and became a precious metal, many people were interested to find a method that could convert other substances into gold. This led to the [[protoscience]] called [[alchemy]]. The word ''chemist'' is derived from the [[Neo-Latin]] noun ''chimista'', an abbreviation of ''alchimista'' ([[Alchemy|alchemist]]). Alchemists discovered many [[chemical process]]es that led to the development of modern chemistry. Chemistry as we know it today, was invented by [[Antoine Lavoisier]] with his law of [[conservation of mass]] in 1783. The [[discoveries of the chemical elements]] has a long history culminating in the creation of the [[periodic table]] by [[Dmitri Mendeleev]]. The [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] created in 1901 gives an excellent overview of chemical discovery since the start of the 20th century. [18] => [19] => ==Education== [20] => Jobs for chemists generally require at least a [[bachelor's degree]] in chemistry, but many positions, especially those in research, require a [[Master of Science]] or a [[Doctor of Philosophy]] (PhD.). Most undergraduate programs emphasize [[mathematics]] and [[physics]] as well as chemistry, partly because chemistry is also known as "[[the central science]]", thus chemists ought to have a well-rounded knowledge about science. At the [[Master's degree|Master's]] level and higher, students tend to specialize in a particular field. Fields of specialization include [[biochemistry]], [[nuclear chemistry]], [[organic chemistry]], [[inorganic chemistry]], [[polymer chemistry]], [[analytical chemistry]], [[physical chemistry]], [[theoretical chemistry]], [[quantum chemistry]], [[environmental chemistry]], and [[thermochemistry]]. [[Postdoctoral]] experience may be required for certain positions. [21] => [22] => Workers whose work involves chemistry, but not at a complexity requiring an education with a chemistry degree, are commonly referred to as ''[[chemical technician]]s''. Such technicians commonly do such work as simpler, routine analyses for [[quality control]] or in [[Clinical laboratory|clinical laboratories]], having an [[associate degree]]. A chemical technologist has more education or experience than a chemical technician but less than a chemist, often having a bachelor's degree in a different field of science with also an associate degree in chemistry (or many credits related to chemistry) or having the same education as a chemical technician but more experience. There are also degrees specific to become a chemical technologist, which are somewhat distinct from those required when a student is interested in becoming a professional chemist. A Chemical technologist is more involved in the management and operation of the equipment and instrumentation necessary to perform chemical analyzes than a chemical technician. They are part of the team of a chemical laboratory in which the quality of the raw material, intermediate products and finished products is analyzed. They also perform functions in the areas of environmental quality control and the operational phase of a chemical plant. [23] => [24] => In addition to all the training usually given to chemical technologists in their respective degree (or one given via an associate degree), a chemist is also trained to understand more details related to chemical phenomena so that the chemist can be capable of more planning on the steps to achieve a distinct goal via a chemistry-related endeavor. The higher the competency level achieved in the field of chemistry (as assessed via a combination of education, experience and personal achievements), the higher the responsibility given to that chemist and the more complicated the task might be. Chemistry, as a field, have so many applications that different tasks and objectives can be given to workers or scientists with these different levels of education or experience. The specific title of each job varies from position to position, depending on factors such as the kind of industry, the routine level of the task, the current needs of a particular enterprise, the size of the enterprise or hiring firm, the philosophy and management principles of the hiring firm, the visibility of the competency and individual achievements of the one seeking employment, economic factors such as [[recession]] or [[economic depression]], among other factors, so this makes it difficult to categorize the exact roles of these chemistry-related workers as standard for that given level of education. Because of these factors affecting exact job titles with distinct responsibilities, some chemists might begin doing technician tasks while other chemists might begin doing more complicated tasks than those of a technician, such as tasks that also involve formal applied research, management, or supervision included within the responsibilities of that same job title. The level of supervision given to that chemist also varies in a similar manner, with factors similar to those that affect the tasks demanded for a particular chemist. [25] => [[File:Kolo Naukowe Flogiston.jpg|thumb|A chemist in the lab of the [[Warsaw University of Technology]] in 2011]] [26] => It is important that those interested in a Chemistry degree understand the variety of roles available to them (on average), which vary depending on education and job experience. Those Chemists who hold a bachelor's degree are most commonly involved in positions related to either research assistance (working under the guidance of senior chemists in a research-oriented activity), or, alternatively, they may work on distinct (chemistry-related) aspects of a business, organization or enterprise including aspects that involve quality control, quality assurance, manufacturing, production, formulation, inspection, method validation, visitation for troubleshooting of chemistry-related instruments, [[regulatory affairs]], "on-demand" technical services, chemical analysis for non-research purposes (e.g., as a legal request, for testing purposes, or for government or non-profit agencies); chemists may also work in environmental evaluation and assessment. Other jobs or roles may include sales and marketing of chemical products and chemistry-related instruments or technical writing. The more experience obtained, the more independence and leadership or management roles these chemists may perform in those organizations. Some chemists with relatively higher experience might change jobs or job position to become a manager of a chemistry-related enterprise, a supervisor, an entrepreneur or a chemistry consultant. Other chemists choose to combine their education and experience as a chemist with a distinct credential to provide different services (e.g., forensic chemists, chemistry-related software development, patent law specialists, [[environmental law]] firm staff, scientific news reporting staff, engineering design staff, etc.). [27] => [28] => In comparison, chemists who have obtained a Master of Science (M.S.) in chemistry or in a very related discipline may find chemist roles that allow them to enjoy more independence, leadership and responsibility earlier in their careers with less years of experience than those with a bachelor's degree as highest degree. Sometimes, M.S. chemists receive more complex tasks duties in comparison with the roles and positions found by chemists with a bachelor's degree as their highest academic degree and with the same or close-to-same years of job experience. There are positions that are open only to those that at least have a degree related to chemistry at the master's level. Although good chemists without a Ph. D. degree but with relatively many years of experience may be allowed some applied research positions, the general rule is that Ph. D. chemists are preferred for research positions and are typically the preferred choice for the highest administrative positions on big enterprises involved in chemistry-related duties. Some positions, especially research oriented, will only allow those chemists who are Ph. D. holders. Jobs that involve intensive research and actively seek to lead the discovery of completely new chemical compounds under specifically assigned monetary funds and resources or jobs that seek to develop new scientific theories require a Ph. D. more often than not. Chemists with a Ph. D. as the highest academic degree are found typically on the research-and-development department of an enterprise and can also hold [[university]] positions as professors. Professors for research universities or for big universities usually have a Ph. D., and some research-oriented institutions might require post-doctoral training. Some smaller colleges (including some smaller four-year colleges or smaller non-research universities for undergraduates) as well as [[community colleges]] usually hire chemists with a M.S. as professors too (and rarely, some big universities who need part-time or temporary instructors, or temporary staff), but when the positions are scarce and the applicants are many, they might prefer Ph. D. holders instead. [29] => [30] => ==Employment== [31] => The three major employers of chemists are academic institutions, industry, especially the [[chemical industry]] and the [[pharmaceutical industry]], and government laboratories. [32] => [33] => Chemistry typically is divided into several major sub-disciplines. There are also several main cross-disciplinary and more specialized fields of chemistry. There is a great deal of overlap between different branches of chemistry, as well as with other scientific fields such as biology, medicine, physics, [[radiology]], and several engineering disciplines. [34] => [35] => *[[Analytical chemistry]] is the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their [[chemical composition]] and [[structure]]. Analytical chemistry incorporates standardized experimental methods in chemistry. These methods may be used in all subdisciplines of chemistry, excluding purely theoretical chemistry. [36] => *[[Biochemistry]] is the study of the [[chemical compound|chemicals]], [[chemical reaction]]s and [[Cation-pi interaction|chemical interaction]]}s that take place in living [[organism]]s. Biochemistry and organic chemistry are closely related, for example, in [[medicinal chemistry]]. [37] => [38] => [[File:Laura Miller at ANL.jpg|right|frame|A chemist prepares a new [[fuel cell]] for testing at [[Argonne National Laboratory]], [[Lemont, Illinois]]]] [39] => [[File:Julie Perkins at LLNL.jpg|right|frame|A chemist pours from a [[round-bottom flask]] at [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]], [[Livermore, California]]]] [40] => [41] => *[[Inorganic chemistry]] is the study of the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. The distinction between organic and inorganic disciplines is not absolute and there is much overlap, most importantly in the sub-discipline of [[organometallic chemistry]]. The [[Inorganic chemistry]] is also the study of atomic and molecular structure and bonding. [42] => *[[Medicinal chemistry]] is the science involved with designing, synthesizing and developing pharmaceutical drugs. Medicinal chemistry involves the identification, synthesis and development of new chemical entities suitable for therapeutic use. It also includes the study of existing drugs, their biological properties, and their quantitative structure-activity relationships. [43] => *[[Organic chemistry]] is the study of the structure, properties, composition, mechanisms, and chemical reaction of carbon compounds. [44] => *[[Physical chemistry]] is the study of the physical fundamental basis of chemical systems and processes. In particular, the energetics and dynamics of such systems and processes are of interest to physical chemists. Important areas of study include chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, electrochemistry, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, and spectroscopy. Physical chemistry has a large overlap with theoretical chemistry and molecular physics. Physical chemistry involves the use of [[calculus]] in deriving equations. [45] => *[[Theoretical chemistry]] is the study of chemistry via theoretical reasoning (usually within [[mathematics]] or [[physics]]). In particular, the application of [[quantum mechanics]] to chemistry is called [[quantum chemistry]]. Since the end of the [[Second World War]], the development of computers has allowed a systematic development of [[computational chemistry]], which is the art of developing and applying [[computer program]]s for solving chemical problems. Theoretical chemistry has large overlap with [[condensed matter physics]] and [[molecular physics]]. See [[reductionism]]. [46] => [47] => All the above major areas of chemistry employ chemists. Other fields where chemical degrees are useful include [[astrochemistry]] (and [[cosmochemistry]]), [[atmospheric chemistry]], [[chemical engineering]], [[chemo-informatics]], [[electrochemistry]], [[environmental science]], [[forensic science]], [[geochemistry]], [[green chemistry]], [[history of chemistry]], [[materials science]], [[medical science]], [[molecular biology]], [[molecular genetics]], [[nanotechnology]], [[nuclear chemistry]], [[oenology]], [[organometallic chemistry]], [[petrochemistry]], [[pharmacology]], [[photochemistry]], [[phytochemistry]], [[polymer chemistry]], [[supramolecular chemistry]] and [[surface chemistry]]. [48] => [49] => ==Professional societies== [50] => Chemists may belong to [[Professional society|professional societies]] specifically for professionals and researchers within the field of chemistry, such as the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] in the United Kingdom, the [[American Chemical Society]] (ACS) in the United States, or the Institution of Chemists in India. [51] => [52] => ==Honors and awards== [53] => {{main|List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry}} [54] => The highest honor awarded to chemists is the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]], awarded since 1901, by the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]. [55] => [56] => {{Nobel Prize in Chemistry}} [57] => [58] => ==See also== [59] => * [[List of chemistry topics]] [60] => * [[List of chemists]] [61] => * [[:Category:Chemistry societies|List of Chemistry Societies]] [62] => [63] => ==References== [64] => {{Reflist}} [65] => [66] => ==External links== [67] => *[http://www.chemistry.org/ American Chemical Society] [68] => *[http://www.cas.org/ Chemical Abstracts Service] indexes and abstracts the world's chemistry-related literature and patents [69] => *[http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos049.htm Chemists and Materials Scientists] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060116082156/http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos049.htm |date=2006-01-16 }} from the U.S. Department of Labor's ''Occupational Outlook Handbook'' [70] => *[http://www.rsc.org/ Royal Society of Chemistry] [71] => *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060215110630/http://www.liv.ac.uk/Chemistry/Links/refhistory.html History of Chemistry] links for chemists [72] => *[http://pubs.acs.org/journals/luminaries/ Luminaries of the Chemical Sciences] accomplishments, biography, and publications from 44 of the most influential chemists [73] => *[http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/papers.html Selected Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry] [74] => *[http://www.chemistryguide.org Links for Chemists] guide to web sites related to chemistry [75] => *[http://www.chemistryviews.org ChemistryViews.org] [76] => [77] => {{BranchesofChemistry}} [78] => [79] => {{Authority control}} [80] => [81] => [[Category:Chemists| ]] [82] => [[Category:Science occupations]] [] => )
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Chemist

A chemist (from Greek chēm(ía) alchemy; replacing chymist from Medieval Latin alchemist) is a graduated scientist trained in the study of chemistry, or an officially enrolled student in the relevant field. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties.

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