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Array ( [0] => {{short description|Engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort}} [1] => {{About|the vehicle used in agriculture or construction|other specific forms tractors take|Tractor unit|other uses}} [2] => {{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}} [3] => [[File:Ford 8N.jpg|thumb|The [[Ford N-series tractor]] helped revolutionize modern mechanized agriculture with its [[Harry Ferguson|Ferguson]] [[three point hitch]]]] [4] => A '''tractor''' is an [[engineering vehicle]] specifically designed to deliver a high [[tractive effort]] (or [[torque]]) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a [[Trailer (vehicle)|trailer]] or machinery such as that used in [[agriculture]], [[mining]] or [[construction]]. Most commonly, the term is used to describe a [[farm]] vehicle that provides the power and traction to [[mechanization|mechanize]] agricultural tasks, especially (and originally) [[tillage]], and now many more. [[List of agricultural machinery|Agricultural implements]] may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of power if the implement is mechanised. [5] => [6] => [[File:XTZ-243K.jpg|thumb|A modern Ukrainian tractor [[Kharkiv Tractor Plant|XTZ]]-243K]][[File:Hayes Arbegui 2010.JPG|thumb|This [[Hayes Truck|Hayes]] WHDX 70-170 [[6×6]] [[ballast tractor]] is also a form of tractor, as are [[artillery tractor]]s and the power units which pull [[semi-truck]]s]] [7] => [[File:Tractors-per-100-square-kilometres-of-arable-land.png|thumb|Agricultural tractors per 100 square kilometres of arable land{{cite web|title=Tractors per 100 square kilometres of arable land|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/tractors-per-100-square-kilometres-of-arable-land?tab=map&year=2006&time=1961..2006|access-date=7 March 2020|website=Our World in Data}}]] [8] => [9] => == Etymology == [10] => The word ''tractor'' was taken from [[Latin]], being the [[Agent (grammar)|agent noun]] of ''trahere'' "to pull".{{cite book |author= Houghton Mifflin |author-link= Houghton Mifflin |title= The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |edition= 4th |publisher= Houghton Mifflin |year= 2000 |location= Boston and New York |pages= [https://archive.org/details/americanheritage0000unse_a1o7/page/1829 1829] |url= https://archive.org/details/americanheritage0000unse_a1o7/page/1829 |isbn= 978-0-395-82517-4 |url-access= registration }}[http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com Merriam-Webster Unabridged] (MWU). (Online subscription-based reference service of [[Merriam-Webster]], based on Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.) Headword ''tractor''. Accessed 2007-09-22. The first recorded use of the word meaning "an engine or vehicle for pulling wagons or plows" occurred in 1896, from the earlier term "[[traction engine|traction]] motor" (1859).{{cite web|title= Tractor |work= (etymology) |publisher= Online Etymology Dictionary |url= http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tractor |access-date= 2017-08-20}} [11] => [12] => === National variations === [13] => In the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Australia]], [[India]], [[Spain]], [[Argentina]], [[Slovenia]], [[Serbia]], [[Croatia]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[Germany]], the word "tractor" usually means "farm tractor", and the use of the word "tractor" to mean other types of vehicles is familiar to the vehicle trade, but unfamiliar to much of the general public. In [[Canada]] and the [[United States|US]], the word may also refer to the [[Tractor unit|road tractor]] portion of a [[Semi-trailer truck|tractor trailer]] [[truck]], but also usually refers to the piece of farm equipment. [14] => [15] => == History == [16] => === Traction engines === [17] => [[File:Harrison Machine Works 1882 tractor.JPG|thumb|left|1882 Harrison Machine Works steam-powered [[traction engine]]]] [18] => [19] => The first powered farm implements in the early 19th century were [[portable engine]]s – steam engines on wheels that could be used to drive mechanical farm machinery by way of a flexible belt. [[Richard Trevithick]] designed the first 'semi-portable' [[stationary steam engine]] for agricultural use, known as a "barn engine" in 1812, and it was used to drive a corn threshing machine.{{cite book|last= Hodge |first= James |title= Richard Trevithick (Lifelines 6) |publisher= Shire Publications |year= 1973 |isbn= 978-0-85263-177-5 |page= 30}} The truly portable engine was invented in 1839 by [[William Tuxford]] of [[Boston, Lincolnshire]] who started manufacture of an engine built around a locomotive-style boiler with horizontal smoke tubes. A large [[flywheel]] was mounted on the crankshaft, and a stout leather belt was used to transfer the drive to the equipment being driven. In the 1850s, [[John Fowler (agricultural engineer)|John Fowler]] used a Clayton & Shuttleworth portable engine to drive apparatus in the first public demonstrations of the application of cable haulage to cultivation. [20] => [21] => In parallel with the early portable engine development, many engineers attempted to make them self-propelled – the fore-runners of the [[traction engine]]. In most cases this was achieved by fitting a sprocket on the end of the crankshaft, and running a chain from this to a larger sprocket on the rear axle. These experiments met with mixed success.{{cite book|year=1976|isbn=978-0450028373|publisher=New English Library|last= Lane |first= Michael R. |title= Pride of the Road |page= 56}} The first proper [[traction engine]], in the form recognisable today, was developed in 1859 when British engineer [[Aveling and Porter|Thomas Aveling]] modified a [[Clayton & Shuttleworth]] [[portable engine]], which had to be hauled from job to job by horses, into a self-propelled one. The alteration was made by fitting a long driving chain between the crankshaft and the rear axle.{{cite book|last= Bonnett |first= Harold |title= Discovering Traction Engines |publisher= Shire Publications Ltd |year= 1975 |pages= 5 |isbn= 978-0-85263-318-2}} [22] => [23] => The first half of the 1860s was a period of great experimentation but by the end of the decade the standard form of the traction engine had evolved and changed little over the next sixty years. It was widely adopted for agricultural use. The first tractors were steam-powered [[ploughing engine|plowing engine]]s. They were used in pairs, placed on either side of a field to haul a plow back and forth between them using a wire cable. In Britain [[Mann's Patent Steam Cart and Wagon Company|Mann's]] and [[Richard Garrett & Sons|Garrett]] developed [[steam tractor]]s for direct ploughing, but the heavy, wet soil of England meant that these designs were less economical than a team of horses. In the [[United States]], where soil conditions permitted, steam tractors were used to direct-haul plows. Steam-powered [[agricultural engine]]s remained in use well into the 20th century until reliable internal combustion engines had been developed.{{Cite web|url=https://livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe30s/machines_04.html|title=Tractors Advance during the Depression|website=livinghistoryfarm.org}} [24] => [25] => === Gasoline === [26] => [[File:Ivel Tractor 1902.JPG|thumb|[[Dan Albone]] with his 1902 prototype Ivel Agricultural Motor, the first successful lightweight gasoline-powered tractor]]The first gasoline powered tractors were built in Illinois, by John Charter combining single cylinder Otto engines with a Rumley Steam engine chasis, in 1889.{{Cite web |title=The Evolution and History of the Farm Tractor That Changed Everything |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-tractors-1992545 |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2014-05-06 |title=John Charter: Charter Member - Farm Collector |url=https://www.farmcollector.com/tractors/john-charter-charter-member-zm0z14junzbea/ |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=www.farmcollector.com |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |date=1969-03-01 |title=When Was The First Tractor Made?? - Gas Engine Magazine |url=https://www.gasenginemagazine.com/tractors/when-was-the-first-tractor-made/ |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=www.gasenginemagazine.com |language=en-US}} In 1892, [[John Froelich]] built a gasoline-powered tractor in [[Clayton County, Iowa]], US.{{cite book|title=The John Deere Tractor Legacy|publisher=Voyageur Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3cJeffKoriEC&pg=PA45|page=45|isbn=9781610605298}}{{cite book|title=Vintage Farm Tractors|year=1996 |publisher=Voyageur Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twt3arApXLMC&pg=PA14|page=14|isbn=9781610605649}}{{cite book|title=Xulon Press|publisher=Xulon Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vtgl7YKNFQ0C&pg=PA42|isbn=978-1-59160-134-0|date=June 2002}} A Van Duzen single-cylinder gasoline engine was mounted on a Robinson engine chassis, which could be controlled and propelled by Froelich's gear box.{{cite book|title=Ultimate John Deere: The History of the Big Green Machines |publisher=Voyageur Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNXJvfiOqDsC&pg=PA52|page=52|isbn=9781610605588|year=2001}} After receiving a patent, Froelich started up the [[Waterloo Gasoline Engine Company]] and invested all of his assets. The venture was very unsuccessful, and by 1895 all was lost and he went out of business.{{cite web|title=Froelich Tractor|publisher=Froelich Foundation|url=http://www.froelichtractor.com/thetractor.html|access-date=2012-05-15|archive-date=2019-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829205447/http://www.froelichtractor.com/thetractor.html|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|title=Gasoline Tractor|publisher=Iowa Pathways|url=http://www.iptv.org/iowapathways/mypath.cfm?ounid=ob_000058|date=2016-08-17}}{{cite web|title=From Steam to Gasoline…|publisher=Inspired Media|url=http://theinspiredmedia.com/2009/08/from-steam-to-gasoline/|date=2009-08-21|access-date=2010-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224084104/http://theinspiredmedia.com/2009/08/from-steam-to-gasoline/|archive-date=2012-02-24|url-status=dead}} [27] => [28] => [[Richard Hornsby & Sons]] are credited with producing and selling the first oil-engined tractor in Britain, invented by [[Herbert Akroyd Stuart]]. The Hornsby-Akroyd Patent Safety Oil Traction Engine was made in 1896 with a {{cvt|20|hp}} engine. In 1897, it was bought by Mr. Locke-King, the first recorded British tractor sale. That year, it won a Silver Medal from the [[Royal Agricultural Society of England]]. It later returned to the factory for a caterpillar track fitting. [29] => [30] => The first commercially successful light-weight petrol-powered general purpose tractor was built by [[Dan Albone]], a British inventor in 1901.Moffitt, John. ''The Ivel Story''. {{ISBN|0-9540222-6-2}}{{cite web|url=http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10307483&wwwflag=2&imagepos=1|title=Dan Albone, English inventor, 1902|publisher=The Science and Society Picture Library|access-date=2013-08-30}} He filed for a patent on 15 February 1902 for his tractor design and then formed Ivel Agricultural Motors Limited. The other directors were [[Selwyn Edge]], [[Charles Jarrott]], John Hewitt and [[Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 2nd Earl of Ancaster|Lord Willoughby]]. He called his machine the Ivel Agricultural Motor; the word "tractor" came into common use after Hart-Parr created it. The Ivel Agricultural Motor was light, powerful and compact. It had one front wheel, with a solid rubber tyre, and two large rear wheels like a modern tractor. The engine used water cooling, utilizing the thermo-syphon effect. It had one forward and one reverse gear. A pulley wheel on the left hand side allowed it to be used as a [[stationary engine]], driving a wide range of agricultural machinery. The 1903 sale price was £300. His tractor won a medal at the [[Royal Show|Royal Agricultural Show]], in 1903 and 1904. About 500 were built, and many were exported all over the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.biggleswadehistory.org.uk/Dan%20Albone.htm|title=Dan Albone|publisher=Biggleswade History Society|access-date=2013-08-30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315090452/http://www.biggleswadehistory.org.uk/Dan%20Albone.htm|archive-date=2012-03-15}} The original engine was made by Payne & Co. of [[Coventry]]. After 1906, French [[Aster (auto parts company)|Aster]] engines were used. [31] => [32] => The first successful American tractor was built by [[Charles Walter Hart|Charles W. Hart]] and [[Charles Henry Parr|Charles H. Parr]]. They developed a two-cylinder gasoline engine and set up their business in [[Charles City, Iowa]]. In 1903, the firm built 15 tractors. Their {{convert|14000|lb}} #3 is the oldest surviving internal combustion engine tractor in the United States, and is on display at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C. The two-cylinder engine has a unique hit-and-miss firing cycle that produced {{cvt|30|hp}} at the belt and {{cvt|18|hp}} at the drawbar.{{cite web|url= http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object.cfm?key=35&objkey=157 |title= Smithsonian Museum of American History |publisher= Hart Parr #3 |access-date= 2010-11-29}} [33] => [34] => [[File:FordsonFarmacp.jpg|left|thumb|An early [[Fordson]] discing a field in [[Princess Anne County, Virginia]], in 1925]] [35] => [36] => In 1908, the [[Saunderson Tractor and Implement Co.]] of [[Bedford]] introduced a four-wheel design, and became the largest tractor manufacturer in Britain at the time. While the earlier, heavier tractors were initially very successful, it became increasingly apparent at this time that the weight of a large supporting frame was less efficient than lighter designs. Henry Ford introduced a light-weight, mass-produced design which largely displaced the heavier designs. Some companies halfheartedly followed suit with mediocre designs, as if to disprove the concept, but they were largely unsuccessful in that endeavor.{{cite book|last=Wendel|first=C.H.|title=Oliver Hart-Parr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4wduuQEACAAJ|date= 2011|publisher=Krause Publications|isbn=978-0-87349-929-3}} [37] => [38] => While unpopular at first, these gasoline-powered machines began to catch on in the 1910s, when they became smaller and more affordable. [[Henry Ford]] introduced the [[Fordson]], a wildly popular mass-produced tractor, in 1917. They were built in the U.S., Ireland, England and Russia, and by 1923, Fordson had 77% of the U.S. market. The Fordson dispensed with a frame, using the strength of the engine block to hold the machine together. By the 1920s, tractors with gasoline-powered [[internal combustion engine]]s had become the norm. [39] => [40] => [[File:Trattore Cassani mod 40HP IMG 3337 Museo scienza e tecnologia Milano.jpg|thumb|left|Tractor Cassani model 40HP, at the [[Museo nazionale della scienza e della tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci]] of Milan]] [41] => [42] => The first three-point hitches were experimented with in 1917. After [[Harry Ferguson]] applied for a British patent for his [[three-point hitch]] in 1926, they became popular. A three-point attachment of the implement to the tractor is the simplest and the only statically determinate way of joining two bodies in engineering. The [[Ferguson-Brown Company]] produced the Model A Ferguson-Brown tractor with a Ferguson-designed [[hydraulic]] hitch. In 1938 Ferguson entered into a collaboration with Henry Ford to produce the [[Ford N-Series tractor|Ford-Ferguson 9N tractor]]. The three-point hitch soon became the favorite hitch attachment system among farmers around the world. This tractor model also included a rear [[Power take-off|Power Take Off (PTO)]] shaft that could be used to power three point hitch mounted implements such as sickle-bar mowers. [43] => [44] => ===Electric=== [45] => In 1969,{{Cite book |last=Will |first=Oscar H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITg7npppD9sC |title=Garden Tractors: Deere, Cub Cadet, Wheel Horse, and All the Rest, 1930s to Current |date=2009-02-15 |publisher=Voyageur Press |isbn=978-1-61673-161-8 |pages=81–83 |language=en}} [[General Electric]] introduced the [[Elec-Trak]], the first commercial, electric-powered garden tractor.{{Cite book |last=Liston |first=James M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtgDAAAAMBAJ |title=Popular Mechanics |date=April 1970 |publisher=[[Hearst Magazines]] |pages=120 |language=en}} The Elec-Trak was manufactured by General Electric until 1975. [46] => [47] => == Design, power and transmission == [48] => [49] => === Configuration === [50] => Tractors can be generally classified by number of axles or wheels, with main categories of [[two-wheel tractor]]s (single-axle tractors) and four-wheel tractors (two-axle tractors); more axles are possible but uncommon. Among four-wheel tractors (two-axle tractors), most are [[two-wheel drive]] (usually [[rear wheel drive|at the rear]]); but many are two-wheel drive with front wheel assist, [[four-wheel drive]] (often with articulated steering), or [[continuous track|track]] crawler (with steel or rubber tracks). [51] => [[File:Farmall Regular. 1930 (8167774826).jpg|thumb|The Farmall introduced the row crop configuration, which utilized a narrow frontend wheel arrangement]] [52] => [[File:Zetor 25 - Ystad-2022.jpg|thumb|The diesel powered [[Zetor]] 25, was the first model from the [[Czech Republic|Czech]] manufacturer [[Zetor]] in 1946.]] [53] => [[File:Volvo T 25.1.jpg|thumb|Volvo T25, 1956, gasoline tractor]] [54] => The classic farm tractor is a simple open [[vehicle]], with two very large driving wheels on an axle below a single seat (the seat and [[steering]] wheel consequently are in the center), and the engine in front of the driver, with two steerable wheels below the engine compartment. This basic design has remained unchanged for a number of years after being pioneered by Wallis, but enclosed cabs are fitted on almost all modern models, for operator safety and comfort. [55] => [56] => In some localities with heavy or wet soils, notably in the Central Valley of California, the [[Caterpillar, Inc.|"Caterpillar"]] or [[crawler tractor|"crawler"]] type of tracked tractor became popular due to superior traction and flotation. These were usually maneuvered through the use of turning brake pedals and separate track clutches operated by levers rather than a steering wheel. [57] => [[File:John Deere track tractor 8330T.jpg|thumb|170px|center|John Deere tracked tractor 8330T]] [58] => [59] => [[File:Modern-tractor.jpg|thumb|A modern front wheel assist [[farm]] tractor in [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]] ]] [60] => Four-wheel drive tractors began to appear in the 1960s. Some four-wheel drive tractors have the standard "two large, two small" configuration typical of smaller tractors, while some have four large, powered wheels. The larger tractors are typically an articulated, center-hinged design steered by hydraulic cylinders that move the forward power unit while the trailing unit is not steered separately. [61] => [62] => [[File:Wheat Planting Rig May 2007.jpg|thumb|A modern 4wd articulated crawler power unit planting wheat in North Dakota]] [63] => In the early 21st century, articulated or non-articulated, steerable multitrack tractors have largely supplanted the Caterpillar type for farm use. Larger types of modern farm tractors include articulated four-wheel or eight-wheel drive units with one or two power units which are hinged in the middle and steered by hydraulic clutches or pumps. A relatively recent development is the replacement of wheels or steel crawler-type tracks with flexible, steel-reinforced rubber tracks, usually powered by hydrostatic or completely hydraulic driving mechanisms. The configuration of these tractors bears little resemblance to the classic farm tractor design. [64] => [65] => === Engine and fuels === [66] => The predecessors of modern tractors, traction engines, used [[steam engine]]s for power. [67] => [68] => ==== Gasoline and kerosene ==== [69] => Since the turn of the 20th century, [[internal combustion engine]]s have been the power source of choice. Between 1900 and 1960, [[gasoline]] was the predominant fuel, with [[kerosene]] (the [[Rumely Oil Pull]] was the most notable of this kind)being a common alternative. Generally, one engine could burn any of those, although cold starting was easiest on gasoline. Often, a small auxiliary fuel tank was available to hold gasoline for cold starting and warm-up, while the main fuel tank held whatever fuel was most convenient or least expensive for the particular farmer. In the United Kingdom, a gasoline-kerosene engine is known as a [[petrol-paraffin engine]]. [70] => [71] => ==== Diesel ==== [72] => [[Dieselisation]] gained momentum starting in the 1960s, and modern farm tractors usually employ [[diesel engine]]s, which range in power output from 18 to 575 [[horsepower]] (15 to 480 kW). Size and output are dependent on application, with smaller tractors used for [[lawn mower|lawn mowing]], landscaping, orchard work, and [[truck farming]], and larger tractors for vast fields of wheat, corn, soy, and other bulk crops. [73] => [74] => ==== Liquefied petroleum gas ==== [75] => [[Liquefied petroleum gas]] (LPG) or [[propane]] also have been used as tractor fuels, but require special pressurized fuel tanks and filling equipment and produced less power, so are less prevalent in most markets. Most are confined for inside work due to their clean burning. [76] => [77] => ==== Wood ==== [78] => During the second world war, Petrolium based fuel was scarce in many European nations. So they resorted to using wood gasifires on every vehicle, including tractors.{{Cite web|title=Wood gas vehicles: firewood in the fuel tank|url=https://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2010/01/wood-gas-cars.html|access-date=2022-02-21|website=LOW-TECH MAGAZINE|date=18 January 2010 }} [79] => [80] => ==== Biodiesel ==== [81] => In some countries such as Germany, [[biodiesel]] is often used.{{Cite web|url=https://www.inforse.org/europe/dieret/altfuels/biodiesel.htm|title=BIODIESEL|website=www.inforse.org}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20120320080038/http://www.bebioenergy.com/documents/BallaratUniversity.pdf BE energy promoting biodiesel for use in tractors]. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australila Some other biofuels such as straight vegetable oil are also being used by some farmers.[http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-08/living/farmer.fuel_1_jatropha-diesel-fuel-biodiesel?_s=PM:LIVING Jatropha being used to run a tractor]. ''CNN'' (2008-08-08) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204094347/http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-08/living/farmer.fuel_1_jatropha-diesel-fuel-biodiesel?_s=PM:LIVING |date=2010-12-04 }}{{Cite web|url=https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops|title=Forage and Food Crops|website=Penn State Extension}} [82] => [83] => ==== Electric powered ==== [84] => Prototype battery powered [[electric tractor]]s are being developed by a German company, [[Fendt]], and by two US companies, [[Solectrac]] and Monarch Tractor.{{Cite web |last=Gaines |first=Tharran |date=2021-11-28 |title=An electric tractor may be in your future |url=https://www.agriculture.com/machinery/tractors/an-electric-tractor-may-be-in-your-future |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Successful Farming |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Weisbrod |first=Katelyn |date=2022-07-13 |title=A New Project in Rural Oregon Is Letting Farmers Test Drive Electric Tractors in the Name of Science |url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/13072022/a-new-project-in-rural-oregon-is-letting-farmers-test-drive-electric-tractors-in-the-name-of-science/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=[[Inside Climate News]] |language=en-US}} [[John Deere]]'s protoype electric tractor is a plug-in, powered by an electrical cable.{{Cite web |last=Brackney |first=Susan |date=2021-09-02 |title=Electric Tractors Are The Future Of Farming |url=https://www.hobbyfarms.com/electric-tractors-are-the-future-of-farming/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Hobby Farms |language=en-US}} [[Kubota]] is prototyping an autonomous electric tractor.{{Cite web |last=Szymkowski |first=Sean |date=2020-01-29 |title=Autonomous, electric tractor could be the future face of smart farming |url=https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/autonomous-electric-tractor-future-farming/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=CNET |language=en}} [85] => [86] => === Transmission === [87] => Most older farm tractors use a [[manual transmission]] with several [[gear]] [[ratio]]s, typically three to six, sometimes multiplied into two or three ranges. This arrangement provides a set of discrete ratios that, combined with the varying of the throttle, allow final-drive speeds from less than one up to about 25 miles per hour (40 km/h), with the lower speeds used for working the land and the highest speed used on the road. [88] => [89] => Slow, controllable speeds are necessary for most of the operations performed with a tractor. They help give the farmer a larger degree of control in certain situations, such as field work. When travelling on public roads, the [[slow moving vehicle|slow operating speeds]] can cause problems, such as long queues or tailbacks, which can delay or annoy motorists in cars and trucks. These motorists are responsible for being duly careful around farm tractors and sharing the road with them, but many shirk this responsibility, so various ways to minimize the interaction or minimize the speed differential are employed where feasible. Some countries (for example the [[Netherlands]]) employ a [[road sign]] on some roads that means "no farm tractors". Some modern tractors, such as the [[J. C. Bamford|JCB]] Fastrac, are now capable of much higher road speeds of around 50 mph (80 km/h). [90] => [91] => [[File:OlderModelTractor.JPG|thumb|left|An older model European farm tractor, of the type still common in Eastern Europe]] [92] => Older tractors usually have [[Manual transmission#Unsynchronized transmission|unsynchronized]] transmission designs, which often require the operator to engage the clutch to shift between gears. This mode of use is inherently unsuited to some of the work tractors do, and has been circumvented in various ways over the years. For existing unsynchronized tractors, the methods of circumvention are [[Double clutch (technique)|double clutching]] or power-shifting, both of which require the operator to rely on skill to speed-match the gears while shifting, and are undesirable from a risk-mitigation standpoint because of what can go wrong if the operator makes a mistake – transmission damage is possible, and loss of vehicle control can occur if the tractor is towing a heavy load either uphill or downhill – something that tractors often do. Therefore, operator's manuals for most of these tractors state one must always stop the tractor before shifting. [93] => [94] => [[File:John Deere 3350 tractor cut.JPG|thumb|Cutaway of a John Deere tractor]] [95] => [96] => In newer designs, unsynchronized transmission designs were replaced with [[Manual transmission#Synchronized transmission|synchronization]] or with [[continuously variable transmission]]s (CVTs). Either a synchronized manual transmission with enough available gear ratios (often achieved with dual ranges, high and low) or a CVT allow the engine speed to be matched to the desired final-drive speed, while keeping engine speed within the appropriate speed (as measured in rotations per minute or rpm) range for power generation (the working range) (whereas throttling back to achieve the desired final-drive speed is a trade-off that leaves the working range). The problems, solutions, and developments described here also describe the history of transmission evolution in [[semi-trailer truck]]s. The biggest difference is fleet turnover; whereas most of the old [[Tractor unit|road tractor]]s have long since been scrapped, many of the old farm tractors are still in use. Therefore, old transmission design and operation is primarily just of historical interest in trucking, whereas in farming it still often affects daily life. [97] => [98] => == Hitches and power applications == [99] => The power produced by the engine must be transmitted to the implement or equipment to do the actual work intended for the equipment. This may be accomplished via a drawbar or hitch system if the implement is to be towed or otherwise pulled through the tractive power of the engine, or via a pulley or power takeoff system if the implement is stationary, or a combination of the two. [100] => [101] => === Drawbars === [102] => [[Plows]] and other tillage equipment are most commonly connected to the tractor via a [[Drawbar (haulage)#Agriculture and horse-drawn vehicles|drawbar]]. The classic drawbar is simply a steel bar attached to the tractor (or in some cases, as in the early Fordsons, cast as part of the rear transmission housing) to which the hitch of the implement was attached with a pin or by a loop and [[clevis]]. The implement could be readily attached and removed, allowing the tractor to be used for other purposes on a daily basis. If the tractor was equipped with a swinging drawbar, then it could be set at the center or offset from center to allow the tractor to run outside the path of the implement. [103] => [104] => The drawbar system necessitated the implement having its own running gear (usually wheels) and in the case of a plow, chisel cultivator or harrow, some sort of lift mechanism to raise it out of the ground at turns or for transport. Drawbars necessarily posed a rollover risk depending on how the tractive torque was applied.{{Cite journal|last1=Irwin|first1=Amy|last2=Poots|first2=Jill|date=12 Apr 2018|title=Investigation of UK Farmer Go/No-Go Decisions in Response to Tractor-Based Risk Scenarios|journal=Journal of Agromedicine|volume=23|issue=2|pages=154–165|doi=10.1080/1059924X.2017.1423000|pmid=29648955|url=http://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/2164/12160/1/JAg_tractorpaper_revision.pdf|hdl=2164/12160|s2cid=4783478|hdl-access=free}} The Fordson tractor was prone to roll backward due to an excessively short wheelbase. The linkage between the implement and the tractor usually had some slack which could lead to jerky starts and greater wear and tear on the tractor and the equipment. [105] => [106] => [[File:Modern John Deere Tractor IMG 0401.JPG|thumb|left|A large, modern John Deere model 9400 four-wheel drive tractor with tripled wheels and a drawbar-towed tool chain, including one-pass tillage equipment, planter and fertilizer applicator with tanks]] [107] => [108] => Drawbars were appropriate to the dawn of mechanization, because they were very simple in concept and because as the tractor replaced the horse, existing horse-drawn implements usually already had running gear. As the history of mechanization progressed, the advantages of other hitching systems became apparent, leading to new developments (see below). Depending on the function for which a tractor is used, though, the drawbar is still one of the usual means of attaching an implement to a tractor (see photo at left). [109] => [110] => === Fixed mounts === [111] => Some tractor manufacturers produced matching equipment that could be directly mounted on the tractor. Examples included front-end loaders, belly mowers, row crop cultivators, corn pickers and corn planters. In most cases, these fixed mounts were proprietary and unique to each make of tractor, so an implement produced by John Deere, for example, could not be attached to a Minneapolis Moline tractor. Another disadvantage was mounting usually required some time and labor, resulting in the implement being semi-permanently attached with bolts or other mounting hardware. Usually, it was impractical to remove the implement and reinstall it on a day-to-day basis. As a result, the tractor was unavailable for other uses and dedicated to a single use for an appreciable period of time. An implement was generally mounted at the beginning of its season of use (such as tillage, planting or harvesting) and removed when the season ended. [112] => [113] => === Three-point and quick === [114] => {{main|Three-point hitch}} [115] => [116] => The drawbar system was virtually the exclusive method of attaching implements (other than direct attachment to the tractor) before [[Harry Ferguson]] developed the [[three-point hitch]].Ferguson's patents for three-point hitch: [117] => * Ferguson, Harry. British patent no. 320,084 (issued: 3 July 1928) [118] => * Ferguson, Harry [https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=01916945&PageNum=1 "Tractor-drawn agricultural implement"] U.S. patent no. 1,916,945 (filed: 6 June 1929; issued: 4 July 1933) Equipment attached to the three-point hitch can be raised or lowered [[hydraulic]]ally with a control lever. The equipment attached to the three-point hitch is usually completely supported by the tractor. Another way to attach an implement is via a quick hitch, which is attached to the three-point hitch. This enables a single person to attach an implement quicker and put the person in less danger when attaching the implement. [119] => [120] => [[File:Tractor3pointhitchDubMay04.jpg|thumb|left|A modern three-point with a quick hitch attached]] [121] => [122] => The three-point hitch revolutionized farm tractors and their implements. While the [[Three-point hitch#History|Ferguson System]] was still under patent, other manufacturers developed new hitching systems to try to fend off some of Ferguson's competitive advantage. For example, International Harvester's [[Farmall]] tractors gained a two-point "Fast Hitch", and John Deere had a power lift that was somewhat similar to the more flexible Ferguson invention. Once the patent protection expired on the three-point hitch, it became an industry standard. [123] => [124] => Almost every tractor today features Ferguson's three-point linkage or a derivative of it. This hitch allows for easy attachment and detachment of implements while allowing the implement to function as a part of the tractor, almost as if it were attached by a fixed mount. Previously, when the implement hit an obstacle, the towing link broke or the tractor flipped over. Ferguson's idea was to combine a connection via two lower and one upper lift arms that were connected to a hydraulic lifting ram. The ram was, in turn, connected to the upper of the three links so the increased drag (as when a plough hits a rock) caused the hydraulics to lift the implement until the obstacle was passed. [125] => [126] => Recently, [[Bobcat Company|Bobcat's]] patent on its front loader connection (inspired by these earlier systems) has expired, and compact tractors are now being outfitted with quick-connect attachments for their [[loader (equipment)|front-end loaders]]. [127] => [128] => === Power take-off systems and hydraulics === [129] => In addition to towing an implement or supplying tractive power through the wheels, most tractors have a means to transfer power to another machine such as a [[baler]], [[swather]], or [[mower]]. Unless it functions solely by pulling it through or over the ground, a towed implement needs its own power source (such as a baler or combine with a separate engine) or else a means of transmitting power from the tractor to the mechanical operations of the equipment. [130] => [131] => Early tractors used [[Belt (mechanical)|belts]] or cables wrapped around the [[flywheel]] or a separate belt pulley to power stationary equipment, such as a threshing machine, buzz saw, silage blower, or stationary baler. In most cases, it was impractical for the tractor and equipment to move with a flexible belt or cable between them, so this system required the tractor to remain in one location, with the work brought to the equipment, or the tractor to be relocated at each turn and the power set-up reapplied (as in cable-drawn plowing systems used in early steam tractor operations). [132] => [133] => [[File:TractorPTOshaftMay04.jpg|left|thumb|An implement connected to a tractor's [[power take-off]] (PTO) shaft]] [134] => [135] => Modern tractors use a [[power take-off]] (PTO) shaft to provide rotary power to machinery that may be stationary or pulled. The PTO shaft generally is at the rear of the tractor, and can be connected to an implement that is either towed by a drawbar or a three-point hitch. This eliminates the need for a separate, implement-mounted power source, which is almost never seen in modern farm equipment. It is also optional to get a front PTO as well when buying a new tractor. [136] => [137] => Virtually all modern tractors can also provide external [[hydraulic fluid]] and [[electric]]al power to the equipment they are towing, either by hoses or wires. [138] => [139] => == Operation == [140] => Modern tractors have many electrical switches and levers in the cab for controlling the multitude of different functions available on the tractor. [141] => [142] => === Pedals === [143] => Some modern farm tractors retain a traditional [[manual transmission]]; increasingly they have hydraulically driven powershift [[automatic transmission|transmission]]s and CVT, which vastly simplify operation. [144] => [145] => Those with powershift transmissions have identical pedal arrangements on the floor for the operator to actuate, replacing a [[clutch]] pedal on the far left with an inching pedal that cuts off hydraulic flow to the clutches. Twinned [[brake]] pedals - one each for left and right side wheels- are placed together on the right side. Some have a pedal for a foot [[throttle]] on the far right. Unlike automobiles, throttle speed can also be controlled by a hand-operated lever ("hand throttle"), which may be set to a fixed position. This helps provide a constant speed in field work. It also helps provide continuous power for stationary tractors that are operating an implement by [[power take-off|PTO]] shaft or axle driven belt. The foot throttle gives the operator more automobile-like control over the speed of a mobile tractor in any operation. [146] => [147] => Some modern tractors also have (or offer as optional equipment) a button on the gear stick for controlling the clutch, in addition to the standard pedal, allowing for gear changes and the tractor to be brought to a stop without using the foot pedal to engage the clutch. Others have a button for temporarily increasing throttle speed to improve hydraulic flow to implements, such as a front end loader bucket. [148] => [149] => Independent left and right brake pedals are provided to allow improved steering (by engaging the side one wishes to turn to, slowing or stopping its wheel) and improved traction in soft and slippery conditions (by transferring rotation to the wheel with better grip). Some users prefer to lock both pedals together, or utilize a partial lock that allows the left pedal to be depressed independently but engages both when the right is applied. This may be in the form of a swinging or sliding bolt that may be readily engaged or disengaged in the field without tools. [150] => [151] => Foot pedal throttle control is mostly a returning feature of newer tractors. In the [[United Kingdom|UK]], foot pedal use to control engine speed while travelling on the road is mandatory. Some tractors, especially those designed for row-crop work, have a 'de-accelerator' pedal, which operates in the reverse fashion of an automobile throttle, slowing the engine when applied. This allows control over the speed of a tractor with its throttle set high for work, as when repeatedly slowing to make U-turns at the end of crop rows in fields. [152] => [153] => A front-facing foot button is traditionally included just ahead of the driver's seat (designed to be pressed by the operator's heel) to engage the rear [[locking differential|differential lock]] (diff-lock), which prevents wheel slip. The differential normally allows driving wheels to operate at their own speeds, as required, for example, by the different radius each takes in a turn. This allows the outside wheel to travel faster than the inside wheel, thereby traveling further during a turn. In low-traction conditions on a soft surface, the same mechanism can allow one wheel to slip, wasting its torque and further reducing traction. The differential lock overrides this, forcing both wheels to turn at the same speed, reducing wheel slip and improving traction. Care must be taken to unlock the differential before turning, usually by hitting the pedal a second time, since the tractor with good traction cannot perform a turn with the diff-lock engaged. In many modern tractors, this pedal is replaced with an electrical switch. [154] => [155] => === Levers and switches === [156] => Many functions once controlled with levers have been replaced with some model of electrical switch with the rise of indirect computer controlling of functions in modern tractors. [157] => [158] => Until the late of the 1950s, tractors had a single register of gears, hence one gear stick, often with three to five forward gears and one reverse. Then, group gears were introduced, and another gear stick was added. Later, control of the forward-reverse direction was moved to a special stick attached at the side of the steering wheel, which allowed forward or reverse travel in any gear. Now, with [[Continuously variable transmission|CVT]]s or other gear types, fewer sticks control the transmission, and some are replaced with electrical switches or are totally computer-controlled. [159] => [160] => The three-point hitch was controlled with a lever for adjusting the position, or as with the earliest ones, just the function for raising or lowering the hitch. With modern electrical systems, it is often replaced with a potentiometer for the lower bound position and another one for the upper bound, and a switch allowing automatic adjustment of the hitch between these settings. [161] => [162] => The external hydraulics also originally had levers, but now are often replaced with some form of electrical switch; the same is true for the [[power take-off]] shaft. [163] => [164] => == Safety == [165] => [[File:Tractorrearturnover.gif|thumb|right|John Deere tractor rollover diagram]] [166] => [[File:RogerTractorLarge.jpg|thumb|right|A classic [[Allis-Chalmers]] WD row crop tractor, absent any form of rollover protection]] [167] => [168] => Agriculture in the United States is one of the most hazardous industries, only surpassed [169] => by mining and construction. No other farm machine is so identified with the [[hazard]]s of production agriculture as the tractor.{{cite web [170] => |url=https://nasdonline.org/906/d000746/tractor-overturn-hazards.html [171] => |title=Tractor Overturn Hazards [172] => |website=National Ag Safety Database [173] => |last=Murphy [174] => |first=Dennis [175] => |date=1991 [176] => |access-date=2020-02-24 [177] => }} Tractor-related injuries account for approximately 32% of the fatalities and 6% of the nonfatal injuries in agriculture. Over 50% is attributed to tractor overturns.Donham, K., D. Osterberg, M.L. Meyers, and C. Lehtola. 1999. Final report tractor risk abatement and control: the policy conference, September 10–12, 1997. The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. [178] => [179] => The [[roll-over protection structure]] (ROPS) and seat belt, when worn,{{Cite journal|date=2018-05-01|title=Social and Individual Influences on Tractor Operating Practices of Young Adult Agricultural Workers|journal=Journal of Adolescent Health|language=en|volume=62|issue=5|pages=605–611|doi=10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.11.300|pmid=29478719|issn=1054-139X|last1=Rudolphi|first1=Josie M.|last2=Campo|first2=Shelly|last3=Gerr|first3=Fred|last4=Rohlman|first4=Diane S.|pmc=8189182}} are the most important safety devices to protect operators from death during tractor [[wikt:overturn|overturn]]s.Ayers, P.D. (2010) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726132756/http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/farmmgt/05016.html General Tractor Safety]. Colorado State University{{cite web |url = http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2013/04/30/crops/ |title = Cost-effective Rollover Protective Structure (CROPS) |date = 30 April 2013 |publisher = National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health |access-date = 21 January 2015 |first1 = Paul R. |last1 = Keane |first2 = Tony |last2 = McKenzie}} [180] => [181] => Modern tractors have a ROPS to prevent an operator from being crushed when overturning.{{Cite news|url=https://www.wisfarmer.com/story/news/2018/03/05/tragedy-averted-90-second-video-speaks-wisconsin-farmers/397566002/|title=Tragedy averted: 90-second video speaks to Wisconsin farmers|work=Wisconsin State Farmer|access-date=2018-05-03|language=en}} This is especially important in open-air tractors, where the ROPS is a steel beam that extends above the operator's seat. For tractors with operator cabs, the ROPS is part [182] => of the [[Frame (vehicle)|frame]] of the cab. A ROPS with enclosed cab further reduces the likelihood of serious injury because the operator is protected by the sides and windows of the cab. [183] => [184] => These structures were first required by legislation in Sweden in 1959. Before they were required, some farmers died when their tractors rolled on top of them. Row-crop tractors, before ROPS, were particularly dangerous because of their 'tricycle' design with the two front wheels spaced close together and angled inward toward the ground. Some [[farmer]]s were killed by rollovers while operating tractors along [[wikt:steep|steep]] [[Grade (slope)|slopes]]. Others have been killed while attempting to tow or pull an excessive load from above axle height, or when cold weather caused the tires to freeze to the ground, in both cases causing the tractor to pivot around the rear axle. ROPS were first required in the United States in 1986, non-retroactively. ROPS adoption by farmers is thus incomplete. To treat this problem, CROPS (cost-effective roll-over protection structures) have been developed to encourage farmers to retrofit older tractors. [185] => [186] => For the ROPS to work as designed, the operator must stay within its protective frame and wear the seat belt. [187] => [188] => In addition to ROPS, U.S. manufacturers add instructional seats on tractors with enclosed cabs. The tractors have a ROPS with seatbelts for both the operator and passenger. This instructional seat is intended to be used for training new tractor operators, but can also be used to diagnose machine problems.{{cite web |title=Attachments, instructional seat |url=http://salesmanual.deere.com/sales/salesmanual/en_NA/tractors/2007/feature/operator_station_and_controls/6030/6000_7000sf_seat_cab_instructional.html?sbu=ag&link=prodcat |website=salesmanual.deere.com |access-date=14 October 2022}} [189] => The misuse of an instructional seat increases the likelihood of injury, especially when children are transported. The [[International Organization for Standardization]]'s ISO standard 23205:2014 specifies the minimum design and performance requirements for an instructional seat and states that the instructional seat is neither intended for, nor is it designed for use by children.{{cite web |title=ISO 23205:2014 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/62662.html |website=ISO |access-date=14 October 2022 |language=en}} Despite this, upwards of 40% of farm families give their children rides on tractors, often using these instructional seats.{{cite news |last1=Barrett |first1=Rick |title=Campaign strives to keep young children off tractors |url=https://archive.jsonline.com/business/campaign-strives-to-keep-young-children-off-tractors-b99260729z1-257808661.html/ |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=www.jsonline.com |agency=Journal Sentinel |publisher=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel |date=3 May 2014 |language=en}} [190] => [191] => == Applications and variations == [192] => [193] => === Farm === [194] => [[File:JDTractor chisel-plough.jpg|thumb|left|A modern [[Deere & Company|John Deere]] 8110 Farm Tractor plowing a field using a [[chisel plow]]]] [195] => [[File:Farmer and tractor tilling soil.jpg|thumb|A tractor pulling a tiller]] [196] => [197] => The most common use of the term "tractor" is for the [[vehicle]]s used on [[farm]]s. The farm tractor is used for pulling or pushing [[agriculture|agricultural]] machinery or [[Trailer (vehicle)|trailer]]s, for [[plow]]ing, tilling, disking, harrowing, planting, and similar tasks. [198] => [199] => [[File:TractorPoweringWaterpump.jpg|thumb|A farm tractor used to power a [[pump]] for [[irrigating]] a plot of land]] [200] => [201] => A variety of specialty farm tractors have been developed for particular uses. These include "row crop" tractors with adjustable tread width to allow the tractor to pass down rows of [[cereals]], [[maize]], [[tomatoes]] or other crops without crushing the plants, "wheatland" or "standard" tractors with fixed wheels and a lower center of gravity for plowing and other heavy field work for broadcast crops, and "high crop" tractors with adjustable tread and increased ground clearance, often used in the cultivation of cotton and other high-growing row crop plant operations, and "utility tractors", typically smaller tractors with a low center of gravity and short turning radius, used for general purposes around the farmstead. Many utility tractors are used for nonfarm grading, [[landscape maintenance]] and excavation purposes, particularly with loaders, backhoes, pallet forks and similar devices. Small garden or [[lawn mowers|lawn tractor]]s designed for suburban and semirural gardening and landscape maintenance are produced in a variety of configurations, and also find numerous uses on a farmstead. [202] => [203] => [[File:Ueberladewagen (jha).jpg|thumb|right|A tractor with an [[auger wagon]]]] [204] => [205] => Some farm-type tractors are found elsewhere than on farms: with large universities' gardening departments, in public parks, or for highway workman use with [[blowtorch]] cylinders strapped to the sides and a [[Jackhammer|pneumatic drill]] [[air compressor]] permanently fastened over the [[power take-off]]. These are often fitted with grass (turf) tyres which are less damaging to soft surfaces than agricultural tires. [206] => [207] => ==== Precision ==== [208] => [[Space technology]] has been incorporated into [[agriculture]] in the form of [[GPS]] devices, and robust on-board [[computers]] installed as optional features on farm tractors. These technologies are used in modern, [[precision farming]] techniques. The [[Government spin-off|spin-off]]s from the [[space race]] have actually facilitated [[automation]] in plowing and the use of autosteer systems ([[Unmanned ground vehicle|drone]] on tractors that are manned but only steered at the end of a row), the idea being to neither overlap and use more fuel nor leave streaks when performing jobs such as [[Agriculture|cultivating]]. Several tractor companies have also been working on producing a [[driverless tractor]]. [209] => [210] => === Engineering === [211] => [[File:Chelyabinsk tractor factory 1930s.jpg|thumb|A tractor factory in [[Chelyabinsk]] in the [[Soviet Union]] circa 1930]] [212] => [[File:tractor fanguejant.jpg|thumb|[[Ebro trucks|Ebro]] farm tractor with steel wheel extensions. This arrangement is often used in muddy conditions that are found in paddy farming of rice.]] [213] => [214] => The durability and engine power of tractors made them very suitable for engineering tasks. Tractors can be fitted with engineering tools such as [[bulldozer|dozer blade]]s, [[loader (equipment)|bucket]]s, [[hoe (equipment)|hoe]]s, rippers, etc. The most common attachments for the front of a tractor are dozer blades or buckets. When attached to engineering tools, the tractor is called an [[engineering vehicle]]. [215] => [216] => A [[bulldozer]] is a [[tractor crawler|track-type tractor]] with a blade attached in the front and a rope-winch behind. Bulldozers are very powerful tractors and have excellent ground-hold, as their main tasks are to push or drag. [217] => [218] => Bulldozers have been further modified over time to evolve into new machines which are capable of working in ways that the original bulldozer can not. One example is that [[Loader (equipment)|loader]] tractors were created by removing the blade and substituting a large volume bucket and hydraulic arms which can raise and lower the bucket, thus making it useful for scooping up earth, rock and similar loose material to load it into trucks. [219] => [220] => A front-loader or loader is a tractor with an engineering tool which consists of two hydraulic powered arms on either side of the front engine compartment and a tilting implement. This is usually a wide-open box called a bucket, but other common attachments are a [[pallet fork]] and a bale grappler. [221] => [222] => Other modifications to the original bulldozer include making the machine smaller to let it operate in small work areas where movement is limited. Also, tiny wheeled loaders, officially called [[skid-steer loader]]s, but nicknamed "[[Bobcat (equipment)|Bobcat]]" after the original manufacturer, are particularly suited for small excavation projects in confined areas. [223] => [224] => === Backhoe === [225] => {{Main|Backhoe loader}} [226] => [[File:Backhoe and loader.jpg|thumb|A common [[Case Corporation|Case]] [[backhoe loader]], with backhoe on the rear and loader bucket in front]] [227] => [228] => The most common variation of the classic farm '''tractor''' is the '''backhoe''', also called a '''backhoe-loader'''. As the name implies, it has a loader assembly on the front and a [[backhoe]] on the back. Backhoes attach to a three-point hitch on farm or industrial tractors. Industrial tractors are often heavier in construction, particularly with regards to the use of a steel grill for protection from rocks and the use of construction tires. When the backhoe is permanently attached, the machine usually has a seat that can swivel to the rear to face the [[Hoe (tool)|hoe]] controls. Removable backhoe attachments almost always have a separate seat on the attachment. [229] => [230] => Backhoe-loaders are very common and can be used for a wide variety of tasks: construction, small demolitions, light transportation of building materials, powering building equipment, digging holes, loading trucks, breaking [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]] and paving roads. Some buckets have retractable bottoms, enabling them to empty their loads more quickly and efficiently. Buckets with retractable bottoms are also often used for grading and scratching off sand. The front assembly may be a removable attachment or permanently mounted. Often the bucket can be replaced with other devices or tools. [231] => [232] => Their relatively small frames and precise controls make backhoe-loaders very useful and common in [[civil engineering|urban engineering]] projects, such as construction and [[repair]]s in areas too small for larger equipment. Their versatility and compact size make them one of the most popular urban [[construction vehicle]]s. [233] => [234] => In the UK and Ireland, the word "[[J. C. Bamford|JCB]]" is used [[colloquial]]ly as a [[genericized trademark]] for any such type of engineering vehicle. The term JCB now appears in the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], although it is still legally a [[trademark]] of J. C. Bamford Ltd. The term "digger" is also commonly used. [235] => [236] => === Compact utility === [237] => [[File:Farm Tractor vs CUT vs Garden Tractor.jpg|thumb|left|The relative sizes of a {{cvt|30|hp|kW}} [[Oliver Farm Equipment Company|Oliver]] Super 55 farm tractor, a {{cvt|24|hp|kW}} diesel New Holland [[compact utility tractor]], and a Cub Cadet [[lawn tractor]]]] [238] => [239] => A compact utility tractor (CUT) is a smaller version of an agricultural tractor, but designed primarily for landscaping and estate management tasks, rather than for planting and harvesting on a commercial scale. Typical CUTs range from {{cvt|20-50|hp|kW}} with available [[power take-off]] (PTO) power ranging from {{cvt|15-45|hp|kW}}. CUTs are often equipped with both a mid-mounted and a standard rear PTO, especially those below {{cvt|40|hp|kW}}. The mid-mount PTO shaft typically rotates at/near 2000 rpm and is typically used to power mid-mount finish mowers, front-mounted [[snow blower]]s or front-mounted rotary brooms. The rear PTO is standardized at 540 [[rpm]] for the North American markets, but in some parts of the world, a dual 540/1000 rpm PTO is standard, and implements are available for either standard in those markets. [240] => [241] => [[File:1subsoil1.jpg|thumb|right|Howse brand modular [[Bulldozer#Ripper|subsoiler]] mounted to a tractor]] [242] => [[File:Herd Seeder.jpeg|thumb|right|Broadcast seeder mounted to a [[Kubota]] CUT]] [243] => [244] => One of the most common attachments for a CUT is the [[front-end loader]] or FEL. Like the larger agricultural tractors, a CUT will have an adjustable, hydraulically controlled [[three-point hitch]]. Typically, a CUT will have four-wheel drive, or more correctly four-wheel assist. Modern CUTs often feature hydrostatic transmissions, but many variants of gear-drive transmissions are also offered from low priced, simple gear transmissions to synchronized transmissions to advanced glide-shift transmissions. All modern CUTs feature government-mandated [[roll over protection structure]]s just like agricultural tractors. The most well-known brands in North America include [[Kubota Corporation|Kubota]], [[John Deere Tractor]], [[New Holland Ag]], Case-Farmall and Massey Ferguson. Although less common, compact backhoes are often attached to compact utility tractors. [245] => [246] => [[File:JD 71 Flexi Planter, 2 Row.jpg|thumb|left|JD 71 Flexi [[Planter (farm implement)|Planter]] for tractors {{convert|20-50|hp|kW}}]] [247] => [248] => Compact utility tractors require special, smaller implements than full-sized agricultural tractors. Very common implements include the [[box blade]], the [[grader]] blade, the landscape rake, the post hole digger (or post hole [[auger (drill)|auger]]), the rotary cutter (slasher or a brush hog), a mid- or rear-mount finish mower, a [[broadcast seeder]], a [[subsoiler]] and the [[rototiller]] (rotary tiller). In northern climates, a rear-mounted snow blower is very common; some smaller CUT models are available with front-mounted snow blowers powered by mid-PTO shafts. Implement brands outnumber tractor brands, so CUT owners have a wide selection of implements. [249] => [250] => For small-scale farming or large-scale gardening, some planting and harvesting implements are sized for CUTs. One- and two-row planting units are commonly available, as are cultivators, sprayers and different types of seeders (slit, rotary and drop). One of the first CUTs offered for small farms of three to 30 acres and for small jobs on larger farms was a three-wheeled unit, with the rear wheel being the drive wheel, offered by [[Sears & Roebuck]] in 1954 and priced at $598 for the basic model.[https://books.google.com/books?id=1t4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA96 "Three Wheeled Tractor With Implements Handles Small-Farm Work."] ''Popular Mechanics'', June 1954, p. 96. [251] => [252] => An even smaller variant of the compact utility tractor is the ''subcompact utility tractor''. Although these tractors are often barely larger than a [[riding lawn mower]], these tractors have all the same features of a compact tractor, such as a three-point hitch, power steering, four-wheel-drive, and front-end loader. These tractors are generally marketed towards homeowners who intend to mostly use them for lawn mowing, with the occasional light landscaping task. {{cite web | url=https://tractorexport.com/compact-and-subcompact-tractors-compared/ | title=Compact and Sub-Compact Tractors Compared | date=30 June 2017 }}{{cite web | url=https://www.tractorbynet.com/forums/threads/almost-daily-thread-subcompact-or-compact-tractor.411509/ | title=Tractor Sizing - Almost Daily Thread: SUBCOMPACT or COMPACT TRACTOR? | date=22 April 2019 }} {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xhnhaS9Krdc | title=Kubota BX Series VS. B Series | website=[[YouTube]] }} [253] => [254] => === Standard === [255] => The earliest tractors were called "standard" tractors, and were intended almost solely for [[plough|plowing]] and [[harrow (tool)|harrowing]] before planting, which were difficult tasks for humans and [[working animal|draft animals]]. They were characterized by a low, rearward seating position, fixed-width tread, and low ground clearance. These early tractors were cumbersome, and ill-suited to enter a field of planted row crops for weed control. The "standard" tractor definition is no longer in current use. However, tractors with fixed wheel spacing and a low center of gravity are well-suited as loaders, forklifts and backhoes, so that the configuration continues in use without the "standard" nomenclature. [256] => [257] => === Row-crop === [258] => {{Redirect|Row-crop|row-crop production generally|Row crop|and|Market garden}} [259] => [260] => A '''general-purpose''' or '''row-crop tractor''' is tailored specifically to the growing of crops grown in rows, and most especially to [[cultivator|cultivating]] these crops. These tractors are universal machines, capable of both [[tillage|primary tillage]] and cultivation of a crop. [261] => [263] => [264] => [[File:Farmall regular web.JPG|thumb|A [[Farmall]] "Regular"]] [265] => [266] => The row-crop tractor category evolved rather than appearing overnight, but the [[International Harvester]] (IH) [[Farmall]] is often considered the "first" tractor of the category. Some earlier tractors of the 1910s and 1920s approached the form factor from the heavier side, as did motorized cultivators from the lighter side, but the Farmall brought all of the salient features together into one package, with a capable distribution network to ensure its commercial success. In the new form factor that the Farmall popularized, the [[cultivator]] was mounted in the front so it was easily visible. Additionally, the tractor had a narrow front end; the front tires were spaced very closely and angled in toward the bottom. The back wheels straddled two rows with their spacing adjustable depending on row spacing, and the unit could cultivate four rows at once. Where wide front wheels were used, they often could be adjusted as well. Tractors with non-adjustable spacing were called "standard" or "wheatland", and were chiefly meant for pulling plows or other towed implements, typically with a lower overall tractor height than row-crop models. [267] => [268] => From 1924 until 1963, Farmalls were the largest selling row-crop tractors. [269] => [270] => To compete, [[John Deere]] designed the [[List of John Deere tractors|Model C]], which had a wide front and could cultivate three rows at once. Only 112 prototypes were made, as Deere realized it would lose sales to Farmall if its model did less. In 1928, Deere released the Model C anyway, only as the [[Model GP]] (General Purpose) to avoid confusion with the Model D when ordered over the then unclear telephone. [271] => [272] => Oliver refined its "Row Crop" model early in 1930.{{cite web |url=http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe30s/machines_04.html |title=Tractors Advance during the Depression |publisher=Livinghistoryfarm.org |access-date=2010-07-29 |archive-date=2021-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222033224/http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe30s/machines_04.html |url-status=dead }} Until 1935, the 18–27 was Oliver–[[Hart-Parr]]'s only row-crop tractor. [273] => [274] => Many Oliver row-crop models are referred to as "Oliver Row Crop 77", "Oliver Row Crop 88", etc. [275] => [276] => Many early row-crop tractors had a tricycle design with two closely spaced front tires, and some even had a single front tire. This made it dangerous to operate on the side of a steep hill; as a result, many farmers died from tractor rollovers. Also, early row-crop tractors had no [[rollover protection system]] (ROPS), meaning if the tractor flipped back, the operator could be crushed. Sweden was the first country which passed legislation requiring ROPS, in 1959. [277] => [278] => Over 50% of tractor related injuries and deaths are attributed to tractor [[Vehicle rollover|rollover]]. [279] => [280] => Canadian agricultural equipment manufacturer [[Versatile (company)|Versatile]] makes row-crop tractors that are {{convert|265|to|365|hp|kW}}; powered by an 8.9 liter [[Cummins Diesel]] engine.{{Cite web|url=https://cumminsengines.com/showcase-item.aspx?id=110&title=QSL9+for+Agriculture+(Tier+4+Interim)&|title=QSL9 for Agriculture (Tier 4 Interim)|website=Cummins Engines|language=en|access-date=2018-06-11}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.versatile-ag.com/NA/pages/product_mfwd.php|title=Versatile – MFWD Tractors|website=www.versatile-ag.com|language=en|access-date=2018-06-11}} [281] => [282] => [[Case IH]] and [[New Holland Agriculture|New Holland]] of [[CNH Industrial]] both produce high horsepower front-wheel-assist row crop tractors with available rear tracks.{{Cite web|url=http://agriculture1.newholland.com/nar/en-us/equipment/products/tractors-telehandlers/genesis-t8-series-tier-4b|title=GENESIS® T8 Series – Tier 4B – Overview {{!}} Tractors ＆ Telehandlers {{!}} New Holland (US)|website=agriculture1.newholland.com|language=en|access-date=2018-06-11}} Case IH also has a {{cvt|500|hp}} four-wheel drive track system called Rowtrac.{{Cite web|url=https://www.caseih.com/northamerica/en-us/Pages/campaigns/track-leadership.aspx|title=Track Technology {{!}} Quadtrac and Rowtrac Tractors {{!}} Case IH|website=Case IH|language=en-US|access-date=2018-06-11}} [283] => [284] => [[John Deere]] has an extensive line of available row crop tractors ranging from {{convert|140|to|400|hp}}.{{Cite web|url=https://www.deere.com/en/tractors/row-crop-tractors/|title=John Deere Tractors {{!}} Row Crop Tractors {{!}} John Deere US|website=www.deere.com|language=en|access-date=2018-06-11}} [285] => [286] => Modern row crop tractors have rollover protection systems in the form of a reinforced cab or a [[roll cage|roll bar]]. [287] => [288] => === Garden === [289] => [[File:Benin brown tractor 600.jpg|thumb|A [[garden tractor]] towing a cargo cart]] [290] => [291] => Garden tractors, sometimes called lawn tractors, are small, light tractors designed for use in domestic [[garden]]s, lawns, and small estates. Lawn tractors are designed for cutting [[grass]] and snow removal, while garden tractors are for small property cultivation. In the U.S., the term [[Lawn mower#Riding (ride-on) mowers|riding lawn mower]] today often is used to refer to mid- or rear-engined machines. Front-engined tractor layout machines designed primarily for cutting grass and light towing are called [[lawn tractors]]; heavier-duty tractors of similar size are garden tractors. Garden tractors are capable of mounting a wider array of attachments than lawn tractors. Unlike lawn tractors and rear-engined riding mowers, garden tractors are powered by horizontal-crankshaft engines with a [[Belt (mechanical)|belt]]-drive to [[transaxle]]-type transmissions (usually of four or five speeds, although some may also have two-speed reduction gearboxes, drive-shafts, or hydrostatic or [[Hydrokinetic transmission|hydraulic drives]]). Garden tractors from [[Wheel Horse]], [[Cub Cadet]], [[Economy (Power King)]], John Deere, [[Massey Ferguson]] and Case [[Ingersoll Power Equipment|Ingersoll]] are built in this manner. The engines are generally one- or two-cylinder petrol (gasoline) engines, although [[diesel engine]] models are also available, especially in Europe. Typically, diesel-powered garden tractors are larger and heavier-duty than gasoline-powered units and compare more similarly to compact utility tractors. [292] => [293] => Visually, the distinction between a garden tractor and a lawn tractor is often hard to make – generally, garden tractors are more sturdily built, with stronger frames, 12-inch or larger wheels mounted with multiple lugs (most lawn tractors have a single bolt or clip on the hub), heavier transaxles, and ability to accommodate a wide range of front, belly, and rear mounted attachments. [294] => [295] => === Two-wheel === [296] => {{main|Two-wheel tractor}} [297] => Although most people think primarily of four-wheel vehicles when they think of tractors, a tractor may have one or more axles. The key benefit is the power itself, which only takes one axle to provide. Single-axle tractors, more often called [[two-wheel tractor]]s or walk-behind tractors, have had many users since the introduction of the [[internal combustion engine]] tractors. They tend to be small and affordable, this was especially true before the 1960s when a walk-behind tractor could often be more affordable than a two-axle tractor of comparable power. Today's compact utility tractors and advanced garden tractors may negate most of that market advantage, but two-wheel tractors still have a following, especially among those who already own one. Countries where two-wheel tractors are especially prevalent today include [[Thailand]], [[China]], [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], and other [[Southeast Asia]] countries. Most two-wheel tractors today are specialty tractors made for one purpose, such as [[snow blower]]s, [[Cultivator|push tillers]], and [[Lawn mower|self propelled push mowers]]. [298] => [299] => === Orchard === [300] => Tractors tailored to use in fruit [[orchard]]s typically have features suited to passing under tree branches with impunity. These include a lower overall profile; reduced tree-branch-snagging risk (via underslung exhaust pipes rather than smoke-stack-style exhaust, and large sheetmetal [[cowling]]s and [[:wikt:fairing|fairing]]s that allow branches to deflect and slide off rather than catch); [[spark arrestor]]s on the exhaust tips; and often wire cages to protect the operator from snags. [301] => [302] => === Automobile conversions and other homemade versions=== [303] => [[File:Model T tractor.png|thumb|A [[Model T]] tractor pulling a plow]] [304] => [[File:Pullford auto-to-tractor conversion advert 1918.png|thumb|left|An advertisement for auto-to-tractor conversion kits, 1918]] [305] => [[File:Ford epa tractor.jpg|thumb|A Ford rebuilt to an EPA tractor]] [306] => [[File:Duett-EPA-rear.jpg|thumb|left|A Volvo Duett rebuilt to an EPA tractor. The intended use is no longer as a farm vehicle.]] [307] => [[File:Volvo at Power Big Meet 2005.jpg|thumb|A " tractor" based on [[Volvo 760]] – notice the smv triangle and the longer boot.]] [308] => [309] => The ingenuity of farm mechanics, coupled in some cases with [[original equipment manufacturer|OEM]] or [[aftermarket (automotive)|aftermarket]] assistance, has often resulted in the conversion of automobiles for use as farm tractors. In the United States, this trend was especially strong from the 1910s through 1950s. It began early in the development of vehicles powered by internal combustion engines, with blacksmiths and amateur mechanics tinkering in their shops. Especially during the [[interwar period]], dozens of manufacturers ([[Montgomery Ward]] among them) marketed aftermarket kits for converting [[Ford Model T]]s for use as tractors. (These were sometimes called 'Hoover wagons' during the [[Great Depression]], although this term was usually reserved for [[Bennett buggy|automobiles converted to horse-drawn buggy use]] when gasoline was unavailable or unaffordable. During the same period, another common name was "[[Doodlebug tractor|Doodlebug]]", after the popular kit by the same name.) Ford even considered producing an "official" optional kit. Many [[Ford Model A (1927–1931)|Model A Fords]] also were converted for this purpose. In later years, some farm mechanics have been known to convert more modern trucks or cars for use as tractors, more often as curiosities or for recreational purposes (rather than out of the earlier motives of pure necessity or frugality). [310] => [311] => {{Anchor|EPA tractors in Sweden}} [312] => During [[World War II]], a shortage of tractors in [[Sweden]] led to the development of the so-called "EPA" tractor (EPA was a chain of discount stores and it was often used to signify something lacking in quality). An EPA tractor was simply an automobile, truck or lorry, with the passenger space cut off behind the front seats, equipped with two gearboxes in a row. When done to an older car with a [[ladder frame]], the result was similar to a tractor and could be used as one. After the war it remained popular as a way for young people without a [[driver's license]] to own something similar to a car. Since it was legally seen as a tractor, it could be driven from 16 years of age and only required a tractor license. Eventually, the legal loophole was closed and no new EPA tractors were allowed to be made, but the remaining ones were still legal, which led to inflated prices and many protests from people who preferred EPA tractors to ordinary cars. [313] => [314] => The Swedish government eventually replaced them with the so called "A-tractor" which now had its speed limited to 30 km/h and allowed people aged 16 and older to drive the cars with a moped license. [315] => [316] => The German occupation of Italy during World {{nowrap|War II}} resulted in a severe shortage of mechanized farm equipment. The destruction of tractors was a sort of [[scorched earth|scorched-earth]] strategy used to reduce the independence of the conquered. The shortage of tractors in that area of Europe was the origin of [[History of Lamborghini#Origin|Lamborghini]]. The war was also the inspiration for dual-purpose vehicles such as the [[Land Rover]]. Based on the Jeep, the company made a vehicle that combined PTO, tillage, 4wd, and transportation. [317] => [318] => In March 1975, a similar type of vehicle was introduced in Sweden, the ''A tractor'' [from ''arbetstraktor'' (work tractor)]; the main difference is an A tractor has a top speed of 30 km/h. This is usually done by fitting two gearboxes in a row and only using one. The [[Volvo Duett]] was, for a long time, the primary choice for conversion to an EPA or A tractor, but since supplies have dried up, other cars have been used, in most cases another [[Volvo Cars|Volvo]]. The [[SFRO]] is a Swedish organization advocating homebuilt and modified vehicles. [319] => [320] => Another type of homemade tractors are ones that are [[fabrication (metal)|fabricated]] from scratch. The "[[wikt:from scratch#Adverb|from scratch]]" description is relative, as often individual components will be repurposed from earlier vehicles or machinery (e.g., engines, gearboxes, axle housings), but the tractor's overall [[chassis]] is essentially designed and built by the owner (e.g., a frame is welded from [[bar stock]]—channel stock, angle stock, flat stock, etc.). As with automobile conversions, the heyday of this type of tractor, at least in developed economies, lies in the past, when there were large populations of blue-collar workers for whom [[metalworking]] and [[farming]] were prevalent parts of their lives. (For example, many 19th- and 20th-century [[New England]] and [[Midwestern United States|Midwestern]] machinists and factory workers had grown up on farms.) Backyard fabrication was a natural activity to them (whereas it might seem daunting to most people today). [321] => [322] => === Nomenclature === [323] => The term "tractor" (US and Canada) or "tractor unit" (UK) is also applied to: [324] => * '''Road tractors''', '''[[tractor unit]]s''' or traction heads, familiar as the front end of an [[articulated lorry]] / [[semi-trailer truck]]. They are heavy-duty [[vehicle]]s with large [[engine]]s and several [[axle]]s. [325] => ** The majority of these tractors are designed to pull long [[semi-trailer]]s, most often to transport freight over a significant distance, and is connected to the trailer with a [[fifth wheel coupling]]. In England, this type of "tractor" is often called an "[[Semi-trailer truck|artic cab]]" (short for "articulated" cab). [326] => ** A minority is the [[ballast tractor]], whose load is hauled from a [[Drawbar (haulage)|drawbar]]. [327] => * '''[[Pushback (aviation)|Pushback tractors]]''' are used on airports to move aircraft on the ground, most commonly pushing aircraft away from their parking stands. [328] => * [[Locomotive]] tractors ([[engine]]s) or [[rail car mover]]s – the amalgamation of [[machine]]s, [[electrical generator]]s, controls and devices that comprise the [[traction component]] of [[railway]] [[vehicle]]s [329] => * [[Artillery tractor]]s – vehicles used to tow [[artillery]] pieces of varying weights. [330] => * [[NASA]] and [[list of space agencies|other space agencies]] use [[Crawler-transporter|very large tractors]] to move large [[launch vehicle]]s and [[Space Shuttle]]s between their hangars and [[launch pad]]s. [331] => * A [[pipe-tractor]] is a device used for conveying advanced instruments into pipes for measurement and data logging, and the purging of well holes, sewer pipes and other inaccessible tubes. [332] => [333] => File:UP Diesel.png|Diesel-electric [[locomotive]] at work [334] => File:Trackmobile.jpg|A Trackmobile 4150 [335] => File:Tractor-powered Roadroller.jpg|A tractor-driven [[road roller]] [336] => File:Airplane pushing vehicle.jpg|Aircraft [[Pushback (aviation)|pushback tractor]] [337] => File:Backing it in 2.jpg|Road tractor pulling a flatbed trailer [338] => File:Mercedes-Benz-Museum 2015-01 by-RaBoe 187.jpg|[[Unimog 70200]] [339] => File:Tractor for hauling logs, Maine IMG 2036.JPG|A [[Lombard Steam Log Hauler|Lombard steam log hauler]] [340] => [341] => [342] => == Nebraska tests == [343] => {{Anchor|Nebraska tractor tests}} [[Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory|Nebraska tractor tests]] are tests mandated by the [[Nebraska]] Tractor Test Law and administered by the [[University of Nebraska system|University of Nebraska]], that objectively test the performance of all brands of tractors, 40 horsepower or more, sold in Nebraska. In the 1910s and 1920s, an era of [[snake oil]] sales and advertising tactics, the Nebraska tests helped farmers throughout North America to see through marketing claims and make informed buying decisions. The tests continue today, making sure tractors fulfill the manufacturer's advertised claims.{{cite journal|last1=Splinter|first1=William|title=The Biological Systems Engineering Program in Nebraska 1895–2011|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biosysengfacpub/212/|journal=Biological Systems Engineering: Papers and Publications|access-date=10 January 2018|date=January 2012}} [344] => [345] => == Manufacturers == [346] => {{Main listing|List of tractor manufacturers}} [347] => {{see also|List of former tractor manufacturers}} [348] => Some of the many tractor manufacturers and brands worldwide include: [349] => {{div col|colwidth=20em}} [350] => * [[Minsk Tractor Works|Belarus]] [351] => * [[Case IH]] [352] => * [[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]] [353] => * [[Claas]] [354] => * [[Challenger Tractor|Challenger]] [355] => * [[Deutz-Fahr]] [356] => * [[Fendt]] [357] => * [[Iseki]] [358] => * [[JCB (heavy equipment manufacturer)|JCB]] [359] => * [[John Deere]] [360] => * [[Lamborghini Trattori|Lamborghini]] [361] => * [[Landini (tractor)|Landini]] [362] => * [[Kubota]] [363] => * [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]] [364] => * [[Massey Ferguson]] [365] => * [[McCormick Tractors|McCormick]] [366] => * [[Mercedes-Benz]] [367] => * [[New Holland Agriculture|New Holland]] [368] => * [[SAME Deutz-Fahr|SAME]] [369] => * [[Steyr Tractor|Steyr]] [370] => * [[Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited|TAFE]] [371] => * [[Ursus Factory|Ursus]] [372] => * [[Valtra]] [373] => * [[Zetor]] [374] => {{div col end}} [375] => [376] => In addition to commercial manufacturers, the [[Open Source Ecology (project)|Open Source Ecology]] group has developed several working prototypes of an [[Open-source hardware|open source hardware]] tractor called the LifeTrac as part of its [[Global Village Construction Set]]. [377] => [378] => == Gallery == [379] => [380] => File:Trator.JPG|A Ford tractor in Brazil [381] => File:Tractors.jpg|Modern tractors, an [[Ursus Factory|Ursus]] 11054 and [[Fendt]] 820 [382] => File:A John Deere 9320 at a construction site in the US.jpg|A [[John Deere]] 9320 at a construction site in the US [383] => File:Mahindra tractor model1.jpg|A scale model of a modern Ursus and Fendt tractor in Germany [384] => File:Balnain 1997a (1).jpg|Farm tractor in Balnain, Scotland [385] => File:Traktor na oranju.JPG|A tractor pulling a [[Plough#Chisel plough|chisel plow]] in Slovenia [386] => [387] => [388] => == See also == [389] => {{div col|colwidth=23em}} [390] => * [[Agricultural machinery]] [391] => * [[Artillery tractor]] [392] => * [[Ballast tractor]] [393] => * [[Big Bud 747]], the world's largest farm tractor [394] => * [[Driverless tractor]] [395] => * [[Heavy equipment]] [396] => * [[Lester F. Larsen Tractor Museum]] [397] => * [[Non-road engine]] [398] => * [[Power take-off]] [399] => * [[Railcar mover]] [400] => * [[Terminal tractor]] [401] => * [[Tractor pulling]] [402] => * [[Tractor unit]] [403] => * [[Two-wheel tractor]] [404] => * [[Unimog 70200]] [405] => {{div col end}} [406] => [407] => == References == [408] => {{Reflist|refs= [409] => {{Cite book |last=Ertel |first=Patrick W. |year=2001 |title=The American Tractor: A Century of Legendary Machines |publisher=MBI |location=Osceola, WI, US |isbn=978-0-7603-0863-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQenXMGgRc4C&pg=PP1 |page=72 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [410] => {{Cite book |last1=Klancher |first1=Lee |last2=Leffingwell |first2=Randy |last3=Morland |first3=Andrew |last4=Pripps |first4=Robert N. |year=2003 |title=Farm Tractors |publisher=Crestline [Imprint of MBI] |isbn=978-0-7603-1776-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1U8tvBEEDMC }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [411] => {{Cite book |last=Leffingwell |first=Randy |year=2004 |title=Ford Farm Tractors |series=Motorbooks Classics Series |publisher=MBI |location=Osceola, WI, US |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A1GzJ_Hyj1kC |isbn=978-0-7603-1919-2 |pages=43–53 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [412] => {{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Orrin E. |editor-last=Macmillan |editor-first=Don |year=2003 |chapter=John Froelich: The Story of a Man and a Tractor |title=The John Deere Tractor Legacy |publisher=Voyageur Press |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3cJeffKoriEC&pg=PA41 |isbn=978-0-89658-619-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/johndeeretractor0000unse }} [413] => {{Cite book |last1=Pripps |first1=Robert N. |last2=Morland |first2=Andrew (photographer) |year=1993 |title=Farmall Tractors: History of International McCormick-Deering Farmall Tractors |series=Farm Tractor Color History Series |publisher=MBI |location=Osceola, WI, US |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6FKAAAAYAAJ|isbn=978-0-87938-763-1 |page=28}} [414] => {{Cite journal |last=Rumeley |first=Edward A. |date=August 1910 |title=The Passing Of The Man With The Hoe |journal=[[World's Work|The World's Work: A History of Our Time]] |volume=XX |pages=13246–13258 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HsrkfU461xAC&pg=PA13246|access-date=2009-07-10 }} [415] => }} [416] => [417] => == External links == [418] => {{Wiktionary}} [419] => [420] => === Tractor information === [421] => {{Commons category|Tractors}} [422] => *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070419005719/http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/S/S-56.html Purdue University Tractor Safety Article re: ROPS, PTO, etc] [423] => *{{curlie|Business/Agriculture_and_Forestry/Equipment_and_Supplies/Tractors,_Machinery,_and_Implements|Agricultural Tractors and Machinery}} [424] => *[http://tractortestlab.unl.edu/ Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory] [425] => *[http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tractormuseumlit/ Historical Tractor Test Reports and Manufacturers' Literature] Reports on 400+ models 1903–2006 [426] => *[http://www.agriculture.technomuses.ca/english/collections_research/tractors.cfm A History of Tractors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302172825/http://www.agriculture.technomuses.ca/english/collections_research/tractors.cfm |date=2012-03-02 }} at the [[Canada Agriculture Museum]] [427] => [428] => === Tractor safety === [429] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071018013937/http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/automotive/tws_meetings/index.htm EU Working Group on Agricultural Tractors – Work Safety] [430] => * EU Directives on tractor design: [https://web.archive.org/web/20081011211736/http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/automotive/directives/tractors/index_map.htm (Mapped Index)], or [https://web.archive.org/web/20071217193233/http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/automotive/directives/tractors/index.htm (Numerical Index)] [431] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100502184557/http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d000101-d000200/d000155/tractor.html Tractor Safety] ([[National Agricultural Safety Database]]) [432] => * [http://www.nsc.org/resources/factsheets/ag/ts.aspx Tractor Safety] ([[National Safety Council]]) [433] => *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071203174911/http://age-web.age.uiuc.edu/faculty/teg/Research/BiosystemsAutomation/SafetyORE/AdaptiveTractorOverturnPredictionSystem.pdf Adaptive Tractor Overturn Prediction System] [434] => * [http://www.ext.colostate.edu/PUBS/FARMMGT/05018.html Tractor Overturn Protection and Prevention] [435] => * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071009173416/http://www.acc.co.nz/injury-prevention/rural-safety/vehicles-machinery-and-equipment/index.htm ACC: Farm safety: Vehicles, machinery and equipment]. [436] => *[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/aginjury/crops/ CDC – Agricultural Safety: Cost-effective Rollover Protective Structures – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic] [437] => [438] => {{Authority control}} [439] => [440] => [[Category:Tractors| ]] [441] => [[Category:Agricultural machinery]] [442] => [[Category:Engineering vehicles]] [443] => [[Category:Heavy equipment]] [444] => [[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1901]] [] => )

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Tractor

A tractor is a heavy-duty vehicle that is primarily used in agriculture and construction industries for towing or pulling heavy machinery and equipment. It is a powerful machine that provides the necessary force to move loads that humans or animals would find difficult or impossible to move on their own.

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It is a powerful machine that provides the necessary force to move loads that humans or animals would find difficult or impossible to move on their own. Tractors typically consist of a powerful engine, which can either be gasoline or diesel-powered, and large, heavily-treaded tires for enhanced traction. The engine provides the power needed to operate various attachments such as plows, cultivators, and backhoes. Depending on the type of task, tractors can be designed with two-wheel or four-wheel drive. In agriculture, tractors are used for a variety of tasks, including plowing, planting, cultivating, and harvesting crops. They are also used in the transportation of crops and materials to and from the field. Tractors have revolutionized farming practices by increasing efficiency, reducing manual labor, and allowing larger areas of land to be cultivated. In addition to agriculture, tractors are commonly used in construction and infrastructure development projects. They are used for tasks such as excavating, digging, grading, and hauling heavy materials. Tractors equipped with hydraulic systems can also operate various attachments, such as loaders, bulldozers, and cranes, further expanding their versatility in construction applications. Over time, tractors have evolved significantly, with advancements in technology leading to more efficient and powerful machines. Modern tractors often feature advanced safety features, comfortable operating cabins, and computerized systems that optimize performance and fuel efficiency. The tractor has had a profound impact on the global economy, enabling increased food production and contributing to the growth of infrastructure and construction sectors. Its versatility and power make it an indispensable tool in various industries, making it an essential part of modern civilization.

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