Array ( [0] => {{Short description|Food made of flour and water}} [1] => {{other uses}} [2] => {{pp-semi-indef}} [3] => {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}} [4] => {{Infobox food [5] => | name = Bread [6] => | image = [[File:Korb mit Brötchen.JPG|alt=Loaves of bread in a basket|250px]] [7] => | caption = Various leavened breads [8] => | main_ingredient = [[Flour]], [[water]] [9] => }} [10] => [11] => '''Bread''' is a [[staple food]] prepared from a [[dough]] of [[flour]] (usually [[wheat]]) and [[water]], usually by [[baking]]. Throughout [[recorded history]] and around the world, it has been an important part of many cultures' diet. It is one of the oldest human-made foods, having been of significance since the dawn of [[Agriculture#History|agriculture]], and plays an essential role in both religious rituals and secular culture. [12] => [13] => Bread may be [[Leavening agent|leavened]] by naturally occurring microbes (e.g. sourdough), chemicals (e.g. baking soda), industrially produced [[Baker's yeast|yeast]], or high-pressure aeration, which creates the gas bubbles that fluff up bread. In many countries, commercial bread often contains additives to improve flavor, texture, color, shelf life, nutrition, and ease of production. [14] => [15] => ==Etymology== [16] => The [[Old English language|Old English]] word for bread was {{Lang|ang|hlaf}} ({{Lang|got|hlaifs}} in [[Gothic language|Gothic]]: modern English ''[[loaf]]''), which appears to be the oldest [[Germanic languages|Teutonic]] name. [[Old High German]] {{Lang|goh|hleib}}{{Cite book |last=Diakonov |first=Igor M. |title=The Paths of History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-521-64398-6 |page=79 |quote=Slavic langues retain many Gothic words, reflecting cultural borrowings: thus ''khleb'', (bread) from an earlier ''khleiba'' from Gothic ''hlaifs'', or, rather, from the more ancient form ''hlaibhaz'', which meant bread baked in an oven (and, probably, made with yeast), as different from a l-iepekha, which was a flat cake moulded (liepiti) from paste, and baked on charcoal. [the same nominal stem *hlaibh- has been preserved in modern English as loaf; cf. Lord, from ancient ''hlafweard'' bread-keeper]}} and modern [[German language|German]] {{Lang|de|Laib}} derive from this [[Proto-Germanic]] word, which was borrowed into some Slavic ({{Lang-cs|chléb}}, {{Lang-pl|bochen chleba}}, [[Russian language|Russian]]: {{Transliteration|ru|khleb}}) and Finnic ({{Lang-fi|leipä}}, {{Lang-et|leib}}) languages as well. [17] => The [[Middle English|Middle]] and [[Modern English]] word bread appears in [[Germanic language]]s, such as {{Lang-fy|brea}}, {{Lang-nl|brood}}, {{Lang-de|Brot}}, {{Lang-sv|bröd}}, and [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and {{Lang-da|brød}}; it may be related to ''[[brewing|brew]]'' or perhaps to ''break'', originally meaning "broken piece", "morsel".{{Cite web |last=Dean |first=Sam |title=The Etymology of the Word 'Bread' |url=http://www.bonappetit.com/test-kitchen/ingredients/article/the-etymology-of-the-word-bread |access-date=30 September 2016 |website=Bon Appetit|date=2 August 2013 }}{{better source needed|date=August 2021}} [18] => [19] => ==History== [20] => {{Main|History of bread}} [21] => [22] => Bread is one of the oldest prepared foods. Evidence from 30,000 years ago in Europe and Australia revealed starch residue on rocks used for pounding plants.{{Cite news |date=19 October 2010 |title=Prehistoric man ate flatbread 30,000 years ago: study |work=phys.org |publisher=Science X |agency=Agence France-Presse |url=http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-10-prehistoric-ate-flatbread-years.html |access-date=19 October 2010}}{{Cite news |last=Behrendt |first=Larissa |date=22 September 2016 |title=Indigenous Australians know we're the oldest living culture – it's in our Dreamtime |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/sep/22/indigenous-australians-know-were-the-oldest-living-culture-its-in-our-dreamtime |access-date=8 February 2020 |issn=0261-3077}} It is possible that during this time, starch extract from the roots of plants, such as cattails and [[ferns]], was spread on a flat rock, placed over a fire and cooked into a primitive form of [[flatbread]]. The oldest evidence of bread-making has been found in a 14,500-year-old [[Natufian culture|Natufian]] site in Jordan's northeastern desert.{{Cite web |last=Briggs |first=Helen |date=17 July 2018 |title=Prehistoric bake-off: Scientists discover oldest evidence of bread |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-44846874 |access-date=17 July 2018 |website=BBC News}}Amaia Arranz-Otaegui, Lara Gonzalez Carretero, Monica N. Ramsey, Dorian Q. Fuller, and Tobias Richter: ''Archaeobotanical evidence reveals the origins of bread 14,400 years ago in northeastern Jordan''. PNAS, 11 July 2018 ([http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/07/10/1801071115 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019005930/http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/07/10/1801071115 |date=19 October 2018 }}) Around 10,000 BC, with the dawn of the [[Neolithic]] age and the spread of agriculture, grains became the mainstay of making bread. Yeast spores are ubiquitous, including on the surface of [[cereal|cereal grains]], so any dough left to rest leavens naturally.{{cite book | first=Harold| last=McGee | year=2004 | title=On food and cooking | publisher=Scribner | isbn=978-0-684-80001-1 |page=517}} [23] => [24] => [[File:Woman baking bread-E 25213-IMG 4514-gradient.jpg|thumb|left|''Woman baking bread'' ({{circa|2200 BC}}); [[Louvre]]]] [25] => An early [[leavened bread]] was baked as early as 6000 BC in southern Mesopotamia, cradle of the [[Sumerians|Sumerian]] civilization, who may have passed on the knowledge to the Egyptians around 3000 BC. The Egyptians refined the process and started adding [[yeast]] to the [[flour]]. The Sumerians were already using [[ash]] to supplement the dough as it was baked.Arzani A.: ''Emmer (Triticum turgidum spp. dicoccum) flour and breads''. In Preedy V.R., Watson R.R., Patel V.B. (Eds. 2011), '''Flour and Breads and their Fortification in Health and Disease Prevention''', Academic Press, California, pp. 69-78. [26] => [27] => There were multiple sources of [[leavening]] available for early bread. Airborne yeasts could be harnessed by leaving uncooked dough exposed to air for some time before cooking. [[Pliny the Elder]] reported that the [[Gauls]] and [[Iberians]] used the foam skimmed from [[beer]], called [[barm]], to produce "a lighter kind of bread than other peoples" such as [[barm cake]]. Parts of the ancient world that drank wine instead of beer used a paste composed of [[grape]] juice and flour that was allowed to begin fermenting, or wheat bran steeped in [[wine]], as a source for [[yeast]]. The most common source of leavening was to retain a piece of dough from the previous day to use as a form of sourdough [[Bread starter|starter]], as Pliny also reported.{{cite book | first=Reay | last=Tannahill | year=1973 | title=Food in History | publisher=Stein and Day | isbn=978-0-8128-1437-8 |pages=68–69}}{{cite book |author=Pliny the Elder |title=Natural History |date=1938 |publisher=Loeb Classics |pages=1.255 |url=http://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL371.255.xml?readMode=recto |quote=Generally however they do not heat it up at all, but only use the dough kept over from the day before; manifestly it is natural for sourness to make the dough ferment}} [28] => [29] => The ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans all considered the degree of refinement in the bakery arts as a sign of civilization. [30] => [31] => The [[Chorleywood bread process]] was developed in 1961; it uses the intense mechanical working of dough to dramatically reduce the [[fermentation (food)|fermentation]] period and the time taken to produce a loaf. The process, whose high-energy mixing allows for the use of grain with a lower protein content, is now widely used around the world in large factories. As a result, bread can be produced very quickly and at low costs to the manufacturer and the consumer. However, there has been some criticism of the effect on nutritional value.[https://web.archive.org/web/20120522022319/http://www.allotment.org.uk/recipes/bread-making/chorleywood-process Chorleywood Industrial Bread Making Process]. allotment.org.uk[https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-13670278 bbc.com: "Chorleywood: The bread that changed Britain"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613131117/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-13670278 |date=13 June 2018 }}, 7 June 2011{{Cite web |url=https://www.fob.uk.com/about-the-bread-industry/history-of-bread-antiquity/history-bread-20th-century/ |title=fob.co.uk: "History of bread – 20th century" |access-date=14 May 2018 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419215109/https://www.fob.uk.com/about-the-bread-industry/history-of-bread-antiquity/history-bread-20th-century/ |url-status=live }} [32] => [33] => ==Types== [34] => {{main|List of breads}} [35] => {{multiple image [36] => |total_width=350 [37] => |image1=Breadindia.jpg|caption1=Brown bread (left) and whole grain bread [38] => |image2=Essene Bread Spelt Sproud cut.JPG|caption2=Dark [[sprouted bread]] [39] => |image3=Reikäleipä view from above.jpg|caption3=[[Ruisreikäleipä]], a flat [[rye]] flour loaf with a hole [40] => }} [41] => Bread is the [[staple food]] of the [[Middle East]], [[Central Asia]], [[North Africa]], [[Europe]], and in European-derived cultures such as those in the [[Americas]], [[Australia]], and [[Southern Africa]]. This is in contrast to parts of South and East Asia, where [[rice]] or [[noodles]] are the staple. Bread is usually made from a [[wheat]]-[[flour]] [[dough]] that is cultured with yeast, allowed to rise, and baked in an [[oven]]. Carbon dioxide and ethanol vapors produced during yeast fermentation result in bread's air pockets.{{Cite journal |last1=Mietton |first1=Lauriane |last2=Samson |first2=Marie-Françoise |last3=Marlin |first3=Thérèse |last4=Godet |first4=Teddy |last5=Nolleau |first5=Valérie |last6=Guezenec |first6=Stéphane |last7=Segond |first7=Diego |last8=Nidelet |first8=Thibault |last9=Desclaux |first9=Dominique |last10=Sicard |first10=Delphine |date=July 2022 |title=Impact of Leavening Agent and Wheat Variety on Bread Organoleptic and Nutritional Quality |journal=Microorganisms |language=en |volume=10 |issue=7 |pages=1416 |doi=10.3390/microorganisms10071416 |pmid=35889135 |pmc=9317705 |issn=2076-2607 |doi-access=free }} Owing to its high levels of [[gluten]] (which give the dough sponginess and elasticity), [[common wheat|common or bread wheat]] is the most common grain used for the preparation of bread, which makes the largest single contribution to the world's food supply of any food.{{cite web |last1=Peña |first1=R. J. |title=Wheat for bread and other foods |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4011e/y4011e0w.htm |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |access-date=1 October 2016 |quote=Wheat, in the form of bread, provides more nutrients to the world population than any other single food source.}} [42] => [[File:Sangak 17.jpg|thumb|[[Sangak]], an Iranian flatbread]] [43] => [[File:Strucla sweet bread02.jpg|thumb|Strucia — a type of European sweet bread]] [44] => Bread is also made from the flour of other wheat species (including [[spelt]], [[emmer]], [[einkorn]] and [[kamut]]).{{cite web |title=Wheat |url=http://www.glnc.org.au/grains/types-of-grains/wheat/ |publisher=Grains & Legumes Nutrition Council |access-date=1 October 2016 |quote=Aside from bread wheat and durum, other types of wheat include spelt, emmer, einkorn and kamut. These wheat varieties are commonly referred to as ‘ancient’ grains and are increasingly being used in the manufacture of niche wheat-based food products. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005085940/http://www.glnc.org.au/grains/types-of-grains/wheat/ |archive-date=5 October 2016 |url-status=dead }} Non-wheat cereals including [[rye]], [[barley]], [[maize]] (corn), [[oat]]s, [[sorghum]], [[millet]] and [[rice]] have been used to make bread, but, with the exception of rye, usually in combination with wheat flour as they have less gluten.{{cite book |last=Cauvain |first=Stanley |title=Technology of Breadmaking |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6q3BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA376 |date=2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-14687-4 |page=377 |quote=In the past, maize (corn), barley, oats, sorghum, millet and rice have all found their way into bread products at some time, usually when wheat and rye have been in short supply.}} [45] => [46] => [[Gluten-free diet#Gluten-free bread|Gluten-free breads]] are made using flours from a variety of ingredients such as almonds, rice, sorghum, corn, legumes such as beans, and tubers such as cassava. Since these foods lack gluten, dough made from them may not hold its shape as the loaves rise, and their crumb may be dense with little aeration. Additives such as [[xanthan gum]], [[guar gum]], [[hydroxypropyl methylcellulose]] (HPMC), [[corn starch]], or [[egg as food|eggs]] are used to compensate for the lack of gluten.{{cite journal |vauthors=Lamacchia C, Camarca A, Picascia S, Di Luccia A, Gianfrani C |title=Cereal-based gluten-free food: how to reconcile nutritional and technological properties of wheat proteins with safety for celiac disease patients |journal=Nutrients |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=575–90 |year=2014 |pmid=24481131 |pmc=3942718 |doi=10.3390/nu6020575 |type=Review|doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Volta U, Caio G, De Giorgio R, Henriksen C, Skodje G, Lundin KE|title=Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: a work-in-progress entity in the spectrum of wheat-related disorders |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=29|issue=3|pages=477–91|date=June 2015|pmid=26060112 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2015.04.006|quote= After the confirmation of [[non-celiac gluten sensitivity|NCGS]] diagnosis, according to the previously mentioned work-up, patients are advized to start with a GFD [49]. (...) NCGS patients can experience more symptoms than CD patients following a short gluten challenge [77]. ''(NCGS=non-celiac gluten sensitivity; CD=coeliac disease; GFD=gluten-free diet)''}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Mulder CJ, van Wanrooij RL, Bakker SF, Wierdsma N, Bouma G |title=Gluten-free diet in gluten-related disorders |journal=Dig. Dis. |volume=31|issue=1|pages=57–62|date=2013|pmid=23797124|doi=10.1159/000347180 |s2cid=14124370 |type= Review |quote= The only treatment for [[coeliac disease|CD]], [[dermatitis herpetiformis]] (DH) and [[gluten ataxia]] is lifelong adherence to a [[gluten-free diet|GFD]].}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Hischenhuber C, Crevel R, Jarry B, Mäki M, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Romano A, Troncone R, Ward R|title=Review article: safe amounts of gluten for patients with wheat allergy or coeliac disease |journal=Aliment Pharmacol Ther |volume=23|issue=5|pages=559–75|date=1 March 2006|pmid =16480395|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02768.x|s2cid=9970042 |quote=For both [[wheat allergy]] and coeliac disease the dietary avoidance of wheat and other gluten-containing cereals is the only effective treatment.|doi-access=}} [47] => [48] => [49] => ==Properties== [50] => ===Physical-chemical composition=== [51] => In [[wheat]], [[natural phenol|phenolic]] compounds are mainly found in [[Hull (botany)|hulls]] in the form of insoluble bound [[ferulic acid]], where it is relevant to wheat resistance to fungal diseases.{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.01057.x |title=Effect of wheat variety, farming site, and bread-baking on total phenolics |year=2006 |last1=Gelinas |first1=Pierre |last2=McKinnon |first2=Carole M. |journal=International Journal of Food Science and Technology |volume=41 |issue=3 |page=329}} [52] => [53] => [[Rye bread]] contains [[phenolic acid]]s and [[ferulic acid dehydrodimer]]s.{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00217-001-0417-6 |title=Changes in dietary fibre, phenolic acids and activity of endogenous enzymes during rye bread-making |year=2002 |author=Boskov Hansen, H. |author2=Andreasen, M.F. |author3=Nielsen, M.M. |author4=Melchior Larsen, L. |author5=Bach Knudsen, K.E. |author6=Meyer, A.S. |author7=Christensen, L.P. |author8=Hansen, Å. |name-list-style=amp |journal=European Food Research and Technology |volume=214 |page=33|s2cid=85239461 }} [54] => [55] => Three [[natural phenol]]ic glucosides, [[secoisolariciresinol diglucoside]], [[p-coumaric acid glucoside]] and [[ferulic acid glucoside]], can be found in commercial breads containing [[flaxseed]].{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.02.088 |pmid=26047292 |title=Phenolic glucosides in bread containing flaxseed |year=2008 |last1=Strandås |first1=C. |last2=Kamal-Eldin |first2=A. |last3=Andersson |first3=R. |last4=Åman |first4=P. |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=110 |issue=4 |pages=997–99 }} [56] => [57] => [[File:Small home made bread with pumpkin and sunflower seeds.jpg|thumb|Small home made bread with [[Pumpkin seed|pumpkin]] and [[sunflower seed]]s]] [58] => [59] => [[Glutenin]] and [[gliadin]] are functional proteins found in wheat bread that contribute to the structure of bread. Glutenin forms interconnected gluten networks within bread through interchain [[disulfide]] bonds.{{cite journal |last1=Wieser |first1=Herbert |title=Chemistry of gluten proteins |journal=Food Microbiology |date=April 2007 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=115–119 |doi=10.1016/j.fm.2006.07.004 |pmid=17008153 }} Gliadin binds weakly to the gluten network established by glutenin via intrachain disulfide bonds. Structurally, bread can be defined as an elastic-plastic [[foam]] (same as [[Expanded polystyrene|styrofoam]]). The glutenin protein contributes to its [[Elasticity (physics)|elastic]] nature, as it is able to regain its initial shape after deformation. The gliadin protein contributes to its [[Plasticity (physics)|plastic]] nature, because it demonstrates non-reversible structural change after a certain amount of applied force. Because air pockets within this gluten network result from carbon dioxide production during leavening, bread can be defined as a foam, or a gas-in-solid solution.{{Cite book|title=On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen|last=McGee|first=Harold|publisher=Scribner|year=2004|location=New York|pages=515–80}} [60] => [61] => [[Acrylamide]], like in other starchy foods that have been heated higher than 120 °C (248 °F), has been found in recent years to occur in bread. Acrylamide is [[Neurotoxicity|neurotoxic]], has adverse effects on male reproduction and developmental toxicity and is [[carcinogen]]ic. A study has found that more than 99 percent of the acrylamide in bread is found in the crust.{{cite journal |last1=Surdyk |first1=Nicolas |last2=Rosén |first2=Johan |last3=Andersson |first3=Roger |last4=Åman |first4=Per |title=Effects of Asparagine, Fructose, and Baking Conditions on Acrylamide Content in Yeast-Leavened Wheat Bread |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |date=April 2004 |volume=52 |issue=7 |pages=2047–2051 |doi=10.1021/jf034999w |pmid=15053550 }} [62] => [63] => A study by the [[University of Hohenheim]] found that industrially produced bread typically has a high proportion of [[FODMAP]] carbohydrates due to a short rising time (often only one hour). The high proportion of FODMAP carbohydrates in such bread then causes [[flatulence]]. This is particularly problematic in intestinal diseases such as [[irritable bowel syndrome]]. While in traditional bread making the dough rises for several hours, industrial breads rise for a much shorter time, usually only one hour. However, a sufficiently long rising time is important to break down the indigestible FODMAP carbohydrates. Some flours (for example, [[spelt]], [[emmer]] and [[Einkorn wheat|einkorn]]) contain fewer FODMAPs, but the difference between grain types is relatively small (between 1 and 2 [[Weight percent|percent by weight]]). Instead, 90% of the FODMAPs that cause discomfort can be broken down during a rising time of 4 hours. In the study, whole-grain yeast doughs were examined after different rising times; the highest level of FODMAPs was present after one hour in each case and decreased thereafter. The study thus shows that it is essentially the baking technique and not the type of grain that determines whether a bread is well tolerated or not. A better tolerance of bread made from original cereals can therefore not be explained by the original cereal itself, but rather by the fact that traditional, artisanal baking techniques are generally used when baking original cereals, which include a long dough process. The study also showed that a long rising time also breaks down undesirable [[phytates]] more effectively, flavors develop better, and the finished bread contains more biologically accessible [[trace element]]s.{{cite web|title=Lange Teigführung ? Besser verträgliches Brot|website=dhz.net|publisher=|url=https://www.deutsche-handwerks-zeitung.de/backtechnik-so-ist-brot-besser-vertraeglich-147357/|url-status=|format=|access-date=16 June 2022|archive-url=|archive-date=|last=|date=6 September 2016|language=de-DE|pages=|quote=}}{{citation|surname1=Jochen U. Ziegler, Deborah Steiner, C. Friedrich H. Longin, Tobias Würschum, Ralf M. Schweiggert|periodical=Journal of Functional Foods|title=Wheat and the irritable bowel syndrome – FODMAP levels of modern and ancient species and their retention during bread making|volume=25|at=pp. 257–266|date=August 2016|language=German|doi=10.1016/j.jff.2016.05.019|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1756464616301463|access-date=16 June 2022 [64] => }} [65] => [66] => ===Culinary uses=== [67] => [[File:Rew13c05-745a Bread Pudding.JPG|thumb|[[Bread pudding]]]] [68] => [69] => Bread can be served at many [[temperature]]s; once baked, it can subsequently be [[Toast (food)|toast]]ed. It is most commonly eaten with the hands, either by itself or as a carrier for other foods. Bread can be spread with [[butter]], dipped into liquids such as [[gravy]], [[olive oil]], or [[soup]];{{cite news|last1=Grotts|first1=Lisa Mirza|title=Bread and Butter Etiquette|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lisa-mirza-grotts/bread-and-butter-etiquette_b_880967.html|work=Huffington Post|access-date=2 October 2016|date=21 June 2011}} it can be topped with various sweet and savory spreads, or used to make [[sandwich]]es containing [[meat]]s, cheeses, vegetables, and [[condiments]].{{cite web|title=Sandwich Recipes|url=http://www.simpltrecipes.com/recipes/course/sandwich/|website=Simply Recipes|access-date=2 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930084046/http://www.simplyrecipes.com/recipes/course/sandwich/|archive-date=30 September 2016|url-status=dead}} [70] => [71] => Bread is used as an ingredient in other culinary preparations, such as the use of [[breadcrumb]]s to provide crunchy crusts or thicken sauces; toasted cubes of bread, called [[croutons]], are used as a salad topping; seasoned bread is used as [[stuffing]] inside roasted turkey; sweet or savoury [[bread pudding]]s are made with bread and various liquids; egg and milk-soaked bread is fried as [[French toast]]; and bread is used as a binding agent in [[sausage]]s, [[meatball]]s and other ground meat products.{{cite news|title=Our 10 best bread recipes|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/sep/06/10-best-bread-as-an-ingredient-recipes|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=2 October 2016|date=6 September 2014|quote=Our most dutiful mealtime companion becomes the main ingredient in this inventive array of recipes, from a hearty clam chowder to a luxurious take on a pudding favourite...}} [72] => [73] => ===Nutritional significance=== [74] => Bread is a good source of [[carbohydrates]] and micronutrients such as magnesium, iron, selenium, and B vitamins. Whole grain bread is a good source of dietary fiber and all breads are a common source of protein in the diet, though not a rich one.[http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2010/DietaryGuidelines2010.pdf Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901170759/https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2010/dietaryguidelines2010.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2010/dietaryguidelines2010.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |date=1 September 2016 }}. U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services{{Cite journal |last1=Shewry |first1=Peter R. |last2=Hey |first2=Sandra J. |date=October 2015 |title=The contribution of wheat to human diet and health |journal=Food and Energy Security |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=178–202 |doi=10.1002/fes3.64 |pmc=4998136 |pmid=27610232}} [75] => [76] => ===Crust=== [77] => [[Image:Roggenvollkornbrot.Endstueck.Kruste.mit.Ausbund.jpg|thumb|Crust of a cut bread made of [[whole-grain]] [[rye]] with crust crack (half right at the top)]] [78] => [79] => Bread crust is formed from surface dough during the cooking process. It is hardened and browned through the [[Maillard reaction]] using the sugars and amino acids due to the intense heat at the bread surface. The crust of most breads is harder, and more complexly and intensely flavored, than the rest. [[Old wives' tale]]s suggest that eating the bread crust makes a person's hair curlier.''The Longevity List: Myth Busting the Top Ways to Live a Long and Healthy Life'' {{ISBN|978-1-921966-73-6}} p. 156 Additionally, the crust is rumored to be healthier than the remainder of the bread. Some studies have shown that this is true as the crust has more [[dietary fiber]] and [[antioxidants]] such as [[pronyl]]-[[lysine]].{{cite web |last=Winkler |first=Sarah |url=http://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/food-nutrition/facts/eating-bread-crust.htm |title=Discovery Health "Is eating bread crust really good for you?" |publisher=Health.howstuffworks.com |date=29 July 2009 |access-date=26 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024023233/http://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/food-nutrition/facts/eating-bread-crust.htm |archive-date=24 October 2012 |url-status=dead }} [80] => [81] => ==Preparation== [82] => {{anchor|Composition and chemistry|Chemistry and composition}} [83] => [[File:Tortillas de rescoldo.jpg|thumb|Steps in bread making, here for an unleavened Chilean tortilla]] [84] => [85] => Doughs are usually [[baked]], but in some cuisines breads are [[steamed bread|steamed]] (e.g., [[mantou]]), fried (e.g., [[puri (food)|puri]]), or baked on an unoiled [[frying pan]] (e.g., [[tortilla]]s). It may be [[leavening agent|leavened]] or unleavened (e.g. [[Matzah|matzo]]). [[Edible salt|Salt]], [[fat]] and [[leavening agent]]s such as [[yeast (baking)|yeast]] and [[baking soda]] are common ingredients, though bread may contain other ingredients, such as [[milk]], [[egg (food)|egg]], [[sugar]], [[spice]], [[fruit]] (such as [[raisin]]s), [[vegetable]]s (such as [[onion]]), [[nut (fruit)|nuts]] (such as [[walnut]]) or [[seed]]s (such as [[poppy seed|poppy]]).{{cite web|title=Bread recipes (45 results found)|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/search|publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=2 October 2016|archive-date=24 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924091333/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/search|url-status=dead}} [86] => [87] => Methods of processing dough into bread include the [[Straight dough|straight dough process]], the [[Sourdough|sourdough process]], the [[Chorleywood bread process]] and the [[Sponge and dough|sponge and dough process]]. [88] => [89] => [[File:Brot - Outubro 2013 - Covalima.jpg|thumb|Baking bread in [[East Timor]]]] [90] => [91] => ===Formulation=== [92] => Professional bread recipes are stated using the [[baker percentage|baker's percentage]] notation. The amount of flour is denoted to be 100%, and the other ingredients are expressed as a percentage of that amount by weight. Measurement by weight is more accurate and consistent than measurement by volume, particularly for dry ingredients. The proportion of water to flour is the most important measurement in a bread recipe, as it affects texture and crumb the most. Hard wheat flours [[Farinograph#Method|absorb]] about 62% [[water]], while softer wheat flours absorb about 56%.{{cite book |author1=Finley, John H. |author2=Phillips, R. O. |title=Protein quality and the effects of processing |publisher=M. Dekker |location=New York |year=1989|page=See Figure 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYjWtWt5O9IC&pg=PA371 |isbn=978-0-8247-7984-9}} Common table breads made from these doughs result in a finely textured, light bread. Most artisan bread formulas contain anywhere from 60 to 75% water. In yeast breads, the higher water percentages result in more CO2 bubbles and a coarser bread crumb. [93] => [94] => Dough recipes commonly call for 500 [[gram]]s (about 1.1 pounds) of flour, which yields a single loaf of bread or two [[baguette]]s. [95] => [96] => [[Calcium propionate]] is commonly added by commercial bakeries to retard the growth of molds.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} [97] => [98] => ===Flour=== [99] => {{Main|Flour}} [100] => [101] => [[Flour]] is grain ground into a powder. Flour provides the primary structure, starch and protein to the final baked bread. The [[protein]] content of the flour is the best indicator of the quality of the bread [[dough]] and the finished bread. While bread can be made from all-purpose wheat flour, a specialty bread flour, containing more protein (12–14%), is recommended for high-quality bread. If one uses a flour with a lower protein content (9–11%) to produce bread, a shorter mixing time is required to develop gluten strength properly. An extended mixing time leads to oxidization of the dough, which gives the finished product a whiter crumb, instead of the cream color preferred by most artisan bakers.{{cite book |author=Hamelman, Jeffrey |title=Bread: a baker's book of techniques and recipes |publisher=John Wiley |location=New York |year=2004 |pages=7–13 |quote=A high gluten white flour will require more mix time than a white flour with a lower gluten content,... |isbn=978-0-471-16857-7 }} [102] => [103] => Wheat flour, in addition to its starch, contains three water-soluble protein groups ([[albumin]], [[globulin]], and [[proteose]]s) and two water-insoluble protein groups ([[glutenin]] and [[gliadin]]). When flour is mixed with water, the water-soluble proteins dissolve, leaving the glutenin and gliadin to form the structure of the resulting bread. When relatively dry dough is worked by [[kneading]], or wet dough is allowed to rise for a long time (see [[no-knead bread]]), the glutenin forms strands of long, thin, chainlike molecules, while the shorter gliadin forms bridges between the strands of glutenin. The resulting networks of strands produced by these two proteins are known as [[gluten]]. Gluten development improves if the dough is allowed to [[autolyse]].{{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=Gary |last2=Carey |first2=Patrick |last3=Tinton |first3=Terry |last4=Walpole |first4=Steven |title=Professional Chef: Level 2 Diploma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2iGHqXWigQ4C&pg=RA17-PA10 |year=2007 |publisher=Cengage Learning EMEA |isbn=978-1-84480-706-2 |pages=10–11}} [104] => [105] => ===Liquids=== [106] => Water, or some other liquid, is used to form the flour into a paste or dough. The weight or ratio of liquid required varies between recipes, but a ratio of three parts liquid to five parts flour is common for yeast breads.[http://food.laurieashton.com/2009/06/bakers-percentages-and-bread-hydration/ Hydration ratio for breads] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114151320/http://food.laurieashton.com/2009/06/bakers-percentages-and-bread-hydration/ |date=14 January 2013 }}. Food.laurieashton.com (5 June 2009). Retrieved 21 March 2013. Recipes that use steam as the primary leavening method may have a liquid content in excess of one part liquid to one part flour. Instead of water, recipes may use liquids such as milk or other [[dairy product]]s (including [[buttermilk]] or [[yogurt]]), fruit juice, or eggs. These contribute additional sweeteners, fats, or leavening components, as well as water.{{cite web|title=Yeast & Baking Lessongs. Liquids|url=http://redstaryeast.com/yeast-baking-lessons/common-baking-ingredients/liquids/|publisher=Red Star Yeast|access-date=2 October 2016}} [107] => [108] => ===Fats or shortenings=== [109] => Fats, such as butter, vegetable oils, lard, or that contained in eggs, affect the development of gluten in breads by coating and lubricating the individual strands of protein. They also help to hold the structure together. If too much fat is included in a bread dough, the lubrication effect causes the protein structures to divide. A fat content of approximately 3% by weight is the concentration that produces the greatest leavening action.{{cite book |author1=Young, Linda |author2=Cauvain, Stanley P. |title=Technology of Breadmaking |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |year=2007 |page=54 |isbn=978-0-387-38563-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HXtJivmeDfcC&pg=PA54}} In addition to their effects on leavening, fats also serve to tenderize breads and preserve freshness. [110] => [111] => ===Bread improvers=== [112] => {{Main|Bread improver}} [113] => [114] => [[Bread improver]]s and [[dough conditioner]]s are often used in producing commercial breads to reduce the time needed for rising and to improve texture and volume and to give [[staling|antistaling]] effects. The substances used may be oxidising agents to strengthen the dough or reducing agents to develop gluten and reduce mixing time, emulsifiers to strengthen the dough or to provide other properties such as making slicing easier, or enzymes to increase gas production.{{cite web |last=Tenbergen |first=Klaus |title=Dough and Bread Conditioners |url=http://www.foodingredientsonline.com/doc.mvc/Dough-and-Bread-Conditioners-0001?VNETCOOKIE=NO |work=Food and Product Design Magazine |date=1999 |access-date=2 October 2016}} [115] => [116] => ===Salt=== [117] => Salt ([[sodium chloride]]) is very often added to enhance flavor and restrict yeast activity. It also affects the crumb and the overall texture by stabilizing and strengtheningSilverton, Nancy (1996) ''Breads From The La Brea Bakery'', Villard, {{ISBN|0-679-40907-6}} the gluten. Some artisan bakers forego early addition of salt to the dough, whether wholemeal or refined, and wait until after a 20-minute rest to allow the dough to [[autolyse]].Reinhart, Peter (2001) ''The Bread Baker's Apprentice: Mastering the Art of Extraordinary Bread'', Ten Speed Press, {{ISBN|1-58008-268-8}} [118] => [119] => Mixtures of salts are sometimes employed, such as employing [[potassium chloride]] to reduce the sodium level, and [[monosodium glutamate]] to give flavor ([[umami]]). [120] => [121] => ==Leavening== [122] => {{See also|Unleavened bread}} [123] => [124] => [[File:Aberdour Castle - Dough Trough.jpg|thumb|A dough trough, located in [[Aberdour Castle]], once used for leavening bread]] [125] => [126] => [[Leavening]] is the process of adding gas to a dough before or during baking to produce a lighter, more easily chewed bread. Most bread eaten in the West is leavened.{{cite web|title=The Bread Leavening Process|url=http://becomingachef.co.uk/bread-leavening-agents-sourdough-starter/|website=Becoming a Chef|access-date=2 October 2016|date=15 August 2016}} [127] => [128] => ===Chemicals=== [129] => A simple technique for leavening bread is the use of gas-producing chemicals. There are two common methods. The first is to use [[baking powder]] or a [[self-raising flour]] that includes baking powder. The second is to include an acidic ingredient such as [[buttermilk]] and add [[baking soda]]; the reaction of the acid with the soda produces gas. Chemically leavened breads are called ''[[quick bread]]s'' and ''[[soda bread]]s''. This method is commonly used to make [[muffin]]s, [[pancake]]s, American-style [[biscuits]], and quick breads such as [[banana bread]]. [130] => [131] => ===Yeast=== [132] => {{Main|Baker's yeast}} [133] => [[File:Compressed fresh yeast - 1.jpg|right|thumb|Compressed fresh yeast]] [134] => [135] => Many breads are leavened by [[yeast]]. The yeast most commonly used for leavening bread is ''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'', the same species used for brewing alcoholic beverages. This yeast [[Fermentation|ferments]] some of the sugars producing [[carbon dioxide]]. Commercial bakers often leaven their dough with commercially produced [[baker's yeast]]. Baker's yeast has the advantage of producing uniform, quick, and reliable results, because it is obtained from a [[pure culture]]. Many artisan bakers produce their own yeast with a growth culture. If kept in the right conditions, it provides leavening for many years.{{cite book |author1=Young, Linda |author2=Cauvain, Stanley P. |title=Technology of Breadmaking |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |year=2007 |page=79 |isbn=978-0-387-38563-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HXtJivmeDfcC&pg=PA79}} [136] => [137] => The baker's yeast and [[sourdough]] methods follow the same pattern. Water is mixed with flour, salt and the leavening agent. Other additions (spices, herbs, fats, seeds, fruit, etc.) are not needed to bake bread, but are often used. The mixed dough is then allowed to [[Proofing (baking technique)|rise]] one or more times (a longer rising time results in more flavor, so bakers often "punch down" the dough and let it rise again), loaves are formed, and (after an optional final rising time) the bread is baked in an [[oven]]. [138] => [139] => Many breads are made from a "[[straight dough]]", which means that all of the ingredients are combined in one step, and the dough is baked after the rising time; others are made from a "[[pre-ferment]]" in which the leavening agent is combined with some of the flour and water a day or so ahead of baking and allowed to ferment overnight. On the day of baking, the rest of the ingredients are added, and the process continues as with straight dough. This produces a more flavorful bread with better texture. Many bakers see the starter method as a compromise between the reliable results of baker's yeast and the flavor and complexity of a longer fermentation. It also allows the baker to use only a minimal amount of baker's yeast, which was scarce and expensive when it first became available. Most yeasted pre-ferments fall into one of three categories: "[[poolish]]" or "pouliche", a loose-textured mixture composed of roughly equal amounts of flour and water (by weight); "[[biga (bread baking)|biga]]", a stiff mixture with a higher proportion of flour; and "pâte fermentée", which is a portion of dough reserved from a previous batch.{{cite web|title=Artisan bread baking tips: Poolish & biga|url=https://www.weekendbakery.com/posts/more-artisan-bread-baking-tips-poolish-biga/|website=Weekend Bakery|access-date=2 October 2016}}{{cite web|title=Preferments|publisher=King Arthur Flour}} [140] => [141] => [142] => File:Breaddough1.jpg|Before first rising [143] => File:Breaddough2.jpg|After first rising [144] => File:Risen bread dough in tin.jpg|After [[proofing (baking technique)|proofing]], ready to bake [145] => [146] => [147] => ===Sourdough=== [148] => {{Main|Sourdough}} [149] => [[File:Sour dough loaves03.jpg|thumb|Sourdough loaves]] [150] => [151] => Sourdough is a type of bread produced by a long fermentation of dough using naturally occurring yeasts and [[Lactobacillus|lactobacilli]]. It usually has a mildly sour taste because of the [[lactic acid]] produced during [[Anaerobic respiration|anaerobic]] [[fermentation]] by the lactobacilli. Longer fermented sourdoughs can also contain [[acetic acid]], the main non-water component of vinegar.{{cite book | first=Alan | last=Davidson | year=1999 | title=The Oxford Companion to Food | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-211579-9 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00davi_0/page/756 756–57] | url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00davi_0/page/756 }}{{cite book | editor1=Gobbetti, Marco |editor2=Gänzle, Michael |date=2012 |title=Handbook on Sourdough Biotechnology |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4899-9189-8}}{{Cite journal |last=Ng |first=Henry |date=June 1972 |title=Factors Affecting Organic Acid Production by Sourdough (San Francisco) Bacteria |journal=Applied Microbiology |language=en |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=1153–1159 |doi=10.1128/am.23.6.1153-1159.1972 |issn=0003-6919 |pmc= 380523 |pmid=5042265}} [152] => [153] => Sourdough breads are made with a sourdough starter. The starter cultivates yeast and lactobacilli in a mixture of flour and water, making use of the microorganisms already present on flour; it does not need any added yeast. A starter may be maintained indefinitely by regular additions of flour and water. Some bakers have starters many generations old, which are said to have a special taste or texture. At one time, all yeast-leavened breads were sourdoughs. Recently there has been a revival of sourdough bread in artisan bakeries.{{cite news|last1=Mesure|first1=Susie|title=Supermarkets cash in on sourdough bread craze as popularity surges |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/news/supermarkets-cash-in-on-sourdough-bread-craze-as-popularity-surges-a6844101.html |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |access-date=2 October 2016|date=30 January 2016}} [154] => [155] => Traditionally, peasant families throughout Europe baked on a fixed schedule, perhaps once a week. The starter was saved from the previous week's dough. The starter was mixed with the new ingredients, the dough was left to rise, and then a piece of it was saved to be the starter for next week's bread. [156] => [157] => ===Steam=== [158] => The rapid expansion of steam produced during baking leavens the bread, which is as simple as it is unpredictable. Steam-leavening is unpredictable since the steam is not produced until the bread is baked. Steam leavening happens regardless of the raising agents (baking soda, yeast, baking powder, sour dough, beaten egg white) included in the mix. The leavening agent either contains air bubbles or generates carbon dioxide. The heat vaporises the water from the inner surface of the bubbles within the dough. The steam expands and makes the bread rise. This is the main factor in the rising of bread once it has been put in the oven.{{cite book |author=Edwards, W.P.|title=The science of bakery products |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |location=Cambridge |year=2007 |page=68 |isbn=978-0-85404-486-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCVPjK0mSfkC&pg=PA68|quote=When bread expands in the oven the resulting expansion is known as oven spring. It has been calculated that water expansion was responsible for some 60% of the expansion. |access-date=8 December 2012}} [[Carbon dioxide|CO2]] generation, on its own, is too small to account for the rise. Heat kills bacteria or yeast at an early stage, so the CO2 generation is stopped. [159] => [160] => ===Bacteria=== [161] => [[Salt-rising bread]] does not use yeast. Instead, it is leavened by ''[[Clostridium perfringens]]'', one of the most common sources of food-borne illness.{{cite web|url=http://home.comcast.net/~petsonk/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120630212428/http://home.comcast.net/~petsonk/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 June 2012 |title=Susan R. Brown's Salt Rising Bread Project |publisher=Home.comcast.net |access-date=3 June 2010 }}{{Cite journal |last1=Juckett |first1=Gregory |last2=Bardwell |first2=Genevieve |last3=McClane |first3=Bruce |last4=Brown |first4=Susan |date=2008 |title=Microbiology of salt rising bread |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18646681/ |journal=The West Virginia Medical Journal |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=26–27 |issn=0043-3284 |pmid=18646681}} [162] => [163] => ===Aeration=== [164] => [[Aerated bread]] is leavened by carbon dioxide being forced into dough under pressure. From the mid-19th to mid-20th centuries, bread made this way was somewhat popular in the United Kingdom, made by the [[Aerated Bread Company]] and sold in its high-street [[Aerated Bread Company#Tea shops and early women's issues|tearooms]]. The company was founded in 1862, and ceased independent operations in 1955.[[Benjamin Ward Richardson|Richardson MD FRS, Benjanmin Ward]]. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5gEAAAAAQAAJ&q=%22john+dauglish%22 On the Healthy Manufacture of Bread: A Memoir on the System of Dr. Dauglish]''. Baillière, Tindall, & Cox, 1884. pp. 18, 20–21, 34, 62–63, 67–70, 74. [165] => [166] => The Pressure-Vacuum mixer was later developed by the Flour Milling and Baking Research Association for the [[Chorleywood bread process]]. It manipulates the gas bubble size and optionally the composition of gases in the dough via the gas applied to the headspace.{{cite book |editor1=Kilcast, D. |editor2=McKenna, B. M. |title=Texture in food |publisher=Woodhead |year=2003 |page=448 |isbn=978-1-85573-724-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u-K8UuyKT48C&pg=PA448}} [167] => [168] => == Cultural significance == [169] => [[File:Rapid Trident 2014 03.jpg|thumb|A Ukrainian woman in national dress welcoming with [[bread and salt]]]] [170] => {{main|Bread in culture}} [171] => [172] => [[Bread in culture|Bread has a significance beyond mere nutrition in many cultures]] because of its history and contemporary importance. Bread is also [[sacramental bread|significant in Christianity]] as one of the elements (alongside [[wine]]) of the [[Eucharist]],{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9033174/Eucharist |title=Eucharist (Christianity) – Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2 June 2022 |archive-date=19 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519053204/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9033174/Eucharist |url-status=live }} and in other religions including [[Paganism]].{{cite book |author=Sabrina, Lady |title=Exploring Wicca: The Beliefs, Rites, and Rituals of the Wiccan Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeRKlCbOdnIC&pg=PA100 |year=2006 |publisher=Career Press |isbn=978-1-56414-884-1 |pages=100–}} [173] => [174] => In many [[culture]]s, bread is a [[metaphor]] for basic necessities and living conditions in general. For example, a "bread-winner" is a household's main economic contributor and has little to do with actual bread-provision. This is also seen in the phrase "putting bread on the table". The Roman poet [[Juvenal]] satirized superficial politicians and the public as caring only for "''panem et circenses''" ([[bread and circuses]]).[[Juvenal#Literary and cultural influence|Juvenal's literary and cultural influence (Book IV: Satire 10.81)]] In [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russia]] in 1917, the Bolsheviks promised "peace, land, and bread."{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/513251/Russia/38557/The-Civil-War-and-War-Communism-1918-21 |title=Russia|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=3 June 2010}}{{cite web |url=http://www.sparknotes.com/biography/lenin/section6.rhtml |title=Vladimir Lenin: From March to October. SparkNotes |publisher=Sparknotes.com |access-date=3 June 2010}} The term "[[breadbasket]]" denotes an agriculturally productive region. In parts of [[Northern Europe|Northern]], [[Central Europe|Central]], [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Eastern Europe|Eastern]] Europe [[bread and salt]] is offered as a welcome to guests.{{cite book |last=Hayward |first=Tim |date=2020 |title=Loaf Story |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hrP1DwAAQBAJ |publisher=Hardie Grant Publishing |language=English |access-date=25 January 2021 |isbn=9781787134782}} In [[India]], life's basic necessities are often referred to as "roti, kapra aur makan" (bread, cloth, and house).{{cite book |last=Patel |first=K.V. |title=The Foundation Pillars for Change |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lC_8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 |year=2014 |publisher=Partridge |isbn=978-1-4828-1563-4 |page=54}} [175] => [176] => Words for bread, including "dough" and "bread" itself, are used in [[English language|English]]-speaking countries as [[synonym]]s for [[money]].{{OEtymD|bread}} A remarkable or revolutionary innovation may be called the best thing since "[[sliced bread]]".{{cite magazine |last1=Molella |first1=Art |title=How the Phrase 'The Best Thing Since Sliced Bread' Originated |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/02/how-the-phrase-the-best-thing-since-sliced-bread-originated/252674/ |magazine=The Atlantic |access-date=30 September 2016 |date=8 February 2012}} The expression "to break bread with someone" means "to share a meal with someone".{{cite web |url=http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/break+bread+with |title=Break bread with |publisher=The Free Dictionary |access-date=1 January 2017}} The English word "lord" comes from the Anglo-Saxon ''hlāfweard'', meaning "bread keeper."{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lord |title=Lord |dictionary=Merriam-Webster |access-date=1 January 2017}} [177] => [178] => Bread is sometimes referred to as "the staff of life", although this term can refer to other staple foods in different cultures: the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' defines it as "bread (or similar staple food)".{{cite web|title=The staff of life|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/staff-of-life|website=Cambridge Dictionary|access-date=20 April 2018}}{{Cite OED|Staff}} OED cites 1638 "Bread is worth all, being the Staffe of life" but also 1901 "Broad beans form one of the staves of life in Sicily". This is sometimes thought to be a biblical reference, but the nearest wording is in Leviticus 26 "when I have broken the staff of your bread".{{cite web|title=Leviticus 26:26|url=https://www.biblestudytools.com/commentaries/gills-exposition-of-the-bible/leviticus-26-26.html|publisher=Bible Study Tools|access-date=20 April 2018}} The term has been adopted in the names of bakery firms.{{cite web|title=Home page|url=http://www.staffoflifebakery.co.uk/|publisher=Staff of Life Bakery|access-date=20 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420135833/http://www.staffoflifebakery.co.uk/|archive-date=20 April 2018|url-status=dead}} ''An example'' [179] => [180] => === Fictional breads === [181] => Lembas bread: a fictional bread from ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''. It was given to Frodo by Galadriel and kept him alive through his journey.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} [182] => [183] => Bread of the two elders: a magical type of bread from ''[[Hungarian Folk Tales]]'' (from the Ördög és a kenyér story). It was able to talk and ward off the [[Ördög]].{{Cite web |title=A kicsi dió |url=https://www.nepmese.hu/index.php/mesetar/mesek/a-kicsi-dio |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=www.nepmese.hu |language=hu-hu}} [184] => [185] => ==See also== [186] => {{portal|Food}} [187] => {{div col}} [188] => * {{annotated link|Bark bread}} [189] => * {{annotated link|Bread bowl}} [190] => * {{annotated link|Bread clip}} [191] => * {{annotated link|Bread dildo}} [192] => * {{annotated link|Breading}} [193] => * {{annotated link|Bread machine}} [194] => * {{annotated link|Bread pan}} [195] => * {{annotated link|Crouton}}s [196] => * {{annotated link|List of breads}} [197] => * {{annotated link|List of bread dishes}} [198] => * {{annotated link|List of toast dishes}} [199] => * {{annotated link|Quick bread}} [200] => * {{annotated link|Sliced bread}} [201] => * {{annotated link|Slow Bread}} [202] => * {{annotated link|Sop}} [203] => * {{annotated link|Stuffing}} [204] => * {{annotated link|White bread}} [205] => {{div col end}} [206] => [207] => [208] => ==References== [209] => {{Reflist}} [210] => [211] => ==Further reading== [212] => {{div col|colwidth=30em}} [213] => * Kaplan, Steven Laurence: ''Good Bread Is Back: A Contemporary History of French Bread, the Way It Is Made, and the People Who Make It''. Durham/ London: Duke University Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-8223-3833-8}} [214] => * Jacob, Heinrich Eduard: ''Six Thousand Years of Bread: Its Holy and Unholy History''. Garden City / New York: Doubleday, Doran and Comp., 1944. New 1997: New York: Lyons & Burford, Publishers (Foreword by Lynn Alley), {{ISBN|1-55821-575-1}} < [215] => * Spiekermann, Uwe: "Brown Bread for Victory: German and British Wholemeal Politics in the Inter-War Period", in: Trentmann, Frank and Just, Flemming (ed.): ''Food and Conflict in Europe in the Age of the Two World Wars''. Basingstoke / New York: Palgrave, 2006, pp. 143–71, {{ISBN|1-4039-8684-3}} [216] => * {{cite book | first = Marion | last = Cunningham | year = 1990 | title = The Fannie Farmer cookbook | others = illustrated by Lauren Jarrett | edition = 13th | publisher = Alfred A. Knopf |location = New York | isbn = 978-0-394-56788-4}} [217] => * {{cite book | first=James | last=Trager | year=1995 | title=The food chronology: a food lover's compendium of events and anecdotes from prehistory to the present | publisher=Henry Holt | isbn=978-0-8050-3389-2 | url=https://archive.org/details/foodchronologyf00trag }} [218] => * {{cite book | first=Alan | last=Davidson | year=1999 | title=The Oxford Companion to Food | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-211579-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00davi_0 }} [219] => * {{cite conference | author=D. Samuel | title=Brewing and baking | book-title=Ancient Egyptian materials and technology. | editor=P. T. Nicholson | editor2=I. Shaw | location=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2000 |pages=537–76| isbn=0-521-45257-0}} [220] => * {{cite book | first=E. J. | last=Pyler | year=1988 | title=Baking Science & Technology 3rd Ed. vols. I & II | publisher=Sosland Publishing Company | isbn=978-1-882005-02-4 }} [221] => {{div col end}} [222] => [223] => ==External links== [224] => {{Wikiquote}} [225] => * {{Wikivoyage inline|Bread and confectionery}} [226] => [227] => {{Bread}} [228] => {{Wheat}} [229] => {{Cereals}} [230] => {{Cuisine}} [231] => {{Authority control}} [232] => [233] => [[Category:Breads| ]] [234] => [[Category:Ancient dishes]] [235] => [[Category:Staple foods]] [236] => [[Category:Types of food]] [237] => [[Category:Wheat dishes]] [238] => [[Category:World cuisine]] [] => )
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Bread

Bread is a staple food worldwide, made primarily from grains such as wheat, barley, or rye. It has been consumed by humans for thousands of years and is considered one of the oldest prepared foods.

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It has been consumed by humans for thousands of years and is considered one of the oldest prepared foods. The process of making bread involves mixing flour, water, salt, and yeast, which ferments the dough and causes it to rise. Different types of bread exist, including white bread, wholemeal bread, and flatbreads. The history of bread dates back to ancient civilizations such as Egypt and Mesopotamia, where it played a crucial role in the daily diet. Over time, various techniques and ingredients were introduced, leading to the development of diverse bread cultures around the world. Bread became a symbol of civilization and a staple of many cuisines. The nutritional value of bread varies depending on the type and ingredients used. It is a significant source of carbohydrates, protein, and essential minerals. However, certain types of bread, such as white bread, may lack some nutrients due to the refining process. Bread has cultural and religious significance in many societies. It is often used in religious rituals, such as the Christian Eucharist or Jewish Passover. Additionally, bread has shaped culinary traditions and is an integral part of various dishes, including sandwiches, toast, and pastries. The industrialization of bread production in the 19th century revolutionized the accessibility and availability of bread, making it a common commodity. Today, commercial bakeries and grocery stores offer a wide range of bread options, including gluten-free and artisanal varieties. The consumption and production of bread have faced challenges in recent years due to health concerns, such as gluten intolerance and the rise of low-carbohydrate diets. However, bread remains a fundamental food item for many people globally and continues to be a staple in diets worldwide.

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