Array ( [0] => {{short description|Large watercraft}} [1] => {{Other uses}} [2] => {{pp-move}} [3] => {|{{Infobox ship begin |infobox caption=Ship}} [4] => {{Infobox ship image [5] => | Ship image=Containerterminal Altenwerder (Hamburg-Altenwerder).Iris Bolten.4.phb.ajb.jpg [6] => | Ship image size=300px [7] => | Ship caption=[[Feeder ship]] ''Iris Bolten'' at [[Container Terminal Altenwerder]], port of [[Hamburg|Hamburg, Germany]] [8] => }} [9] => {{Infobox ship characteristics [10] => |Ship tonnage= Greater than {{DWT|500}} [11] => |Ship sail plan= For [[sailing ship]]s – two or more masts,{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} variety of sail plans [12] => |Ship propulsion= [[steam turbine]] ([[fossil fuel]], [[Nuclear fuel|nuclear]]), [[Diesel engine|diesel]], [[gas turbine]], [[Stirling engine|sterling]], [[Steam engine|steam]] (reciprocating) [13] => }} [14] => |} [15] => [16] => A '''ship''' is a large [[watercraft|vessel]] that travels the world's oceans and other [[Waterway|navigable waterways]], carrying cargo or passengers, or in support of specialized missions, such as defense, research and fishing. Ships are generally distinguished from [[boat]]s, based on size, shape, load capacity and purpose. Ships have supported [[Geographic exploration|exploration]], [[Global trade|trade]], [[Naval warfare|warfare]], [[Human migration|migration]], [[colonization]], and [[science]]. [[Ship transport]] is responsible for the largest portion of world commerce. [17] => [18] => The word ''ship'' has meant, depending on the era and the context, either just a large vessel or specifically a [[Full-rigged ship|ship-rigged]] [[sailing ship]] with three or more masts, each of which is [[Square rig|square-rigged]]. [19] => [20] => As of 2016, there were more than 49,000 [[merchant ship]]s, totaling almost 1.8 billion [[Deadweight tonnage|deadweight tons]]. Of these 28% were [[oil tanker]]s, 43% were [[bulk carrier]]s, and 13% were [[container ship]]s. [21] => [22] => The earliest historical evidence of boats is found in Egypt during the 4th millennium BCE.[https://www.britannica.com/technology/ship/History-of-ships Britannica - History of ships] [23] => [24] => == Nomenclature == [25] => {{Further|Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)|Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z)}}[[File:ship diagram-numbers.svg|thumb|upright=1.42|Main parts of ship. '''1''':  [[Funnel (ship)|Funnel]]; '''2''': [[Stern]]; '''3''': [[Propeller]] and [[Rudder]]; '''4''': [[Portside]] (the right side is known as [[starboard]]); '''5''': [[Anchor]]; '''6''': [[Bulbous bow]]; '''7''': [[Bow (ship)|Bow]]; '''8''': [[Deck (ship)|Deck]]; '''9''': [[Superstructure]] ]] [26] => [27] => Ships are typically larger than boats, but there is no universally accepted distinction between the two. Ships generally can remain at sea for longer periods of time than boats.Cutler 1999, p. 620. A legal definition of ship from [[India]]n [[case law]] is a vessel that carries goods by sea. A common notion is that a ship can carry a boat, but not ''vice versa''. A ship is likely to have a full-time crew assigned.{{Cite journal|last=Cutler|first=Thomas J.|date=October 2017|title=Bluejacket's Manual - Of Ships and Boats and . . .|url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2017/october/bluejackets-manual-ships-and-boats-and|journal=Naval History Magazine|volume=31|issue=5}} A US Navy rule of thumb is that ships [[Sailing#Heeling|heel]] towards the ''outside'' of a sharp turn, whereas boats heel towards the ''inside'' because of the relative location of the [[center of mass]] versus the [[center of buoyancy]]. American and British 19th century maritime law distinguished "vessels" from other watercraft; ships and boats fall in one legal category, whereas open boats and rafts are not considered vessels.{{Citation |last=Williams |first=Charles Frederic |title=Utmost care to Watercourses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TlJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA440 |volume=28 |page=440 |year=1895 |editor-last=Merrill |editor-first=John Houston |series=The American and English Encyclopædia of Law |contribution=Vessel |publisher=Edward Thompson Company |editor2-last=Williams |editor2-first=Charles Frederic |editor3-last=Michie |editor3-first=Thomas Johnson |editor4-last=Garland |editor4-first=David Shephard}} [28] => [29] => Particularly in the [[Age of Sail]], the word ''ship'' might apply generally to a seagoing vessel or particularly to a full-rigged sailing ship with three or more [[mast (sailing)|mast]]s, all square-rigged. Other rigs on seagoing vessels included [[brig]], [[barque]], and [[barquentine]].{{cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=Jenny |title=Sailing Rigs, an Illustrated Guide |date=2005 |publisher=Chatham Publishing |location=London |isbn=1-86176-243-7}}{{rp|8}}{{cite book |last1=Underhill |first1=Harold |title=Masting and Rigging, the Clipper Ship and Ocean Carrier |date=1946|orig-year=1938 |publisher=Brown, Son and Ferguson, Ltd |location=Glasgow |edition=1958 reprint}}{{rp|2}}{{cite book |last1=Palmer |first1=Joseph |title=Jane's Dictionary of Naval Terms |date=1975 |publisher=Macdonald and Janes Limited |location=London |isbn=0-356-08258-X}}{{rp|222}} [30] => [31] => Some large vessels are traditionally called ''boats'', notably [[submarine]]s.{{Cite web |last=Chief of Naval Operations |author-link=Chief of Naval Operations |date=March 2001 |title=The Saga of the Submarine: Early Years to the Beginning of Nuclear Power |url=http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/history/subsaga5.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114164154/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/history/subsaga5.html |archive-date=January 14, 2009 |access-date=2008-10-03 |publisher=United States Navy}} Others include [[lake freighter|Great Lakes freighters]], [[riverboat]]s, and [[ferryboat]]s, which may be designed for operation on inland or protected coastal waters. [32] => [33] => In most maritime traditions ships have [[Ship naming and launching|individual names]], and modern ships may belong to a [[ship class]] often named after its first ship. [34] => [35] => In many documents the ship name is introduced with a [[ship prefix]] being an abbreviation of the ship class, for example "MS" (motor ship) or "SV" (sailing vessel), making it easier to distinguish a ship name from other individual names in a text. [36] => [37] => "Ship" (along with "nation") is an English word that has retained a female [[grammatical gender]] in some usages, which allows it sometimes to be referred to as a "she" without being of female [[Gender|natural gender]].{{Cite book|last=Curzan|first=Anne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQ20vvzacXMC&q=ship+as+she|title=Gender Shifts in the History of English|date=2003-04-24|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-43668-7|pages=83–132|language=en}} [38] => [39] => ==History== [40] => {{Further|Maritime history|Sailing ship}} [41] => For most of history, transport by ship{{snd}}provided there is a feasible route{{snd}} has generally been cheaper, safer and faster than making the same journey on land. Only the coming of railways in the middle of the 19th century and the growth of commercial aviation in the second half of the 20th century have changed this principle. This applied equally to sea crossings, coastal voyages and use of rivers and lakes. [42] => [43] => Examples of the consequences of this include the large [[grain trade]] in the Mediterranean during the [[Classical antiquity|classical period]]. Cities such as Rome were totally reliant on the delivery by sailing ships of the large amounts of grain needed. It has been estimated that it cost less for a sailing ship of the Roman Empire to carry grain the length of the Mediterranean than to move the same amount 15 miles by road. Rome consumed about 150,000 tons of Egyptian grain each year over the first three centuries AD.{{cite book |last1=Casson |first1=Lionel |title=Ships and seamanship in the ancient world |date=1995 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |isbn=0-8018-5130-0}}{{rp|297}}{{cite book |last1=Adams |first1=Jonathan |title=A maritime archaeology of ships : innovation and social change in medieval and early modern Europe |date=2013 |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=9781842172971 |edition=First}}{{rp|at=ch. 2}}{{cite book |last1=Jett |first1=Stephen C. |title=Ancient ocean crossings : reconsidering the case for contacts with the pre-Columbian Americas |date=2017 |publisher=The University of Alabama Press |location=Tuscaloosa |isbn=978-0-8173-1939-7}}{{rp|147}}{{efn|The distance by sea from Alexandria (the main Egyptian grain port during the Roman Empire) to Civitavecchia (the modern port for Rome) is {{convert|1142|nmi}}.{{cite web |title=Alexandria - Civitavecchia distance is 1142 NM - SeaRoutes |url=https://classic.searoutes.com/routing/4294967629/4294968202?speed=20&panama=true&suez=true&kiel=true&rivers=block&roads=block |website=m.classic.searoutes.com |access-date=16 June 2022 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}}} [44] => [45] => Until recently, it was generally the case that a ship represented the most advanced representation of the technology that any society could achieve.{{r|Adams 2013|at=ch 1}} [46] => [47] => ===Prehistory and antiquity=== [48] => {{See also|Ships of ancient Rome}} [49] => [50] => ==== Asian developments ==== [51] => [[File:Atlas pittoresque pl 096.jpg|thumb|[[Fiji#Early settlement|Fijian]] voyaging [[outrigger boat]] with a [[crab claw sail]]]] [52] => [[File:Borobudur ship.JPG|thumb|One of the sailing vessels depicted in [[Borobudur]] temple, c. 8th century AD in [[Java]], [[Indonesia]]]] [53] => The earliest attestations of ships in [[maritime transport]] in [[Mesopotamia]] are [[model ship]]s, which date back to the 4th millennium BC. In archaic texts in [[Uruk]], [[Sumer]], the ideogram for "ship" is attested, but in the inscriptions of the kings of [[Lagash]], ships were first mentioned in connection to [[maritime trade]] and [[naval warfare]] at around 2500–2350 BCE.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022|reason=These clay models are surely boats. The interpretation of texts needs an RS.}} [54] => [55] => [[Austronesian peoples]] originated in what is now [[Taiwan]]. From here, they took part in the [[Austronesian Expansion]]. Their distinctive maritime technology was integral to this movement and included [[catamaran]]s and [[outrigger ship|outriggers]]. It has been deduced that they had sails some time before 2000 BCE.{{cite book |last1=Horridge |first1=Adrian |editor1-last=Bellwood |editor1-first=Peter |title=The Austronesians : historical and comparative perspectives |date=2006 |location=Canberra, ACT |isbn=978-0731521326}}{{rp|144}} Their [[crab claw sail]]s enabled them to sail for vast distances in open ocean. From Taiwan, they rapidly colonized the islands of [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], then sailed further onwards to [[Micronesia]], [[Island Melanesia]], [[Polynesia]], and [[Madagascar]], eventually colonizing a territory spanning half the globe.{{Cite journal |last=Doran |first=Edwin Jr. |date=1974 |title=Outrigger Ages |url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_83_1974/Volume_83%2C_No._2/Outrigger_ages%2C_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.%2C_p_130-140/p1 |journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=130–140 |access-date=2019-09-29 |archive-date=2020-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118071139/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_83_1974/Volume_83,_No._2/Outrigger_ages,_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.,_p_130-140/p1 |url-status=dead }} [56] => [57] => Austronesian sails were made from woven leaves, usually from [[Pandanus|pandan]] plants. These were complemented by paddlers, who usually positioned themselves on platforms on the [[outrigger]]s in the larger boats. Austronesian ships ranged in complexity from simple [[dugout canoe]]s with outriggers or lashed together to large edge-pegged plank-built boats built around a keel made from a dugout canoe. Their designs were unique, evolving from ancient rafts to the characteristic double-hulled, single-outrigger, and double-outrigger designs of Austronesian ships. [58] => [59] => Early Austronesian sailors influenced the development of sailing technologies in [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Southern India]] through the [[Austronesian maritime trade network]] of the [[Indian Ocean]], the precursor to the [[spice trade]] route and the [[maritime silk road]], which was established at around 1500 BC. The [[junk rig]]s of Chinese ships is also believed to be developed from [[Tanja sail|tilted sails]].Needham, Joseph (1971). ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part III: Civil Engineering and Nautics''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.{{Rp|612–613}} [60] => [61] => In the 2nd century AD, people from the [[Nusantara (archipelago)|Indonesian archipelago]] already made large ships measuring over 50 m long and standing 4–7 m out of the water. They could carry 600–1000 people and 250–1000 ton cargo. These ships were known as ''kunlun bo'' or ''[[K'un-lun po|k'unlun po]]'' (崑崙舶, lit. "ship of the [[Kunlun (mythology)|Kunlun]] people") by the Chinese, and ''kolandiaphonta'' by the Greeks. They had 4–7 masts and were able to sail against the wind due to the usage of [[tanja sail]]s. These ships may have reached as far as [[Ghana]].{{Cite book|title=The Phantom Voyagers: Evidence of Indonesian Settlement in Africa in Ancient Times|last=Dick-Read|first=Robert|publisher=Thurlton|year=2005}}{{Rp|41}}{{Cite journal |last=Manguin |first=Pierre-Yves |date=1993 |title=Trading Ships of the South China Sea. Shipbuilding Techniques and Their Role in the History of the Development of Asian Trade Networks |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |pages=253–280}}{{Rp|262}}{{Cite journal |last=Christie |first=Anthony |date=1957 |title=An Obscure Passage from the "Periplus: ΚΟΛΑΝΔΙΟϕΩΝΤΑ ΤΑ ΜΕΓΙΣΤΑ" |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=19 |pages=345–353 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00133105 |s2cid=162840685 |via=JSTOR}}{{Rp|347}} In the 11th century, a new type of ship called [[Djong (ship)|djong]] or jong was recorded in [[Java]] and [[Bali]].{{Cite journal |date=2008 |editor-last=Hauser-Schäublin |editor-first=Brigitta |editor2-last=Ardika |editor2-first=I Wayan |title=Burials, Texts and Rituals: Ethnoarchaeological Investigations in North Bali, Indonesia |journal=Göttinger Beiträge zur Ethnologie |doi=10.17875/gup2008-416 |isbn=978-3-940344-12-0 |issn=2512-6814|doi-access=free }}{{rp|222, 230, 267}}{{Cite journal |last=Jákl |first=Jiří |date=2020 |title=The Sea and Seacoast in Old Javanese Court Poetry: Fishermen, Ports, Ships, and Shipwrecks in the Literary Imagination |journal=Archipel |issue=100 |pages=69–90 |doi=10.4000/archipel.2078 |s2cid=229391249 |issn=0044-8613|doi-access=free }}{{rp|82}} This type of ship was built using wooden dowels and treenails, unlike the ''kunlun bo'' which used vegetal fibres for lashings.{{Cite journal |last=Manguin |first=Pierre-Yves |year=2021 |title=The assembly of hulls in Southeast Asian shipbuilding traditions: from lashings to treenails |journal=Archaeonautica |issue=21 |pages=137–140 |doi=10.4000/archaeonautica.2397 |s2cid=251869471 |issn=0154-1854|doi-access=free }}{{Rp|138}} [62] => [63] => In China, miniature models of ships that feature steering oars have been dated to the [[Warring States period]] (c. 475–221 BC). By the [[Han dynasty]], a well kept naval fleet was an integral part of the military. Sternpost-mounted rudders started to appear on Chinese ship models starting in the 1st century AD. However, these early Chinese ships were fluvial (riverine), and were not seaworthy.{{cite book |last1=Pham |first1=Charlotte Minh-Hà L. |url=https://www.academia.edu/10065854 |title=Training Manual for the UNESCO Foundation Course on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Asia and the Pacific |date=2012 |publisher=UNESCO Bangkok, Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education |isbn=978-92-9223-414-0 |location=Bangkok |chapter=Unit 14: Asian Shipbuilding (Training Manual for the UNESCO Foundation Course on the Protection and Management of the Underwater Cultural Heritage)}}{{rp|20}}{{Cite journal|last=Maguin|first=Pierre-Yves|date=September 1980|title=The Southeast Asian Ship: An Historical Approach|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|volume=11|issue=2|pages=266–276|doi=10.1017/S002246340000446X|jstor=20070359|s2cid=162220129 }} The Chinese only acquired sea-going ship technologies in the 10th century AD [[Song Dynasty]] after contact with Southeast Asian ''k'un-lun po'' trading ships, leading to the development of the [[junk (ship)|junks]].{{rp|20–21}} [64] => [65] => ==== Mediterranean developments ==== [66] => [[File:Maler der Grabkammer des Menna 013.jpg|thumb|Egyptian sailing ship, c. 1422–1411 BC]] [67] => [[File:Phoenician ship.jpg|thumb|A [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] ship carved on the face of the [[Ship sarcophagus|"Ship Sarcophagus"]], c. 2nd century AD]] [68] => [69] => The earliest historical evidence of boats is found in Egypt during the 4th millennium BCE The [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] [[historian]] and [[geographer]] [[Agatharchides]] had documented ship-faring among the early [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]]: ''"During the prosperous period of the [[Old Kingdom]], between the [[30th century BC|30th]] and [[25th century BC|25th centuries BC]], the [[Nile River|river]]-routes were kept in order, and [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] ships sailed the [[Red Sea]] as far as the [[myrrh]]-country."''{{Cite book |author=[[Agatharchides]] |others=in [[Wilfred Harvey Schoff]] (Secretary of the [[Philadelphia Civic Center|Commercial Museum of Philadelphia]]) with a foreword by W.P. Wilson, Sc. Director, [[University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology|The Philadelphia Museums]]. |title=[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century, Translated from the Greek and Annotated |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co. |year=1912 |location=New York |pages=50; 57 (for quote)}} [[Sneferu]]'s ancient cedar wood ship [[Praise of the Two Lands (ship)|Praise of the Two Lands]] is the first reference recorded (2613 BC) to a ship being referred to by name.Anzovin, item # 5393, p. 385 ''Reference to a ship with a name appears in an inscription of 2613 BC that recounts the shipbuilding achievements of the fourth-dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Sneferu. He was recorded as the builder of a cedarwood vessel called "Praise of the Two Lands."'' [70] => [71] => The [[ancient Egypt]]ians were perfectly at ease building sailboats. A remarkable example of their [[shipbuilding]] skills was the [[Khufu ship]], a vessel {{convert|143|ft|m}} in length entombed at the foot of the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]] around 2500 BC and found intact in 1954. [72] => [73] => The oldest discovered sea faring hulled boat is the [[Late Bronze Age]] [[Uluburun]] shipwreck off the coast of Turkey, dating back to 1300 BC.{{cite journal |title=The Uluburun shipwreck: an overview |journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology |volume=27|issue=3|page=188 |first = Cemal |last = Pulak |year=1998 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-9270.1998.tb00803.x}} [74] => [75] => By 1200 B.C., the [[Phoenicia]]ns were building large merchant ships. In world maritime history, declares Richard Woodman, they are recognized as "the first true seafarers, founding the art of pilotage, [[cabotage]], and navigation" and the architects of "the first true ship, built of planks, capable of carrying a deadweight cargo and being sailed and steered."{{Cite book |last=Woodman |first=Richard |title=The History of the Ship |publisher=Lyons Press |year=1987 |location=New York |pages=16 |quote=Cabotage refers to navigation along the coastline}} [76] => [77] => ===14th through the 18th centuries=== [78] => {{More citations needed section|date=December 2019}} [79] => [80] => ==== Asian developments ==== [81] => [[File:Japanese-Tokugawa-Ship-Ataka-Maru.png|thumb|right|A Japanese [[atakebune]] from the 16th century]] [82] => At this time, ships were developing in Asia in much the same way as Europe.{{According to whom|date=December 2019}} Japan used defensive naval techniques in the [[Mongol invasions of Japan]] in 1281. It is likely that the Mongols of the time took advantage of both European and Asian shipbuilding techniques.{{According to whom|date=December 2019}} During the 15th century, China's [[Ming dynasty]] assembled one of the largest and most powerful naval fleets in the world for the [[Ming treasure voyages|diplomatic and power projection voyages]] of [[Zheng He]]. Elsewhere in Japan in the 15th century, one of the world's first iron-clads, "Tekkōsen" ([[:ja:鉄甲船|鉄甲船]]), literally meaning "iron ships",{{Cite book |last=Turnbull |first=Stephen |title=Samurai Warfare |publisher=Cassell & Co |year=1996 |isbn=1-85409-280-4 |location=London |pages=102}} was also developed. In Japan, during the [[Sengoku era]] from the 15th century to 17th century, the great struggle for feudal supremacy was fought, in part, by coastal fleets of several hundred boats, including the [[atakebune]]. In Korea, in the early 15th century during the [[Joseon]] era, "[[Turtle ship|Geobukseon]]"(거북선), was developed. [83] => [84] => The empire of [[Majapahit]] used large ships called [[Jong (ship)|jong]], built in northern Java, for transporting troops overseas.{{cite book |title=Empire of the Winds: The Global Role of Asia's Great Archipelago|last=Bowring|first=Philip|publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd|place=London, New York|date=2019|isbn=9781788314466}}{{rp|115}} The jongs were transport ships which could carry 100–2000 tons of cargo and 50–1000 people, 28.99–88.56 meter in length.{{Cite journal|last=Averoes|first=Muhammad|date=2022|title=Re-Estimating the Size of Javanese Jong Ship|journal=HISTORIA: Jurnal Pendidik Dan Peneliti Sejarah|volume=5|issue=1|pages=57–64|doi=10.17509/historia.v5i1.39181|s2cid=247335671|url=https://archive.org/details/size-of-javanese-jong|doi-access=free}}{{Rp|60–62}} The exact number of jong fielded by Majapahit is unknown, but the largest number of jong deployed in an expedition is about 400 jongs, when Majapahit attacked Pasai, in 1350.Hill (June 1960). "[[iarchive:hikayat-raja-raja-pasai/page/2/mode/2up|Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai]]". ''Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society''. '''33''': p. 98 and 157: "Then he directed them to make ready all the equipment and munitions of war needed for an attack on the land of Pasai – about four hundred of the largest junks, and also many barges (malangbang) and galleys." See also Nugroho (2011). p. 270 and 286, quoting ''Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai'', 3: 98: "''Sa-telah itu, maka di-suroh baginda musta'idkan segala kelengkapan dan segala alat senjata peperangan akan mendatangi negeri Pasai itu, sa-kira-kira empat ratus jong yang besar-besar dan lain daripada itu banyak lagi daripada malangbang dan kelulus''." (After that, he is tasked by His Majesty to ready all the equipment and all weapons of war to come to that country of Pasai, about four hundred large jongs and other than that much more of malangbang and kelulus.) [85] => [86] => ==== European developments ==== [87] => [[File:Nao Victoria.jpg|thumb|Replica of Magellan's ''[[Victoria (ship)|Victoria]]''. [[Ferdinand Magellan]] and [[Juan Sebastián Elcano]] led the first expedition that [[circumnavigated]] the globe in 1519–1522.]] [88] => Several civilizations became sea powers. Such examples include the maritime republics of [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] and [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], [[Hanseatic League]], and the [[Byzantine navy]]. The [[Viking]]s used their [[knarr]]s to explore [[North America]], trade in the [[Baltic Sea]] and plunder many of the coastal regions of Western Europe. [89] => [90] => Towards the end of the 14th century, ships like the [[carrack]] began to develop towers on the bow and stern. These towers decreased the vessel's stability, and in the 15th century, the [[caravel]], designed by the [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]], based on the Arabic ''qarib''{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} which could sail closer to the wind, became more widely used. The towers were gradually replaced by the [[forecastle]] and [[stern]]castle, as in the carrack [[Santa María (ship)|''Santa María'']] of [[Christopher Columbus]]. This increased [[freeboard (nautical)|freeboard]] allowed another innovation: the [[Scupper|freeing port]], and the artillery associated with it. [91] => [92] => The [[carrack]] was developed in [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]], the [[Crown of Castile]] and the [[Crown of Aragon]], then the [[caravel]] was developed in Portugal and the [[galleon]] was developed in [[Spain]]. After Columbus, [[Age of Discovery|European exploration]] rapidly accelerated, and many new trade routes were established."[https://web.archive.org/web/20080505144147/http://www.discoverychannel.co.uk/ships/golden_age_of_shipping/golden_age_of_shipping/index.shtml The European Golden Age of Shipping]". Discovery Channel. In 1498, by reaching [[Indian subcontinent|India]], [[Vasco da Gama]] proved that access to the [[Indian Ocean]] from the [[Atlantic]] was possible. These explorations in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans were soon followed by [[Kingdom of France|France]], [[England]] and the [[Netherlands]], who explored the Portuguese and Spanish trade routes into the [[Pacific Ocean]], reaching [[Australia (continent)|Australia]] in 1606 and [[New Zealand]] in 1642. After the 15th century, [[Columbian Exchange|new crops]] that had come from and to the Americas via the European seafarers significantly contributed to [[world population growth]].{{Cite web |title=The Columbian Exchange |url=http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-twoworlds/1866 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110726194333/http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-twoworlds/1866 |archive-date=2011-07-26 |website=The University of North Carolina}} [93] => [94] => ===Specialization and modernization=== [95] => {{Unreferenced section|date=December 2019}}[[File:Trafalgar-Auguste Mayer.jpg|thumb|Painting of the [[Battle of Trafalgar]] by [[Auguste Étienne François Mayer|Auguste Mayer]].[http://www.musee-marine.fr/cartel2.php?id=55 Auguste Mayer's picture as described by the official website of the Musée national de la Marine (in French)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018092350/http://www.musee-marine.fr/cartel2.php?id=55 |date=October 18, 2011}}]] [96] => [[File:Amerigo vespucci 1976 nyc aufgetakelt.jpg|thumb|[[Italy|Italian]] [[full-rigged ship]] [[Italian training ship Amerigo Vespucci|''Amerigo Vespucci'']] in [[New York Harbor]]]] [97] => [[File:RMS Titanic 3.jpg|thumb|[[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']] departs from Southampton. Her [[Sinking of the Titanic|sinking]] led to [[Changes in safety practices following the RMS Titanic disaster|tighter safety regulations]].]] [98] => Parallel to the development of warships, ships in service of marine fishery and trade also developed in the period between antiquity and the Renaissance. [99] => [100] => Maritime trade was driven by the development of shipping companies with significant financial resources. Canal barges, towed by draft animals on an adjacent [[towpath]], contended with the [[railway]] up to and past the early days of the [[industrial revolution]]. Flat-bottomed and flexible [[scow]] boats also became widely used for transporting small cargoes. Mercantile trade went hand-in-hand with exploration, self-financed by the commercial benefits of exploration. [101] => [102] => During the first half of the 18th century, the [[French Navy]] began to develop a new type of vessel known as a [[ship of the line]], featuring seventy-four guns. This type of ship became the backbone of all European fighting fleets. These ships were {{convert|56|m|ft}} long and their construction required 2,800 oak trees and {{convert|40|km|mi}} of rope; they carried a crew of about 800 sailors and soldiers. [103] => [104] => During the 19th century the [[Royal Navy]] enforced a ban on the [[History of slavery|slave trade]], acted to suppress [[piracy]], and continued to map the world. A [[clipper]] was a very fast sailing ship of the 19th century. The [[clipper route]]s fell into commercial disuse with the introduction of [[steamship|steam ships]] with better fuel efficiency, and the opening of the [[Suez Canal|Suez]] and [[Panama Canal]]s. [105] => [106] => Ship designs stayed fairly unchanged until the late 19th century. The industrial revolution, new mechanical methods of [[marine propulsion|propulsion]], and the ability to construct ships from metal triggered an explosion in ship design. Factors including the quest for more efficient ships, the end of long running and wasteful maritime conflicts, and the increased financial capacity of industrial powers created an avalanche of more specialized boats and ships. Ships built for entirely new functions, such as firefighting, rescue, and research, also began to appear. [107] => [108] => ===21st century=== [109] => [[File:Colombo.Express.wmt.jpg|thumb|''[[Colombo Express]]'', a 8749 [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEU]] container ship owned and operated by [[Hapag-Lloyd]] of [[Germany]]]] [110] => In 2019, the world's fleet included 51,684 commercial vessels with [[gross tonnage]] of more than 1,000 [[ton (volume)|tons]], totaling 1.96 billion tons.{{cite web| url = https://unctad.org/en/pages/PublicationWebflyer.aspx?publicationid=2563| title = UNCTAD Review of maritime transport 2019, p. 37}} Such ships carried 11 billion tons of cargo in 2018, a sum that grew by 2.7% over the previous year.UNCTAD Review of maritime transport 2019, p. 7. In terms of tonnage, 29% of ships were [[tanker (ship)|tankers]], 43% are [[bulk carrier]]s, 13% [[container ship]]s and 15% were other types.UNCTAD Review of maritime transport 2019, p. 29. [111] => [112] => In 2008, there were 1,240 [[warship]]s operating in the world, not counting small vessels such as [[patrol boat]]s. The [[United States]] accounted for 3 million tons worth of these vessels, [[Russia]] 1.35 million tons, the [[United Kingdom]] 504,660 tons and [[China]] 402,830 tons. The 20th century saw many naval engagements during the two [[world war]]s, the [[Cold War]], and the rise to power of naval forces of the two blocs. The world's major powers have recently used their naval power in cases such as the [[United Kingdom]] in the [[Falkland Islands]] and the [[United States]] in [[Iraq]]. [113] => [114] => The size of the world's [[fishing fleet]] is more difficult to estimate. The largest of these are counted as commercial vessels, but the smallest are legion. [[Fishing vessel]]s can be found in most seaside villages in the world. As of 2004, the United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] estimated 4 million fishing vessels were operating worldwide. The same study estimated that the world's 29 million fishermenUNFAO 2005, p. 6. caught {{convert|85800000|t|LT ST|sigfig=3|lk=on}} of fish and shellfish that year.UNFAO 2005, p. 9. [115] => [116] => ==Types of ships== [117] => {{See also|List of types of naval vessels|List of boat types}} [118] => [[File:Arklow Valiant (IMO 9772541).jpg|thumb|Various vessel types in the [[Port of Rotterdam]]]] [119] => Because ships are constructed using the principles of naval architecture that require same structural components, their classification is based on their function such as that suggested by Paulet and Presles,{{cite book |last=Paulet |first=Dominique |author2=Presles, Dominique|title=Architecture navale, connaissance et pratique |year=1999 |publisher=Éditions de la Villette |location=Paris |language=fr|isbn=978-2-903539-46-7}} which requires modification of the components. The categories accepted in general by naval architects are:{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/naval-architecture|title=Naval architecture|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-09-04|language=en}} [120] => * [[High-speed craft]] – [[Multihull]]s including [[Wave-piercing hull|wave piercers]], [[small-waterplane-area twin hull]] (SWATH), [[surface effect ship]]s and [[hovercraft]], [[hydrofoil]], [[Ground-effect vehicle|wing in ground effect]] craft (WIG). [121] => * [[Offshore drilling|Off shore oil]] vessels – [[Platform supply vessel|Platform supply vessels]], [[Pipe-laying ship|pipe layers]], [[Barracks ship|accommodation]] and [[Crane vessel|crane]] [[barge]]s, non and [[Semi-submersible platform|semi-submersible drilling rig]]s, [[drill ship]]s, [[Oil platform|production platforms]], [[floating production storage and offloading]] units. [122] => * [[Fishing vessel]]s [123] => ** Motorised [[fishing trawler]]s, [[fish traps|trap setters]], [[Seine fishing|seiners]], [[Longline fishing|longliners]], [[Trolling (fishing)|trollers]] & [[factory ship]]s. [124] => ** Traditional [[Sailboat|sailing]] and [[Watercraft rowing|rowed]] fishing vessels and [[boat]]s used for [[handline fishing]] [125] => * [[Harbour]] work craft [126] => **[[Cable layer]]s [127] => **[[Tugboat]]s, [[dredger]]s, [[salvage vessel]]s, [[Ship's tender|tenders]], [[pilot boat]]s. [128] => **[[Drydock#Floating|Floating dry docks]], [[crane vessel|crane vessels]], [[Lighter aboard ship|lighterships]]. [129] => * Dry [[cargo ship]]s – [[tramp freighter]]s, [[bulk carrier]]s, [[cargo liner]]s, [[container vessel]]s, [[barge carrier]]s, [[Roll-on/roll-off|Ro-Ro ships]], [[Reefer ship|refrigerated cargo ship]]s, timber carriers, [[livestock carrier]]s & light vehicle carriers. [130] => * Liquid cargo ships – [[Tanker (ship)|tankers]], [[oil tanker]]s, liquefied [[gas carrier]]s, [[Chemical tanker|chemical carriers]]. [131] => * [[Passenger vessel|Passenger ship]]s [132] => ** [[Ocean liner|Liners]], [[Cruise ship|cruise]] and special trade passenger (STP) ships [133] => ** Cross-channel, coastal and harbour [[Ferry|ferries]] [134] => ** Luxury and cruising [[yacht]]s and [[superyacht]]s [135] => * [[Sail training]] and [[sailing ship|sailing ships]] [136] => * [[Galley|Galleys]] - [[Bireme|biremes]], [[Trireme|triremes]] and [[Quinquireme|quinquiremes]] [137] => * [[Recreational boat]]s and craft – rowed, masted and motorised craft [138] => * Special-purpose vessels – [[weather ship|weather]] and [[research vessel]]s, deep sea [[survey vessel]]s, and [[icebreaker]]s. [139] => * [[Submarines]] – watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. [140] => * [[Naval ship]]s [141] => **[[Warships]] – [[aircraft carrier]]s, [[amphibious warfare ship]]s, [[battleship]]s, [[battlecruiser]]s, [[Coastal defence ship|coastal defence ships]], [[cruiser]]s, [[destroyer]]s, [[frigate]]s, [[corvette]]s, [[patrol ship]]s, [[minesweeper]]s, etc. [142] => ** [[Auxiliary ship|Auxiliary ships]] – [[Ammunition ship|ammunition ships]], [[Replenishment oiler|replenishment oilers]], [[Repair ship|repair ships]], [[Combat stores ship|storeships]], [[Troopship|troopships]], etc. [143] => * [[Hospital ship]]s [144] => Some of these are discussed in the following sections. [145] => [146] => ===Inland vessels=== [147] => [[File:Wappen von Köln.JPG|thumb|Passenger ship of [[Köln-Düsseldorfer]] on the river [[Rhine]]]] [148] => [[File:Hurma, Hans ja Voima.JPG|thumb|''Hurma'', ''Hans'' and ''Voima'' at the [[Lake Saimaa]] in the harbour of [[Imatra]], [[Finland]], at a heritage ship meeting in 2009]] [149] => Freshwater shipping may occur on lakes, rivers and canals. Ships designed for those body of waters may be specially adapted to the widths and depths of specific waterways. Examples of freshwater waterways that are navigable in part by large vessels include the [[Danube]], [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]], [[Rhine River|Rhine]], [[Yangtze]] and [[Amazon River|Amazon]] Rivers, and the [[Great Lakes]]. [150] => [151] => ====Great Lakes==== [152] => [[Lake freighter]]s, also called lakers, are [[cargo]] vessels that ply the [[Great Lakes]]. The most well-known is {{SS|Edmund Fitzgerald}}, the latest major vessel to be wrecked on the Lakes. These vessels are traditionally called boats, not ships. Visiting ocean-going vessels are called "salties". Because of their additional [[Beam (nautical)|beam]], very large salties are never seen inland of the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]]. Because the smallest of the [[Soo Locks]] is larger than any Seaway lock, salties that can pass through the Seaway may travel anywhere in the Great Lakes. Because of their deeper draft, salties may accept partial loads on the Great Lakes, "topping off" when they have exited the Seaway. Similarly, the largest lakers are confined to the Upper Lakes ([[Lake Superior|Superior]], [[Lake Michigan|Michigan]], [[Lake Huron|Huron]], [[Lake Erie|Erie]]) because they are too large to use the Seaway locks, beginning at the [[Welland Canal]] that bypasses the [[Niagara River]]. [153] => [154] => Since the [[freshwater]] lakes are less corrosive to ships than the [[Seawater|salt water]] of the oceans, lakers tend to last much longer than ocean freighters. Lakers older than 50 years are not unusual, and as of 2005, all were over 20 years of age.Office of Data and Economic Analysis, 2006, p. 2. [155] => [156] => {{SS|St. Marys Challenger}}, built in 1906 as ''William P Snyder'', was the oldest laker still working on the Lakes until its conversion into a barge starting in 2013. Similarly, ''E.M. Ford'', built in 1898 as ''Presque Isle'', was sailing the lakes 98 years later in 1996. As of 2007 ''E.M. Ford'' was still afloat as a stationary transfer vessel at a riverside cement silo in [[Saginaw, Michigan]]. [157] => [158] => === Merchant ship === [159] => {{Main|Merchant ship}} [160] => [161] => [[File:Container ships President Truman (IMO 8616283) and President Kennedy (IMO 8616295) at San Francisco.jpg|thumb|Two modern [[container ship]]s in [[San Francisco]]]] [162] => [163] => [[Merchant ship]]s are ships used for commercial purposes and can be divided into four broad categories: [[fishing vessels]], [[cargo ship]]s, [[passenger ship]]s, and special-purpose ships.UNCTAD 2007, p. xii uses a similar, but slightly more detailed classification system. The [[UNCTAD review of maritime transport]] categorizes ships as: oil tankers, bulk (and combination) carriers, general cargo ships, container ships, and "other ships", which includes "[[liquefied petroleum gas]] carriers, [[liquefied natural gas]] carriers, parcel (chemical) tankers, specialized tankers, [[Reefer ship|reefer]]s, offshore supply, tugs, [[dredger]]s, [[Cruise ship|cruise]], [[Ferry|ferries]], other non-cargo". General cargo ships include "multi-purpose and project vessels and roll-on/roll-off cargo". [164] => [165] => Modern commercial vessels are typically powered by a single propeller driven by a [[diesel engine|diesel]] or, less usually, [[gas turbine engine]].,{{Cite web|url=https://www.marineinsight.com/main-engine/different-types-of-marine-propulsion-systems-used-in-the-shipping-world/|website=www.marineinsight.com|access-date=2020-05-14|title=Different Types of Marine Propulsion Systems Used in the Shipping World|date=25 August 2019}} but until the mid-19th century they were predominantly square sail rigged. The fastest vessels may use [[pump-jet engine]]s.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} Most commercial vessels have full hull-forms to maximize cargo capacity.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} Hulls are usually made of steel, although aluminum can be used on faster craft, and fiberglass on the smallest service vessels.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} Commercial vessels generally have a crew headed by a [[sea captain]], with [[deck officer]]s and [[engine officer]]s on larger vessels. Special-purpose vessels often have specialized crew if necessary, for example scientists aboard [[research vessel]]s. [166] => [167] => Fishing boats are generally small, often little more than {{convert|30|m|ft|sp=us}} but up to {{convert|100|m|ft}} for a large tuna or [[whaling ship]]. Aboard a [[fish processing vessel]], the catch can be made ready for market and sold more quickly once the ship makes port. Special purpose vessels have special gear. For example, trawlers have winches and arms, stern-trawlers have a rear ramp, and tuna seiners have skiffs. In 2004, {{convert|85800000|t|LT ST|sigfig=3|lk=on}} of fish were caught in the marine capture fishery.UNFAO, 2007, p. 11. [[Anchoveta]] represented the largest single catch at {{convert|10700000|t|LT ST|sigfig=3}}. That year, the top ten marine capture species also included [[Alaska pollock]], [[Blue whiting]], [[Skipjack tuna]], [[Atlantic herring]], [[Chub mackerel]], [[Anchovy|Japanese anchovy]], [[Trachurus|Chilean jack mackerel]], [[Largehead hairtail]], and [[Yellowfin tuna]]. Other species including [[salmon]], [[shrimp]], [[lobster]], [[clam]]s, [[squid]] and [[crab]], are also commercially fished. Modern commercial fishermen use many methods. One is fishing by [[Fishing net|nets]], such as [[Seine fishing|purse seine]], beach seine, lift nets, [[gillnet]]s, or entangling nets. Another is [[trawl]]ing, including [[Bottom trawling|bottom trawl]]. [[Fish hook|Hooks]] and lines are used in methods like [[long-line fishing]] and [[hand-line fishing]]. Another method is the use of [[fishing trap]]. [168] => [169] => Cargo ships transport dry and liquid cargo. Dry cargo can be transported in bulk by [[bulk carrier]]s, packed directly onto a [[general cargo ship]] in break-bulk, packed in [[intermodal container]]s as aboard a [[container ship]], or driven aboard as in [[roll-on roll-off ship]]s. Liquid cargo is generally carried in bulk aboard tankers, such as [[oil tanker]]s which may include both crude and finished products of oil, [[chemical tanker]]s which may also carry vegetable oils other than chemicals and [[gas carrier]]s, although smaller shipments may be carried on container ships in [[tank container]]s. [170] => [171] => [[Passenger ship]]s range in size from small river ferries to very large [[cruise ship]]s. This type of vessel includes [[ferry|ferries]], which move passengers and vehicles on short trips; [[ocean liner]]s, which carry passengers from one place to another; and [[cruise ship]]s, which carry passengers on voyages undertaken for pleasure, visiting several places and with leisure activities on board, often returning them to the port of embarkation. [[Riverboat]]s and [[ferry boat|inland ferries]] are specially designed to carry passengers, cargo, or both in the challenging river environment. Rivers present special hazards to vessels. They usually have varying water flows that alternately lead to high speed water flows or protruding rock hazards. Changing siltation patterns may cause the sudden appearance of shoal waters, and often floating or sunken logs and trees (called snags) can endanger the hulls and propulsion of riverboats. Riverboats are generally of shallow draft, being broad of beam and rather square in plan, with a low freeboard and high topsides. Riverboats can survive with this type of configuration as they do not have to withstand the high winds or large waves that are seen on large lakes, seas, or oceans. [172] => [173] => [[File:Albatun Dod.jpg|thumb|''Albatun Dos'', a tuna boat at work near [[Victoria, Seychelles]]]] [174] => [175] => [[Fishing vessel]]s are a subset of commercial vessels, but generally small in size and often subject to different regulations and classification. They can be categorized by several criteria: architecture, the type of fish they catch, the fishing method used, geographical origin, and technical features such as rigging. As of 2004, the world's fishing fleet consisted of some 4 million vessels.UNFAO, 2007, p. 25. Of these, 1.3 million were decked vessels with enclosed areas and the rest were open vessels. Most decked vessels were mechanized, but two-thirds of the open vessels were traditional craft propelled by sails and oars. More than 60% of all existing large fishing vessels{{NoteTag|UNFAO defines a large fishing vessel as one with [[gross tonnage]] over 100 GT.}} were built in Japan, Peru, the Russian Federation, Spain or the United States of America.UNFAO, 2007, p. 28. [176] => [177] => ===Special purpose vessels=== [178] => {{Main|Weather ship}} [179] => [[File:Polarfront.jpg|thumb|The weather ship [[MS Polarfront|MS ''Polarfront'']] at sea.]] [180] => A [[weather ship]] was a ship stationed in the [[ocean]] as a platform for surface and upper air meteorological observations for use in [[marine weather forecasting]]. Surface weather observations were taken hourly, and four radiosonde releases occurred daily. It was also meant to aid in search and rescue operations and to support transatlantic flights. Proposed as early as 1927 by the [[aviation]] community,{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ICoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA121|page=121|date=August 1927|magazine=Popular Science|publisher=Popular Science Publishing Company, Inc.|volume=111|issue=2|title=The First Plane to Germany|author=George Lee Dowd, Jr.}} the establishment of weather ships proved to be so useful during [[World War II]] that the [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO) established a global network of weather ships in 1948, with 13 to be supplied by the United States. This number was eventually negotiated down to nine. [181] => [182] => The weather ship crews were normally at sea for three weeks at a time, returning to port for 10-day stretches. Weather ship observations proved to be helpful in wind and wave studies, as they did not avoid weather systems like other ships tended to for safety reasons. They were also helpful in monitoring storms at sea, such as [[tropical cyclone]]s.{{cite journal|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/095/mwr-095-03-0121.pdf|title=Some Aspects of the Development of Hurricane Dorothy|author=Carl O. Erickson|pages=121–30|journal=[[Monthly Weather Review]]|date=March 1967|volume=95|issue=3|access-date=2011-01-18|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1967)095<0121:SAOTDO>2.3.CO;2|bibcode=1967MWRv...95..121E|citeseerx=10.1.1.395.1891}} The removal of a weather ship became a negative factor in forecasts leading up to the [[Great Storm of 1987]].{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCLWnFozM6EC&pg=PA25|title=Romeo Would Have Spied the Storm|magazine=New Scientist|date=1987-10-22|page=22|volume=116|issue=1583|publisher=IPC Magazines}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Beginning in the 1970s, their role became largely superseded by [[weather buoy]]s due to the ships' significant cost. The agreement of the use of weather ships by the international community ended in 1990. The last weather ship was ''[[Polarfront]]'', known as weather station M ("Mike"), which was put out of operation on 1 January 2010. Weather observations from ships continue from a fleet of [[Voluntary observing ship program|voluntary merchant vessels]] in routine commercial operation. [183] => [184] => ===Naval vessels=== [185] => [[File:USS Harry S. Truman alongside USNS John Lenthall.jpg|thumb|American [[aircraft carrier]] {{USS|Harry S. Truman}} and a [[replenishment ship]]]] [186] => [[Naval ship]]s are diverse in [[List of types of naval vessels|types of vessel]]. They include: [[List of naval ship classes in service|surface warships]], [[List of submarine classes in service|submarines]], and [[auxiliary ship]]s. [187] => [188] => Modern warships are generally divided into seven main categories: [[aircraft carrier]]s, [[cruiser]]s, [[destroyer]]s, [[frigate]]s, [[corvette]]s, [[submarine]]s and [[amphibious warfare ship]]s. The distinctions among cruisers, destroyers, frigates, and corvettes are not codified; the same vessel may be described differently in different navies. [[Battleship]]s were used during the [[Second World War]] and occasionally since then (the last battleships were removed from the [[U.S. Naval Vessel Register]] in March 2006), but were made obsolete by the use of [[carrier-borne aircraft]] and [[guided missile]]s.With the addition of corvettes, this is the categorization used at {{cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil/navydata/our_ships.asp |title=U.S. Navy Ships |access-date=2008-04-20 |author=United States Navy |author-link=United States Navy |publisher=United States Navy |archive-date=2008-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410002444/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/our_ships.asp |url-status=dead }} [189] => [190] => Most military submarines are either [[attack submarine]]s or [[ballistic missile submarine]]s. Until the end of [[World War II]] the primary role of the diesel/electric submarine was anti-ship warfare, inserting and removing covert agents and military forces, and intelligence-gathering. With the development of the [[homing torpedo]], better [[sonar]] systems, and [[Nuclear navy|nuclear propulsion]], submarines also became able to effectively hunt each other. The development of [[Submarine-launched ballistic missile|submarine-launched nuclear]] and [[cruise missiles]] gave submarines a substantial and long-ranged ability to attack both land and sea targets with a variety of weapons ranging from [[cluster munition]]s to [[nuclear weapon]]s. [191] => [192] => Most [[Navy|navies]] also include many types of support and auxiliary vessel, such as [[minesweeper (ship)|minesweepers]], [[patrol boat]]s, [[OPV (naval)|offshore patrol vessels]], [[replenishment ship]]s, and [[hospital ship]]s which are designated [[healthcare|medical treatment]] facilities.[http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=hospital%20ship Hospital Ship]{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} (definition via [[WordNet]], [[Princeton University]]) [193] => [194] => Fast combat vessels such as cruisers and destroyers usually have fine hulls to maximize speed and maneuverability.Cutler, 1999, p. 224. They also usually have advanced [[marine electronics]] and communication systems, as well as weapons. [195] => [196] => ==Architecture== [197] => {{Further|Naval architecture}} [198] => Some components exist in vessels of any size and purpose. Every vessel has a hull of sorts. Every vessel has some sort of propulsion, whether it's a pole, an ox, or a nuclear reactor. Most vessels have some sort of steering system. Other characteristics are common, but not as universal, such as compartments, holds, a superstructure, and equipment such as anchors and winches. [199] => [200] => ===Hull=== [201] => {{main|Hull (watercraft)}} [202] => [[File:CargoVslBadWeather.JPG|thumb|right|A ship's hull endures harsh conditions at sea, as illustrated by this [[reefer ship]] in bad weather.]] [203] => For a ship to float, its weight must be less than that of the water displaced by the ship's hull.{{cite web|title=Boats – Why do they float?|url=http://www.ypte.org.uk/environmental/boats-why-do-they-float-/107|publisher=Young People's Trust for the Environment |access-date=15 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231065913/http://www.ypte.org.uk/environmental/boats-why-do-they-float-/107 |archive-date= Dec 31, 2012 }} There are many types of hulls, from logs lashed together to form a raft to the advanced hulls of [[America's Cup]] sailboats. A vessel may have a single hull (called a monohull design), two in the case of [[catamaran]]s, or three in the case of [[trimaran]]s. Vessels with more than three hulls are rare, but some experiments have been conducted with designs such as pentamarans. Multiple hulls are generally parallel to each other and connected by rigid arms. [204] => [205] => Hulls have several elements. The [[bow (ship)|bow]] is the foremost part of the hull. Many ships feature a [[bulbous bow]]. The [[keel]] is at the very bottom of the hull, extending the entire length of the ship. The rear part of the hull is known as the [[stern]], and many hulls have a flat back known as a [[transom (nautical)|transom]]. Common hull appendages include [[propeller]]s for propulsion, [[rudder]]s for steering, and [[Stabilizer (ship)|stabilizers]] to quell a ship's rolling motion. Other hull features can be related to the vessel's work, such as fishing gear and [[sonar|sonar domes]]. [206] => [207] => Hulls are subject to various hydrostatic and hydrodynamic constraints. The key hydrostatic constraint is that it must be able to support the entire weight of the boat, and maintain stability even with often unevenly distributed weight. Hydrodynamic constraints include the ability to withstand shock waves, weather collisions and groundings. [208] => [209] => Older ships and pleasure craft often have or had wooden hulls. Steel is used for most commercial vessels. Aluminium is frequently used for fast vessels, and [[composite material]]s are often found in sailboats and pleasure craft. Some ships have been made with [[Concrete ship|concrete hulls]]. [210] => [211] => ===Propulsion systems=== [212] => {{Main|Marine propulsion}} [213] => [[File:Two Main Engines, V12.jpg|thumb|right|A ship's engine room]] [214] => Propulsion systems for ships fall into three categories: human propulsion, [[sailing]], and mechanical propulsion. Human propulsion includes [[Watercraft rowing|rowing]], which was used even on large [[galley]]s. Propulsion by sail generally consists of a sail hoisted on an erect mast, supported by stays and spars and controlled by ropes. Sail systems were the dominant form of propulsion until the 19th century. They are now generally used for recreation and competition, although experimental sail systems, such as the [[turbosail]]s, [[rotorsail]]s, and [[wingsail]]s have been used on larger modern vessels for fuel savings. [215] => [216] => Mechanical [[propulsion systems]] generally consist of a motor or engine turning a [[propeller]], or less frequently, an [[impeller]] or [[Wave power ship|wave propulsion fins]]. [[Steam engine]]s were first used for this purpose, but have mostly been replaced by [[two-stroke engine|two-stroke]] or [[four-stroke engine|four-stroke]] diesel engines, outboard motors, and [[gas turbine engine]]s on faster ships. [[Nuclear marine propulsion|Nuclear reactors]] producing steam are used to propel [[warship]]s and [[icebreaker]]s, and there have been attempts to use them to power commercial vessels (see [[NS Savannah|NS ''Savannah'']]). [217] => [218] => In addition to traditional fixed and controllable pitch propellers there are many specialized variations, such as contra-rotating and nozzle-style propellers. Most vessels have a single propeller, but some large vessels may have up to four propellers supplemented with [[bow thruster|transverse thrusters]] for maneuvring at ports. The propeller is connected to the main engine via a propeller shaft and, in case of medium- and high-speed engines, a reduction gearbox. Some modern vessels have a [[diesel-electric transmission|diesel-electric powertrain]] in which the propeller is turned by an [[electric motor]] powered by the ship's generators. [219] => [220] => As environmental sustainability becomes a paramount concern, the maritime industry is exploring cleaner propulsion technologies. Alternatives like LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), ammonia, and hydrogen are emerging as viable options. LPG is already utilized as fuel for long-distance shipping,{{Cite web |title=LPG Propulsion Explained |url=https://www.bwlpg.com/vlgc_fleet/lpg-propulsion/lpg-propulsion-explained/ |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=BW LPG |language=en-US}} offering a cleaner option with a lower carbon footprint. Meanwhile, hydrogen and ammonia technologies are in development stages for long-haul applications, promising even more significant reductions in emissions and a step closer to achieving [[Decarbonization of shipping|carbon-neutral shipping.]] [221] => [222] => === Steering systems === [223] => [[File:Ferry-rudder-and-propeller.jpg|thumb|right|The rudder and propeller on a newly built [[Ferryboat|ferry]]]] [224] => [225] => For ships with independent propulsion systems for each side, such as manual oars or some [[paddle steamer|paddles]],{{NoteTag|Almost all paddle steamers had a single engine with their paddles permanently coupled, without any clutches, and so could not be used for steering. Only a few examples with separate engines were steerable. The [[Royal Navy]] however operated diesel-electric harbour tugs with paddles into the 1970s, for their superior maneuverability.}} steering systems may not be necessary. In most designs, such as boats propelled by engines or sails, a steering system becomes necessary. The most common is a rudder, a submerged plane located at the rear of the hull. Rudders are rotated to generate a lateral force which turns the boat. Rudders can be rotated by a [[tiller]], manual wheels, or electro-hydraulic systems. [[Autopilot]] systems combine mechanical rudders with navigation systems. [[Ducted propeller]]s are sometimes used for steering. [226] => [227] => Some propulsion systems are inherently steering systems. Examples include the [[outboard motor]], the [[bow thruster]], and the [[Z-drive]]. [228] => [229] => ===Holds, compartments, and the superstructure=== [230] => Larger boats and ships generally have multiple decks and compartments. Separate [[berthing]]s and [[Head (watercraft)|heads]] are found on sailboats over about {{convert|25|ft|m}}. Fishing boats and cargo ships typically have one or more cargo holds. Most larger vessels have an engine room, a [[galley (kitchen)|galley]], and various compartments for work. Tanks are used to store fuel, engine oil, and fresh water. Ballast tanks are equipped to change a ship's trim and modify its stability. [231] => [232] => Superstructures are found above the main deck. On sailboats, these are usually very low. On modern cargo ships, they are almost always located near the ship's stern. On passenger ships and warships, the superstructure generally extends far forward. [233] => [234] => ===Equipment=== [235] => Shipboard equipment varies from ship to ship depending on such factors as the ship's era, design, area of operation, and purpose. Some types of equipment that are widely found include:{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} [236] => * [[Mast (sail)|Masts]] can be the home of antennas, navigation lights, radar transponders, fog signals, and similar devices often required by law. [237] => * Ground tackle comprises the anchor, its chain or cable, and connecting fittings.{{Cite web|title=Ground tackle definition |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/ground-tackle|access-date=2021-03-06|website=Collins English Dictionary |language=en-US |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240112043819/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/ground-tackle |archive-date= 12 Jan 2024 }} [238] => * Cargo equipment such as [[Crane (machine)|cranes]] and cargo booms may be used to load and unload cargo and ship's stores. [239] => * Safety equipment such as [[Lifeboat (shipboard)|lifeboats]], [[liferaft]]s, and [[survival suit]]s are carried aboard many vessels for emergency use. [240] => [241] => ==Design considerations== [242] => ===Hydrostatics=== [243] => {{main|Fluid statics}} [244] => Ships float in the water at a level where mass of the displaced water equals the mass of the vessel, so that the downwards force of [[gravity]] equals the upward force of [[buoyancy]]. As a vessel is lowered into the water its weight remains constant but the corresponding weight of water displaced by its hull increases. If the vessel's mass is evenly distributed throughout, it floats evenly along its length and across its [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] (width). A vessel's stability is considered in both this [[Initial stability|hydrostatic]] sense as well as a [[Ship stability|hydrodynamic]] sense, when subjected to movement, rolling and pitching, and the action of waves and wind. Stability problems can lead to excessive pitching and rolling, and eventually capsizing and sinking.{{Cite web|date=2021-01-09|title=Ship Stability - What Makes a Ship Unstable?|url=https://www.marineinsight.com/naval-architecture/ship-stability-makes-ship-unstable/ |first1=Soumya |last1=Chakraborty |access-date=2021-10-13|website=Marine Insight|language=en-US}} [245] => [246] => ===Hydrodynamics=== [247] => {{main|Fluid dynamics}} [248] => [[File:Bugwinkel39.jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view of the {{ship|German battleship|Schlesien}}, showing a 39° [[Wake (physics)|wake]], characteristic of vessels passing through water.]] [249] => [[File:Brosen shipsmovemensonthewave.svg|thumb|Vessels move along the three axes: 1. heave, 2. sway, 3. surge, 4. yaw, 5. pitch, 6. roll]] [250] => The advance of a vessel through water is resisted by the water. This resistance can be broken down into several components, the main ones being the friction of the water on the hull and [[wave making resistance]]. To reduce resistance and therefore increase the speed for a given power, it is necessary to reduce the wetted surface and use submerged hull shapes that produce low amplitude waves. To do so, high-speed vessels are often more slender, with fewer or smaller appendages. The friction of the water is also reduced by regular maintenance of the hull to remove the sea creatures and algae that accumulate there. [[Antifouling]] paint is commonly used to assist in this. Advanced designs such as the [[bulbous bow]] assist in decreasing wave resistance. [251] => [252] => A simple way of considering wave-making resistance is to look at the hull in relation to its wake. At speeds lower than the wave propagation speed, the wave rapidly dissipates to the sides. As the hull approaches the wave propagation speed, however, the wake at the bow begins to build up faster than it can dissipate, and so it grows in [[amplitude]]. Since the water is not able to "get out of the way of the hull fast enough", the hull, in essence, has to climb over or push through the bow wave. This results in an [[exponential function|exponential]] increase in resistance with increasing speed. [253] => [254] => This [[hull speed]] is found by the formula: [255] => [256] => {{block indent|\mbox{knots} \approx 1.34 \times \sqrt{L \mbox{ft}}}} [257] => [258] => or, in [[metric system|metric]] units: [259] => [260] => {{block indent|\mbox{knots} \approx 2.5 \times \sqrt{L \mbox{m}}}} [261] => [262] => where ''L'' is the length of the waterline in feet or meters. [263] => [264] => When the vessel exceeds a speed/length ratio of 0.94, it starts to outrun most of its [[bow wave]], and the hull actually settles slightly in the water as it is now only supported by two wave peaks. As the vessel exceeds a speed/length ratio of 1.34, the hull speed, the wavelength is now longer than the hull, and the stern is no longer supported by the wake, causing the stern to squat, and the bow rise. The hull is now starting to climb its own bow wave, and resistance begins to increase at a very high rate. While it is possible to drive a displacement hull faster than a speed/length ratio of 1.34, it is prohibitively expensive to do so. Most large vessels operate at speed/length ratios well below that level, at speed/length ratios of under 1.0. [265] => [266] => For large projects with adequate funding, hydrodynamic resistance can be tested experimentally in a hull testing pool or using tools of [[computational fluid dynamics]]. [267] => [268] => Vessels are also subject to [[ocean surface wave]]s and [[sea swell]] as well as effects of [[wind]] and [[weather]]. These movements can be stressful for passengers and equipment, and must be controlled if possible. The rolling movement can be controlled, to an extent, by ballasting or by devices such as [[Stabilizer (ship)|fin stabilizers]]. Pitching movement is more difficult to limit and can be dangerous if the bow submerges in the waves, a phenomenon called pounding. Sometimes, ships must change course or speed to stop violent rolling or pitching. [269] => [270] => ==Lifecycle== [271] => [[File:Lines plan en.svg|thumb|right|Lines plan for the hull of a basic [[cargo ship]]]] [272] => [[File:Freedom of the seas construction.jpg|thumb|[[MS Freedom of the Seas|MS ''Freedom of the Seas'']] under construction in a shipyard in [[Turku]].]] [273] => A ship will pass through several stages during its career. The first is usually an initial contract to build the ship, the details of which can vary widely based on relationships between the [[shipowner]]s, operators, [[naval architect|designers]] and the [[shipyard]]. Then, the design phase carried out by a naval architect. Then the ship is constructed in a shipyard. After construction, the vessel is launched and goes into service. Ships end their careers in a number of ways, ranging from [[shipwreck]]s to service as a [[museum ship]] to [[Ship breaking|the scrapyard]]. [274] => [275] => ===Design=== [276] => {{See also|Naval architecture}} [277] => A vessel's design starts with a specification, which a [[naval architect]] uses to create a project outline, assess required dimensions, and create a basic layout of spaces and a rough displacement. After this initial rough draft, the architect can create an initial hull design, a general profile and an initial overview of the ship's propulsion. At this stage, the designer can iterate on the ship's design, adding detail and refining the design at each stage. [278] => [279] => The designer will typically produce an overall plan, a general specification describing the peculiarities of the vessel, and construction blueprints to be used at the building site. Designs for larger or more complex vessels may also include sail plans, electrical schematics, and plumbing and ventilation plans. [280] => [281] => As environmental laws are becoming more strict, ship designers need to create their design in such a way that the ship, when it nears its end-of-term, can be [[Ship breaking|disassembled]] or [[Ship disposal|disposed]] easily and that waste is reduced to a minimum. [282] => [283] => ===Construction=== [284] => {{Main|Shipbuilding}} [285] => [[File:Brosen northern side lauching2.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Ship naming and launching|ship launching]] at the Northern Shipyard in [[Gdańsk, Poland]]]] [286] => Ship construction takes place in a [[shipyard]], and can last from a few months for a unit produced in series, to several years to reconstruct a wooden boat like the frigate ''Hermione'', to more than 10 years for an aircraft carrier. During [[World War II]], the need for cargo ships was so urgent that construction time for [[Liberty ship|Liberty Ships]] went from initially eight months or longer, down to weeks or even days. Builders employed production line and prefabrication techniques such as those used in shipyards today. [287] => [288] => Hull materials and vessel size play a large part in determining the method of construction. The hull of a mass-produced fiberglass sailboat is constructed from a mold, while the steel hull of a cargo ship is made from large sections welded together as they are built. [289] => [290] => Generally, construction starts with the hull, and on vessels over about {{convert|30|m|ft|0|sp=us}}, by the laying of the keel. This is done in a [[drydock]] or on land. Once the hull is assembled and painted, it is launched. The last stages, such as raising the superstructure and adding equipment and accommodation, can be done after the vessel is afloat. [291] => [292] => Once completed, the vessel is delivered to the customer. [[Ship naming and launching|Ship launching]] is often a ceremony of some significance, and is usually when the vessel is formally named. A typical small rowboat can cost under US$100, $1,000 for a small speedboat, tens of thousands of dollars for a cruising sailboat, and about $2,000,000 for a [[Vendée Globe]] class sailboat. A {{convert|25|m|ft|sp=us}} trawler may cost $2.5 million, and a 1,000-person-capacity high-speed passenger ferry can cost in the neighborhood of $50 million. A ship's cost partly depends on its complexity: a small, [[general cargo ship]] will cost $20 million, a [[Panamax]]-sized [[bulk carrier]] around $35 million, a [[supertanker]] around $105 million and a large [[LNG carrier]] nearly $200 million. The most expensive ships generally are so because of the cost of embedded electronics: a {{sclass|Seawolf|submarine}} costs around $2 billion, and an aircraft carrier goes for about $3.5 billion. [293] => [294] => ===Repair and conversion=== [295] => [[File:Able-seaman-scaling-winch.JPG|thumb|[[Able seaman]] using a [[needlegun scaler]] on a mooring winch.]] [296] => Ships undergo nearly constant maintenance during their career, whether they be underway, pierside, or in some cases, in periods of reduced operating status between charters or shipping seasons. [297] => [298] => Most ships, however, require trips to special facilities such as a [[drydock]] at regular intervals. Tasks often done at drydock include removing biological growths on the hull, [[sandblasting]] and repainting the hull, and replacing [[sacrificial anode]]s used to protect submerged equipment from corrosion. Major repairs to the propulsion and steering systems as well as major electrical systems are also often performed at dry dock. [299] => [300] => Some vessels that sustain major damage at sea may be repaired at a facility equipped for major repairs, such as a shipyard. Ships may also be converted for a new purpose: [[oil tanker]]s are often converted into [[floating production storage and offloading unit]]s. [301] => [302] => ===End of service=== [303] => {{Main|Ship disposal}} [304] => [[File:Jafrabad Chittagong shipbreaking (8).JPG|thumb|Workers drag steel plate ashore from beached ships in [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh]] [305] => [306] => Most ocean-going cargo ships have a life expectancy of between 20 and 30 years. A sailboat made of plywood or fiberglass can last between 30 and 40 years. Solid wooden ships can last much longer but require regular maintenance. Carefully maintained steel-hulled yachts can have a lifespan of over 100 years. [307] => [308] => As ships age, forces such as corrosion, osmosis, and rotting compromise hull strength, and a vessel becomes too dangerous to sail. At this point, it can be [[scuttling|scuttled]] at sea or [[Ship breaking|scrapped]] by [[ship breaking|shipbreakers]]. Ships can also be used as [[museum ships]], or expended to construct [[Breakwater (structure)|breakwaters]] or [[artificial reef]]s. [309] => [310] => Many ships do not make it to the scrapyard, and are lost in fires, collisions, [[ship grounding|grounding]], or sinking at sea. The Allies lost some 5,150 ships during [[World War II]]. [311] => [312] => == Measuring ships == [313] => One can [[Molded depth|measure ships]] in terms of [[length overall]], [[length between perpendiculars]], [[Waterline length|length of the ship at the waterline]], [[Beam (nautical)|beam (breadth)]], depth (distance between the crown of the weather deck and the top of the keelson), [[Draft (hull)|draft]] (distance between the highest waterline and the bottom of the ship) and [[tonnage]]. A number of different tonnage definitions exist and are used when describing merchant ships for the purpose of tolls, taxation, etc. [314] => [315] => In Britain until [[Samuel Plimsoll]]'s [[Merchant Shipping Act#List#United Kingdom|Merchant Shipping Act of 1876]], ship-owners could load their vessels until their decks were almost awash, resulting in a dangerously unstable condition. Anyone who signed on to such a ship for a voyage and, upon realizing the danger, chose to leave the ship, could end up in [[jail]]. Plimsoll, a [[Member of Parliament]], realised the problem and engaged some [[engineer]]s to derive a fairly simple [[formula]] to determine the position of a line on the side of any specific ship's hull which, when it reached the surface of the water during loading of cargo, meant the ship had reached its maximum safe loading level. To this day, that mark, called the "[[waterline|Plimsoll Line]]", exists on ships' sides, and consists of a [[circle]] with a horizontal line through the centre. On the Great Lakes of North America the circle is replaced with a diamond. Because different types of water (summer, fresh, tropical fresh, winter north Atlantic) have different densities, subsequent regulations required painting a group of lines forward of the Plimsoll mark to indicate the safe depth (or freeboard above the surface) to which a specific ship could load in water of various densities. Hence the "ladder" of lines seen forward of the Plimsoll mark to this day. This is called the "[[freeboard mark]]" or "[[waterline#Standard load line marks|load line mark]]" in the [[marine industry]]. [316] => [317] => ==Ship pollution== [318] => Ship [[pollution]] is the pollution of air and water by [[shipping]]. It is a problem that has been accelerating as trade has become increasingly globalized, posing an increasing threat to the world's oceans and waterways as [[globalization]] continues. It is expected that "shipping traffic to and from the United States is projected to double by 2020."{{Cite news |last=Watson |first=T. |date=30 August 2004 |title=Ship pollution clouds USA's skies |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2004-08-30-ship-pollution_x.htm |website=USAtoday.com |access-date=November 1, 2006}} Because of increased traffic in ocean [[port]]s, pollution from ships also directly affects coastal areas. The pollution produced affects [[biodiversity]], climate, food, and human health. However, the degree to which humans are polluting and how it affects the world is highly debated and has been a hot international topic for the past 30 years. [319] => [320] => ===Oil spills=== [321] => {{Main|Oil spill}} [322] => [[File:OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg|thumb|right| The tanker [[Exxon Valdez oil spill|''Exxon Valdez'' spilled]] {{convert|10800000|USgal|impgal L|sigfig=4}} of oil into Alaska's [[Prince William Sound]].{{cite web|title=Frequently asked questions about the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill |url=http://www.evostc.state.ak.us/History/FAQ.htm |publisher=State of Alaska |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925163639/http://www.evostc.state.ak.us/History/FAQ.htm |archive-date=2006-09-25}}]] [323] => Oil spills have devastating effects on the environment. Crude oil contains [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]] (PAHs) which are very difficult to clean up, and last for years in the [[sediment]] and marine environment. Marine species constantly exposed to PAHs can exhibit developmental problems, susceptibility to disease, and abnormal reproductive cycles. [324] => [325] => By the sheer amount of oil carried, modern oil tankers must be considered something of a threat to the environment. An oil tanker can carry {{convert|2|Moilbbl|m3|sigfig=4}} of crude oil, or {{convert|84000000|USgal|impgal L|sigfig=4}}. This is more than six times the amount spilled in the widely known [[Exxon Valdez oil spill|''Exxon Valdez'' incident]]. In this spill, the ship ran aground and dumped {{convert|10800000|USgal|impgal L|sigfig=4}} of oil into the ocean in March 1989. Despite efforts of scientists, managers, and volunteers, over 400,000 [[seabirds]], about 1,000 [[sea otters]], and immense numbers of fish were killed. [326] => [327] => The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation has researched 9,351 accidental spills since 1974. According to this study, most spills result from routine operations such as loading cargo, discharging cargo, and taking on fuel oil. 91% of the operational oil spills were small, resulting in less than 7 tons per spill. Spills resulting from accidents like collisions, groundings, hull failures, and explosions are much larger, with 84% of these involving losses of over 700 tons. [328] => [329] => Following the ''Exxon Valdez'' spill, the United States passed the [[Oil Pollution Act of 1990]] (OPA-90), which included a stipulation that all tankers entering its waters be [[Double-hulled tanker|double-hulled]] by 2015. Following the sinkings of ''[[Erika (tanker)|Erika]]'' (1999) and ''[[Prestige oil spill|Prestige]]'' (2002), the [[European Union]] passed its own stringent anti-pollution packages (known as Erika I, II, and III), which require all tankers entering its waters to be double-hulled by 2010. The Erika packages are controversial because they introduced the new legal concept of "serious negligence". [330] => [331] => ===Ballast water=== [332] => {{Main|Ballast water discharge and the environment}} [333] => [[File:Ship pumping ballast water.jpg|thumb|upright|A cargo ship pumps ballast water over the side]] [334] => When a large vessel such as a [[container ship]] or an oil tanker unloads cargo, seawater is pumped into other compartments in the hull to help stabilize and balance the ship. During loading, this ballast water is pumped out from these compartments.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22397076|title=Scientists map global routes of ship-borne invasive species|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=4 May 2015|date=2013-05-05|last1=McGrath|first1=Matt}} [335] => [336] => One of the problems with ballast water transfer is the transport of harmful organisms. Meinesz believes that one of the worst cases of a single invasive species causing harm to an ecosystem can be attributed to a seemingly harmless [[plankton]]ic organism . ''[[Mnemiopsis leidyi]]'', a species of [[comb jelly]] that inhabits estuaries from the United States to the Valdés peninsula in [[Argentina]] along the [[Atlantic]] coast, has caused notable damage in the [[Black Sea]]. It was first introduced in 1982, and thought to have been transported to the Black Sea in a ship's ballast water. The population of the comb jelly shot up exponentially and, by 1988, it was wreaking havoc upon the local [[fishing]] industry. "The [[anchovy]] catch fell from {{convert|204000|t|ST LT|sigfig=3|lk=on}} in 1984 to {{convert|200|t|ST LT|sigfig=3}} in 1993; sprat from {{convert|24600|t|ST LT|sigfig=3}} in 1984 to {{convert|12000|t|ST LT|sigfig=3}} in 1993; [[horse mackerel (disambiguation)|horse mackerel]] from {{convert|4000|t|ST LT|sigfig=3}} in 1984 to zero in 1993." Now that the comb jellies have exhausted the [[zooplankton]], including fish larvae, their numbers have fallen dramatically, yet they continue to maintain a stranglehold on the [[ecosystem]]. Recently the comb jellies have been discovered in the [[Caspian Sea]]. Invasive species can take over once occupied areas, facilitate the spread of new [[diseases]], introduce new [[Genetics|genetic]] material, alter landscapes and jeopardize the ability of native species to obtain food. "On land and in the sea, invasive species are responsible for about 137 billion dollars in lost revenue and management costs in the U.S. each year." [337] => [338] => Ballast and [[bilge]] discharge from ships can also spread human [[pathogens]] and other harmful diseases and [[toxins]] potentially causing health issues for humans and marine life alike.National Research Council, Committee on the Ocean's Role in Human Health, Ocean Studies Board, Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources. (1999). ''From monsoons to microbes: understanding the ocean's role in human health''. Washington, DC: National Academy Press Discharges into coastal waters, along with other sources of marine pollution, have the potential to be toxic to marine plants, animals, and [[microorganisms]], causing alterations such as changes in growth, disruption of [[hormone]] cycles, birth defects, suppression of the [[immune system]], and disorders resulting in [[cancer]], [[tumors]], and genetic abnormalities or even death. [339] => [340] => ===Exhaust emissions=== [341] => [[File:K-stack.jpg|thumb|upright|Exhaust stack on a container ship.]] [342] => [[exhaust gas|Exhaust]] emissions from ships are considered to be a significant source of [[air pollution]]. "Seagoing vessels are responsible for an estimated 14 percent of emissions of nitrogen from fossil fuels and 16 percent of the emissions of sulfur from petroleum uses into the atmosphere." In Europe ships make up a large percentage of the sulfur introduced to the air, "as much sulfur as all the cars, [[Truck|lorries]] and factories in Europe put together". "By 2010, up to 40% of air pollution over land could come from ships." Sulfur in the air creates [[acid rain]] which damages crops and buildings. When inhaled, sulfur is known to cause [[respiratory]] problems and increase the risk of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]]. [343] => [344] => ===Ship breaking=== [345] => {{Main|Ship breaking}} [346] => '''Ship breaking''' or '''ship demolition''' is a type of [[ship disposal]] involving the breaking up of ships for [[scrap]] [[recycling]], with the hulls being discarded in [[ship graveyard]]s. Most ships have a lifespan of a few decades before there is so much wear that refitting and repair becomes uneconomical. Ship breaking allows materials from the ship, especially steel, to be reused. [347] => [348] => [[File:Shipbreakingbangladesh2.jpg|thumb|Ship breaking near [[Chittagong]], [[Bangladesh]]]] [349] => In addition to steel and other useful materials, however, ships (particularly older vessels) can contain many substances that are banned or considered dangerous in [[developed countries]]. [[Asbestos]] and [[polychlorinated biphenyls]] (PCBs) are typical examples. Asbestos was used heavily in ship construction until it was finally banned in most of the developed world in the mid-1980s. Currently, the costs associated with removing asbestos, along with the potentially expensive insurance and health risks, have meant that ship-breaking in most developed countries is no longer economically viable. Removing the metal for scrap can potentially cost more than the scrap value of the metal itself. In most of the developing world, however, shipyards can operate without the risk of [[Personal injury|personal injury lawsuits]] or [[Workers' compensation|workers' health claims]], meaning many of these shipyards may operate with high health risks. Furthermore, workers are paid very low rates with no overtime or other allowances. Protective equipment is sometimes absent or inadequate. Dangerous vapors and fumes from burning materials can be inhaled, and dusty asbestos-laden areas around such breakdown locations are commonplace. [350] => [351] => Aside from the health of the yard workers, in recent years, ship breaking has also become an issue of major [[environmentalism|environmental concern]]. Many developing nations, in which ship breaking yards are located, have lax or no [[environmental law]], enabling large quantities of highly toxic materials to escape into the environment and causing serious health problems among ship breakers, the local population and wildlife. Environmental campaign groups such as [[Greenpeace]] have made the issue a high priority for their campaigns.{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpeaceweb.org/shipbreak/ |title=Shipbreaking |publisher=Greenpeace |date=March 16, 2006 |access-date=2007-08-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20021012054547/http://www.greenpeaceweb.org/shipbreak/ |archive-date=October 12, 2002}} [352] => [353] => ==See also== [354] => {{Portal|Oceans|Transport}} [355] => {{div col|colwidth=22em}} [356] => * [[Admiralty law]] [357] => * [[Airship]] [358] => * [[Auxiliary ship]] [359] => * [[Boat]] [360] => * [[Chartering (shipping)]] [361] => * [[Dynamic positioning]] [362] => * [[Environmental impact of shipping]] [363] => * [[Factory ship]] [364] => * [[Ferry]] [365] => * [[Flag state]] [366] => * [[Fluyt]] [367] => * [[Galleon]] [368] => * [[Galley]] [369] => * [[Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)]] [370] => * [[Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z)]] [371] => * [[Marine electronics]] [372] => * [[Marine fuel management]] [373] => * [[Maritime history]] [374] => * [[Mother ship]] [375] => * [[Nautical operations]] [376] => * [[Naval architecture]] [377] => * [[Naval ship]] [378] => * [[Navy]] [379] => * [[Nuclear marine propulsion]] [380] => * [[Propulsion]] [381] => * [[Sailing]] [382] => * [[Sailing ship]] [383] => * [[Sailor]] [384] => * [[Ship burial]] [385] => * [[Ship transport]] [386] => * [[Ship watching]] [387] => * [[Shipwreck]] [388] => * [[Spacecraft|Spaceship]] [389] => * [[Train ferry]] [390] => * [[Vessel safety survey]] [391] => * [[Warship]] [392] => * [[Watercraft]] [393] => * [[Whaler]] [394] => {{div col end}} [395] => [396] => '''Model ships''' [397] => * [[Ship model]] [398] => * [[Ship model basin]] [399] => * [[Ship replica]] [400] => [401] => '''Lists''' [402] => {{div col|colwidth=22em}} [403] => * [[List of fictional ships]] [404] => * [[List of historical ship types]] [405] => * [[List of Panamax ports]] [406] => * [[List of largest cruise ships]] [407] => * [[List of largest ships by gross tonnage]] [408] => * [[List of longest ships]] [409] => * [[Lists of ships]] [410] => * [[Lists of shipwrecks]] [411] => {{div col end}} [412] => [413] => '''Ship sizes''' [414] => {{div col|colwidth=22em}} [415] => * [[Aframax]] [416] => * [[Capesize]] [417] => * [[Chinamax]] [418] => * [[Handymax]] [419] => * [[Handysize]] [420] => * [[Maersk Triple E class]] [421] => * [[Malaccamax]] [422] => * [[Panamax]] [423] => * [[Q-Max]] [424] => * [[Seawaymax]] [425] => * [[Suezmax]] [426] => * [[Oil tanker|Ultra Large Crude Carrier]] [427] => * [[Valemax]] [428] => * [[Oil tanker|VLCC]] [429] => {{div col end}} [430] => [431] => == Notes == [432] => {{NoteFoot}} [433] => {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} [434] => [435] => == References == [436] => === Citations === [437] => {{reflist|refs= [438] => {{cite book|first1= Waruno|last1=Mahdi|editor1-last =Blench|editor1-first= Roger |editor2-last=Spriggs|editor2-first=Matthew|title =Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts|chapter =The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean|volume = 34|publisher =Routledge|series =One World Archaeology |year =1999|pages=144–179|isbn =978-0415100540}} [439] => {{cite book|first1=Patrick Vinton|last1=Kirch|title =A Shark Going Inland Is My Chief: The Island Civilization of Ancient Hawai'i|publisher =University of California Press|year =2012|pages=25–26|isbn = 9780520953833|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=CDQy8OOicF4C&pg=PA25}} [440] => {{cite book|first1=Timothy|last1=Gallaher|editor1-first=Lia O'Neill M.A.|editor1-last=Keawe|editor2-first=Marsha|editor2-last=MacDowell|editor3-first=C. Kurt|editor3-last=Dewhurst|title =ʻIke Ulana Lau Hala: The Vitality and Vibrancy of Lau Hala Weaving Traditions in Hawaiʻi|chapter =The Past and Future of Hala (''Pandanus tectorius'') in Hawaii|publisher =Hawai'inuiakea School of Hawaiian Knowledge; University of Hawai'i Press |year =2014|doi= 10.13140/RG.2.1.2571.4648|isbn =9780824840938 |chapter-url =https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276291081}} [441] => {{cite book |last1=Doran |first1=Edwin B. |title=Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins |date=1981 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=9780890961070}} [442] => {{cite book|first1=Bérénice |last1= Bellina|editor1-first=John|editor1-last=Guy|title =Lost Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture 5th to 8th century|chapter =Southeast Asia and the Early Maritime Silk Road|publisher =Yale University Press|year =2014|pages=22–25|isbn =9781588395245 |url =https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263007720}} [443] => {{Cite book|title=The Seacraft of Prehistory|last=Johnstone|first= Paul|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1980 |isbn= 978-0674795952|location=Cambridge|pages=93–4}} [444] => Tom, K.S. (1989). ''Echoes from Old China: Life, Legends, and Lore of the Middle Kingdom''. Honolulu: The Hawaii Chinese History Center of the University of Hawaii Press. {{ISBN|0-8248-1285-9}}. pp. 103–04. [445] => [446] => {{Citation | last1 = Hoffmann | first1 = Jan | first2 = Regina | last2 = Asariotis | first3 = Hassiba | last3 = Benamara | first4 = Anila | last4 = Premti | first5 = Vincent | last5 = Valentine | first6 = Frida | last6 = Yousse | title = Review of Maritime Transport 2016 | journal = Review of Maritime Transport | publisher = United Nations | page = 104 | year = 2016 | url = http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/rmt2016_en.pdf | isbn = 978-92-1-112904-5 | issn = 0566-7682}} [447] => {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5A9LCujs08C&pg=PA129|pages=127–30|author=Malcolm Francis Willoughby|title=The U.S. Coast Guard in World War II|date=June 1980|publisher=Arno Press |isbn=978-0-405-13081-6}} [448] => {{cite magazine | title = Britain's First Weather Ship |magazine=Popular Mechanics | volume=89 | issue=1 | page=136 | publisher=Hearst Magazines | date=January 1948 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QtkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA136| issn=0032-4558}} [449] => {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8sHp9ml7G6YC&pg=PA371|pages=369–71|title=Ocean surface waves: their physics and prediction|author=Stanislaw R. Massel|year=1996|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-2109-6}} [450] => {{cite web |url=http://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/ |title=International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Statistics |publisher=Itopf.com |date=2005-06-09 |access-date=2009-04-21 |archive-date=2020-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216083020/https://www.itopf.org/404/ |url-status=dead }} [451] => Meinesz, A. (2003). Deep Sea Invasion. ''The Impact of Invasive Species''. PBS: NOVA. Retrieved November 26, 2006, from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/algae/impact.html [452] => Panetta, L.E. (Chair) (2003). America's living oceans: charting a course for sea change [Electronic Version, CD] Pew Oceans Commission. [453] => {{Cite news |last=Harrabin |first=R. |date= 25 June 2003|title=EU Faces Ship Clean-up Call |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3019686.stm |access-date=November 1, 2006}} [454] => {{cite encyclopedia | title = Ship | encyclopedia = Wharton's concise dictionary | page = 1168 | publisher = Universal Law Publishing | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wLT0Vfh0TQsC&pg=PA1091 | date = 2009 | isbn = 978-81-7534-783-0 | quote = {{-'}}Ship' means any vessel used for the carriage of goods by sea.}} [455] => {{cite book | last = Goldstein | first = Jack | title = 101 Amazing Facts about Ships and Boats | publisher = Andrews UK Limited | date = 2014 | page = 35 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Ce2BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT5 | isbn = 978-1-78333-525-1}} [456] => {{Cite book | last=Fredrik C. Jonsson | url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/941718687 | title=Maritime sniper manual : precision fire from seaborne platforms. | date=2011 | publisher=Paladin Press, U S | isbn=978-1-61004-669-5 | oclc=941718687}} [457] => {{cite book | last1 = Ridley | first1 = Jonathan | last2 = Patterson | first2 = Christopher | title = Ship Stability, Powering and Resistance | publisher = A&C Black | series = Reeds Marine Engineering and Technology | volume = 13 | date = 2014 | page = 784 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lvcqAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA717 | isbn = 978-1-4081-7614-6}} [458] => {{cite book | last = Faltinsen | first = Odd M. | title = Hydrodynamics of High-Speed Marine Vehicles | publisher = Cambridge University Press | date = 2005 | page = 454 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Rv4Iep_NTAUC&pg=PA384 | isbn = 978-0-521-84568-7}} [459] => [460] => [463] => [464] => [467] => [468] => {{Cite book |last=Love |first=Ronald S. |title=Maritime exploration in the age of discovery, 1415–1800 |series=Greenwood Guides to Historic Events, 1500–1900 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |isbn=0-313-32043-8}} [469] => {{cite book |last=Gubbins |first=Edmund J. |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=z-1nHalOC2gC&q=Cargo+shipping+industry&pg=PA58 |title=The Shipping Industry: The Technology and Economics of Specialisation |year=1986 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-2-88124-063-8 |language=en}} [470] => {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/physicsofmarinea0007roll|url-access=registration|title=Physics of the marine atmosphere|author=Hans Ulrich Roll|pages=[https://archive.org/details/physicsofmarinea0007roll/page/14 14]–15|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-593650-7|year=1965}} [471] => {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zQrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA40|page=40|author=National Research Council (U.S.). Ocean Science Committee, National Research Council (U.S.). Study Panel on Ocean Atmosphere Interaction|title=The role of the ocean in predicting climate: a report of workshops conducted by Study Panel on Ocean Atmosphere Interaction under the auspices of the Ocean Science Committee of the Ocean Affairs Board, Commission on Natural Resources, National Research Council|year=1974|publisher=National Academies}} [472] => Sawyer, L.A. and Mitchell, W.H. ''The Liberty Ships: The History of the "Emergency" Type Cargo Ships Constructed in the United States During the Second World War,'' pp. 7–10, 2nd Edition, Lloyd's of London Press Ltd., London. 1985. {{ISBN|1-85044-049-2}}. [473] => {{Cite book |last=Jaffee |first=Capt. Walter W. |title=The Lane Victory: The Last Victory Ship in War and Peace |publisher=Glencannon Press |year=1997 |isbn=0-9637586-9-1 |edition=2nd |location=Palo Alto, California |pages=4–9, 15–32}} [474] => {{Cite book |last=Herman |first=Arthur |title=Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II |publisher=Random House |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4000-6964-4 |location=New York |pages=135–36; 178–80}} [475] => {{Cite book |last=Albion, Robert Greenhalgh |first=Pope, Jennie Barnes |title=Sea Lanes in Wartime – The American Experience 1775–1945; 2nd edition |publisher=Archon Books |year=1968}} [476] => {{cite book |author=European Parliament |author-link=European Parliament |title=Directive 2005/35/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on ship-source pollution and on the introduction of penalties for infringements|year=2005 |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2005:255:0011:01:EN:HTML |access-date=2008-02-22}} [477] => }} [478] => [479] => === Sources === [480] => {{refbegin}} [481] => * {{cite book | first = Steven | last = Anzovin | title = Famous First Facts | publisher = H.W. Wilson Company | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-8242-0958-2 | title-link = Famous First Facts | edition = International }} [482] => * {{cite book | first = Nathaniel | last = Bowditch | author-link = Nathaniel Bowditch | title = The American Practical Navigator | publisher = [[National Imagery and Mapping Agency]] | url = http://www.irbs.com/bowditch/ | location = Bethesda, MD | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-939837-54-0 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070624193729/http://www.irbs.com/bowditch/ | archive-date = 2007-06-24 }} [483] => * {{cite book| author = Central Intelligence Agency| author-link = Central Intelligence Agency| title = CIA World Factbook 2008| url = https://archive.org/details/ciaworldfactbook00cent| access-date = 2008-02-22| year = 2007| publisher = Skyhorse Publishing| isbn = 978-1-60239-080-5| url-access = registration}} [484] => * {{cite book| last=Chatterton| first=Edward Keble| title=Sailing Ships and Their Story: The Story of Their Development from the Earliest Times to the Present Day| url=https://archive.org/details/sailingshipsand00chatgoog| year=1915| publisher=J.B. Lippincott Company| location=Philadelphia}} [485] => * {{cite book| last1=Cotterill| first1=Charles Clement| author2=Little, Edward Delanoy| title=Ships and sailors, ancient and modern| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1wBAAAAQAAJ| year=1868| publisher=Seeley, Jackson and Halliday| location=London}} [486] => * {{cite book |author=Cutler, Thomas J. |title=The Bluejacket's Manual (Bluejacket's Manual, 22nd ed) |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, MD |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-55750-065-6 }} [487] => * {{cite book | last = Cutler | first = Thomas J. | title = Dutton's Nautical Navigation | edition = 15th |date=December 2003 | publisher = Naval Institute Press | location = Annapolis, MD | isbn = 978-1-55750-248-3 }} [488] => * {{cite ship register | register=MSI |id=7381154 |shipname= Knock Nevis |access-date=2016-05-17 | ref= {{SfnRef | DNV | 2008}} }} [489] => * {{cite book |author=Fisheries and Aquacultures Department |title=The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0699e/A0699E00.HTM |year=2007 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |location=Rome |chapter=The Status of the Fishing Fleet |chapter-url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0699e/A0699E04.htm#4.1.5 |access-date=2008-04-20 |archive-date=2008-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412024350/http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/A0699e/A0699e00.htm |url-status=dead }} [490] => * {{cite book |last=Georgen |first=William |title=Stability and Trim for the Ship's Officer |year=2005 |publisher=Cornell Maritime Press |location=Centreville, MD |isbn=978-0-87033-564-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/stabilitytrimfor0000unse }} [491] => * {{cite book |last=Hayler |first=William B. |author2=Keever, John M. |title=American Merchant Seaman's Manual |year=2003 |publisher= Cornell Maritime Pr |isbn= 978-0-87033-549-5 }} [492] => * {{cite book |first=Mark| last=Huber |title=Tanker operations: a handbook for the person-in-charge (PIC) |publisher=Cornell Maritime Press |location=Cambridge, MD |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-87033-528-0 }} [493] => * {{cite book |author=Lavery, Brian |title=Ship: The Epic Story of Maritime Adventure (Smithsonian) |publisher=DK Publishing Inc |location=New York |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7566-0496-7 }} [494] => * {{cite book | last = Maloney | first = Elbert S. | title = Chapman Piloting and Seamanship | edition = 64th | date = December 2003 | publisher = Hearst Communications | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-58816-089-8 | url = https://archive.org/details/chapmanpilotings00elbe_1 }} [495] => * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Navigation|volume=19|pages=284–298|first=William Robert|last=Martin}} [496] => * {{cite web |url=http://www.marad.dot.gov/MARAD_statistics/2005%20STATISTICS/World%20Merchant%20Fleet%202005.pdf |title=World Merchant Fleet 2001–2005 |author=Office of Data and Economic Analysis |date=July 2006 |publisher=United States Maritime Administration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221134647/http://www.marad.dot.gov/Marad_Statistics/2005%20STATISTICS/World%20Merchant%20Fleet%202005.pdf |archive-date=February 21, 2007 |url-status=dead }} [497] => * {{cite web |url=http://www.osg.com/uploadedFiles/2222008FleetlistDownload.xls |title=Overseas Shipholding Group Fleet List |author=Overseas Shipholding Group |date=2008-02-22 |publisher=Overseas Shipholding Group |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209140827/http://www.osg.com/uploadedFiles/2222008FleetlistDownload.xls |archive-date=2008-12-09 }} [498] => * {{cite book |author1=Sawyer, L.A. |author2=Mitchell, W.O. |title=Sailing ship to supertanker: the hundred-year story of British Esso and its ships |publisher=Terence Dalton |location=Lavenham, Suffolk |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-86138-055-8}} [499] => * {{cite news |last=Singh |first=Baljit |date=July 11, 1999 |title=The world's biggest ship |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jul11/sunday/head3.htm |access-date=2008-04-07 }} [500] => * {{cite book | last1 = Turpin | first1 = Edward A. |last2 = McEwen |first2 = William A. |title = Merchant Marine Officers' Handbook |edition = 4th | year = 1980 | publisher = Cornell Maritime Press | location = Centreville, MD | isbn = 978-0-87033-056-8 }} [501] => * {{cite book |author=United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) |author-link=United Nations Conference on Trade and Development |title=Review of Maritime Transport, 2006 |url=http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2006_en.pdf |year=2006 |publisher=United Nations |location=New York and Geneva |access-date=2008-04-17 |archive-date=2011-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728143716/http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2006_en.pdf |url-status=dead }} [502] => * {{cite book |author=United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) |author-link=United Nations Conference on Trade and Development |title=Review of Maritime Transport, 2007 |url=http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2007_en.pdf |year=2007 |publisher=United Nations |location=New York and Geneva |access-date=2008-04-21 |archive-date=2017-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207232134/http://unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2007_en.pdf |url-status=dead }} [503] => * {{cite book |last=Stopford |first=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_R-YB70kly8C |title=Maritime economics |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-415-15309-6 }} [504] => * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Ship|volume=24|pages=880–970|first=Philip|last=Watts|author-link=Philip Watts (naval architect)}} [505] => {{refend}} [506] => [507] => {{fishing vessel topics}} [508] => {{Fisheries and fishing|state = collapsed}} [509] => {{ModernMerchantShipTypes}} [510] => {{Sailing Vessels and Rigs}} [511] => {{Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries}} [512] => [513] => {{Authority control}} [514] => [515] => [[Category:Ships| ]] [] => )
good wiki

Ship

A ship is a large watercraft that is designed to navigate through the water, typically larger than a boat and capable of carrying cargo, passengers, or both. Ships have been used for transportation, exploration, warfare, and commerce throughout history.

More about us

About

Ships have been used for transportation, exploration, warfare, and commerce throughout history. They come in a wide variety of sizes and types, including merchant ships, naval ships, fishing vessels, and cruise ships. The earliest known ships date back to at least 4000 BCE, and the invention of the sail in ancient times revolutionized the speed and efficiency of seafaring. Over time, ships have undergone significant technological advancements, such as the use of steam engines and propellers, to improve their capabilities. Today, ships play a vital role in global trade, with millions of tons of goods transported by sea every year. The Wikipedia page on ships provides detailed information on their history, construction, types, and other related topics.

Expert Team

Vivamus eget neque lacus. Pellentesque egauris ex.

Award winning agency

Lorem ipsum, dolor sit amet consectetur elitorceat .

10 Year Exp.

Pellen tesque eget, mauris lorem iupsum neque lacus.

You might be interested in

Aviation

Aviation is a branch of technology that deals with the design, development, production, operation, and use of aircraft.

Bali

Bali is an Indonesian island and province known for its rich culture, stunning landscapes, and vibrant arts scene.

Biodiversity

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms on Earth, encompassing the different species, ecosystems, and genetic variations that exist.

Buoyancy

Buoyancy is a fundamental principle in physics, specifically in the study of fluid dynamics.

Cancer

Cancer is a broad term used to describe a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body.

Diseases

Ecosystem

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system.

Engineer

An engineer is a professional who applies scientific knowledge, mathematics, and ingenuity to develop solutions for various technical problems.

Environmentalism

Environmentalism, also known as environmental rights, is a social and political ideology focused on the protection of the environment and conservation of natural resources.

Freshwater

Genetics

Genetics is a branch of biology that focuses on the study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms.

Gravity

Gravity is a natural phenomenon by which all things with mass or energy—including planets, stars, galaxies, and even light—are brought toward one another.

Healthcare

Historian

A historian is an individual who studies and interprets the past through the analysis of various sources and evidence.

Hormone

Hormones are chemical messengers produced by various glands and tissues in the human body.

Ocean

The Wikipedia page for "Ocean" provides an overview of this vast body of saltwater that covers most of Earth's surface.

Plankton

Plankton are a diverse group of organisms that drift in the water column of aquatic environments.

Railway

Recycling

Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new products to reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, energy usage, and pollution.

Science

Science is a systematic and empirical approach to acquiring knowledge through observation, experimentation, and explanation of natural phenomena.

Seawater

Seawater refers to the saline water found in the Earth's oceans and seas.

Shipbuilding

Shipbuilding is the process of constructing ships and other large vessels.

Spain

The Wikipedia page for Spain provides an extensive summary of the country's history, culture, geography, politics, economy, and more.

Sumer

Sumer was an ancient civilization located in the southern part of Mesopotamia, in what is now modern-day Iraq.

Watercraft

A watercraft or waterborne vessel is any vehicle designed for travel across or through water bodies, such as a boat, ship, hovercraft, submersible or submarine.