Array ( [0] => {{About|a mobility aid for disabled people|wheeled chairs for office use|office chair}} [1] => {{short description|Chair with wheels used by people with mobility deficiencies}} [2] => {{pp-move}} [3] => {{More citations needed|date=January 2020}} [4] => [[File:A Coffee and Black Wheelchair at Yuen Long.jpg|thumb|A wheelchair on the street]] [5] => A '''wheelchair''' is a mobilized form of [[chair]] using 2 or more wheels, a footrest and armrest usually cushioned. It is used when walking is difficult or impossible to do due to [[Disease|illnesses]], [[injury]], [[Disability|disabilities]], or age related health conditions. [6] => [7] => Wheelchairs come in a wide variety of formats to meet the specific needs of their users. They may include specialized seating adaptions, individualized controls, and may be specific to particular activities, as with [[sports wheelchair]]s and beach wheelchairs. The most widely recognized distinction is between [[motorized wheelchair]]s, where propulsion is provided by batteries and electric motors, and [[manual wheelchair]]s, where the propulsive force is provided either by the wheelchair user or occupant pushing the wheelchair by hand (self-propelled), by an attendant pushing from the rear using the handle(s), or by an attendant pushing from the side use a handle attachment. [8] => {{TOC limit|3}} [9] => [10] => == History == [11] => [[File:Xiao er lun - Confucius and children.jpg|thumb|300px|Depiction of Chinese philosopher [[Confucius]] in a wheelchair, dating to {{circa|1680}}.]] [12] => [[Image:Recueil d'ouvrages curieux de mathematique et de mecanique; ou, Description du cabinet de monsieur Grollier de Serviere. Avec près de 100 planches en taille-douce (1751) (14773595462).jpg|thumb|120px|alt=[[Nicolas Grollier de Servière]] (1596–1689) Wheelchair in his [[Cabinet of curiosities]]|[[Nicolas Grollier de Servière]] (1596–1689) Wheelchair in his [[Cabinet of curiosities]][[Nicolas Grollier de Servière]] Wheelchair in his [[Cabinet of curiosities]], page 96 : ''Chaise très commode pour les boiteux, ou pour ceux qui ont la goûte aux jambes; et par le moyen duquel on peut se promener dans un appartement de plein pieds, ou dans un jardin, sans le recours de personne'', in [13] => {{cite book|last1=Grollier de Servières|first1=Gaspard|title=Recueil d'ouvrages curieux de mathématique et de mécanique, ou Description du cabinet de M. Grollier de Servière : avec des figures en taille-douce, par M. Grollier de Servière |date=1719|publisher=D. Forey, France|url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65250757/f294.image}}]] [14] => The earliest records of wheeled furniture are an inscription found on a [[Slate|stone slate]] in China and a child's bed depicted in a [[frieze]] on a Greek [[vase]], both dating between the 6th and 5th century BCE.{{cite web|title=History of Wheelchairs|url=http://www.wheelchair-information.com/history-of-wheelchairs.html|website=wheelchair-information.com|access-date=April 14, 2017|archive-date=March 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307075310/http://www.wheelchair-information.com/history-of-wheelchairs.html|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|last1=Koerth-Baker|first1=Maggie|title=Who Invented the Wheelchair?|url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/20768/who-invented-wheelchair|website=mentalfloss.com|date=2 February 2009|access-date=April 14, 2017}}{{cite magazine|title=Putting the 'Whee!' Back in 'Wheelchair'|url=https://www.wired.com/design/2012/05/wheelchair/|magazine=Wired|access-date=25 May 2012|first=Joseph|last=Flaherty|date=24 May 2012}} The first records of wheeled seats being used for transporting disabled people date to three centuries later in China; the Chinese used early wheelbarrows to move people as well as heavy objects. A distinction between the two functions was not made for another several hundred years, until around 525 CE, when images of wheeled chairs made specifically to carry people begin to occur in Chinese art.{{cite web|title=Who Invented the Wheelchair?|url=http://blogs.static.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/22329.html?cnn=yes|publisher=Mental Floss Inc.|access-date=25 May 2012|first=Maggie|last=Koerth-Baker|author-link=Maggie Koerth-Baker|archive-date=5 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105212344/http://blogs.static.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/22329.html?cnn=yes|url-status=dead}} [15] => [16] => Although Europeans eventually developed a similar design, this method of transportation did not exist until 1595{{cite web|last1=Bellis|first1=Mary|title=History of the Wheelchair|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-the-wheelchair-1992670|website=thoughtco.com|access-date=April 14, 2017}} when an unknown inventor from Spain built one for [[Philip II of Spain|King Phillip II]]. Although it was an elaborate chair having both armrests and leg rests, the design still had shortcomings since it did not feature an efficient propulsion mechanism and thus required assistance to propel it. This makes the design more comparable to a modern-day highchair or portable throne for the wealthy than to a modern-day wheelchair for disabled people. [17] => [18] => In 1655, [[Stephan Farffler]], a 22-year-old [[Paraplegia|paraplegic]] watchmaker, built the world's first self-propelling chair on a three-wheel chassis using a system of [[Crank (mechanism)|cranks]] and [[Gear|cogwheels]]. However, the device resembled a hand bike more than a wheelchair since the design included hand cranks mounted at the front wheel. [19] => [20] => A self-propelled wheelchair was made for the Parliamentarian commander-in-chief [[Thomas Fairfax|Sir Thomas Fairfax]] due to the many injuries he had received during the [[English Civil War]], and he used it during the final years of his life. The wheelchair of Thomas Fairfax is currently on display at the National Civil War Centre in [[Newark-on-Trent]].{{cite web | url=http://www.nationalcivilwarcentre.com/starobjects/ | title=Star Objects | National Civil War Centre, Newark }}{{cite web | url=https://www.civilwarpetitions.ac.uk/blog/the-war-wounds-of-sir-thomas-fairfax/ | title=The War Wounds of Sir Thomas Fairfax }} [21] => [22] => The invalid carriage or [[Bath chair]] brought the technology into more common use from around 1760.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/qcI7cMgiR0qmLnD_QPyIGQ |title=A History of the World – Object : Bath Chair |publisher=BBC |date=2012-09-02 |access-date=2012-11-19}} [23] => [24] => In 1887, wheelchairs ("rolling chairs") were introduced to [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]] so invalid tourists could rent them to enjoy the Boardwalk. Soon, many healthy tourists also rented the decorated "rolling chairs" and servants to push them as a show of decadence and treatment they could never experience at home.{{cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Nelson|title=Boardwalk Empire: The Birth, High Times, and Corruption of Atlantic City|date=2012-02-01|publisher=Independent Publishers Group|pages=28|edition=Kindle}} [25] => [26] => [27] => File:Michael Dunn, Raymond, Potter Co., Penna. - Photographed by Hope, successor to M.H. Kimball, 477 Broadway, New York. LCCN2015649856.jpg|Amputee in a 19th-century wheelchair [28] => File:16 21 2404 wheelchair.jpg|Another 19th century wheelchair [29] => File:WoodWheelchair.JPG|Wooden wheelchair dating to the early part of the 20th century [30] => [31] => [32] => ===Modern wheelchairs=== [33] => In 1933 Harry C. Jennings Sr. and his disabled friend Herbert Everest, both [[mechanical engineer]]s, invented the first lightweight, steel, folding, portable wheelchair.Everest, Herbert A., Jennings, Harry C. Sr., "Folding wheel chair", US Patent 2095411, 1937 Everest had previously broken his back in a mining accident. [[Everest and Jennings]] saw the business potential of the invention and went on to become the first mass-market manufacturers of wheelchairs. Their "X-brace" design{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2618319A/en|title=X-brace construction for collapsible invalids' wheel chairs}} is still in common use, albeit with updated materials and other improvements. The X-brace idea came to Jennings from the men's folding "camp chairs / stools", rotated 90 degrees, used in the outdoors and at the mines.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} [34] => [35] => == Types == [36] => There are a wide variety of types of wheelchairs, differing by propulsion method, mechanisms of control, and technology used. Some wheelchairs are designed for general everyday use, others for single activities, or to address specific access needs. Innovation within the wheelchair industry is relatively common, but many innovations ultimately fall by the wayside, either from over-specialization, or from failing to come to market at an accessible price-point. The [[iBOT]] is perhaps the best known example of this in recent years. [37] => [38] => === Manual self-propelled wheelchairs === [39] => {{unreferenced section|date=November 2020}} [40] => {{POV section|date=November 2020}} [41] => [[File:Wheelchairs for visitors at the entrance - NÄL hospital.jpg|thumb|Folding chair and stackable rigid chairs for visitors in [[NÄL]] hospital, Sweden]] [42] => A self-propelled [[manual wheelchair]] incorporates a frame, seat, one or two footplates (footrests) and four wheels: usually two caster wheels at the front and two large wheels at the back. There will generally also be a separate seat cushion. The larger rear wheels usually have push-rims of slightly smaller diameter projecting just beyond the tyre; these allow the user to manoeuvre the chair by pushing on them without requiring them to grasp the tyres. Manual wheelchairs generally have brakes that bear on the tyres of the rear wheels, however these are solely a parking brakes and in-motion braking is provided by the user's palms bearing directly on the push-rims. As this causes friction and heat build-up, particularly on long downslopes, many wheelchair users will choose to wear padded wheelchair gloves. Manual wheelchairs often have two push handles at the upper rear of the frame to allow for manual propulsion by a second person, however many active wheelchair users will remove these to prevent unwanted pushing from people who believe they are being helpful. [43] => [44] => Everyday manual wheelchairs come in two major varieties, folding or rigid. Folding chairs are generally low-end designs,{{Cite journal|last1=Flemmer|first1=Claire L.|last2=Flemmer|first2=Rory C.|date=2015-11-07|title=A review of manual wheelchairs|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/17483107.2015.1099747|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology|volume=11|issue=3|pages=177–187|doi=10.3109/17483107.2015.1099747|pmid=26549405|s2cid=900682|issn=1748-3107}} whose predominant advantage is being able to fold, generally by bringing the two sides together. This is an advantage for people who need to store the wheelchair frequently or to put it in a small vehicle. Rigid wheelchairs have permanently welded joints and many fewer moving parts. This reduces the energy required to push the chair by eliminating many points where the chair would flex and absorb energy as it moves. Welded rather than folding joints also reduce the overall weight of the chair. Rigid chairs typically feature instant-release rear wheels and backrests that fold down flat, allowing the user to dismantle the chair quickly for storage in a car. A few wheelchairs attempt to combine the features of both designs by providing a fold-to-rigid mechanism in which the joints are mechanically locked when the wheelchair is in use. [45] => [46] => Many rigid models are made with light materials such as [[aluminium]] and [[titanium]], and wheelchairs of composite materials such as carbon-fibre have started to appear. Ultra lightweight rigid wheelchairs are commonly known as 'active user chairs' as they are ideally suited to independent use. Another innovation in rigid chair design is the installation of shock absorbers, such as "Frog Legs", which cushion the bumps over which the chair rolls. These shock absorbers may be added to the front wheels, to the rear wheels, or both. Rigid chairs also have the option for their rear wheels to have a camber, or tilt, which angles the tops of the wheels in toward the chair. This allows for more mechanically efficient propulsion by the user and also makes it easier to hold a straight line while moving across a slope. Sport wheelchairs often have large camber angles to improve stability. [47] => [48] => Rigid-framed chairs are generally made to measure, to suit both the specific size of the user and their needs and preferences around areas such as the "tippyness" of the chair - determined by the distance between the [[center of gravity]] and the rear axle. Experienced users with sufficient upper-body strength can generally balance the chair on its rear wheels, a "wheelie", and the "tippyness" of the chair controls the ease with which this can be initiated. The wheelie allows an independent wheelchair user to climb and descend curbs and move more easily over small obstacles and irregular ground such as cobbles. [49] => [50] => The rear wheels of self-propelled wheelchairs typically range from {{cvt|20|–|24|in}} in diameter, and commonly resemble bicycle wheels. Wheels are rubber-tired and may be solid, pneumatic or gel-filled. The wheels of folding chairs may be permanently attached, but those for rigid chairs are commonly fitted with quick-release axles activated by depressing a button at the centre of the wheel. [51] => [52] => All major varieties of wheelchairs can be highly customized for the user's needs. Such customization may encompass the seat dimensions, height, seat angle, footplates, leg rests, front [[caster]] outriggers, adjustable backrests and controls. Various optional accessories are available, such as anti-tip bars or wheels, safety belts, adjustable backrests, tilt and/or recline features, extra support for limbs or head and neck, holders for [[crutch]]es, walkers or oxygen tanks, drink holders, and mud and wheel-guards as clothing protectors. [53] => [54] => Light weight and high costs are related to the manual wheelchair market. At the low-cost end, heavy, folding steel chairs with sling seats and little adaptability dominate. Users may be temporarily disabled, or using such a chair as a loaner, or simply unable to afford better. These chairs are common as "loaners" at large facilities such as airports, amusement parks and shopping centers. A slightly higher price band sees the same folding design produced in aluminium. The high end of the market contains ultra-light models, extensive seating options and accessories, all-terrain features, and so forth. The most expensive manual chairs may rival the cost of a small car. [55] => [56] => === Manual attendant-propelled wheelchairs === [57] => [[File:The Boardwalk, Atlantic City, N. J (NYPL b12647398-66712).tiff|thumb|Boardwalk wheelchairs, early 20th century]] [58] => [[File:A wheel chair.jpg|thumb|Wheelchairs allow for disabled people to travel, like this child in Egypt.]] [59] => An attendant-propelled wheelchair is generally similar to a self-propelled manual wheelchair, but with small diameter wheels at both front and rear. The chair is maneuvered and controlled by a person standing at the rear and pushing on handles incorporated into the frame. Braking is supplied directly by the attendant who will usually also be provided with a foot- or hand-operated parking brake. [60] => [61] => These chairs are common in institutional settings and as loaner-chairs in large public venues. They are usually constructed from steel as light weight is less of a concern when the user is not required to self-propel. [62] => [63] => Specially designed transfer chairs are now required features at airports in much of the developed world in order to allow access down narrow airliner aisles and facilitate the transfer of wheelchair-using passengers to and from their seats on the aircraft. [64] => [65] => === Powered wheelchairs === [66] => {{Main|Motorized wheelchair}} [67] => An electric-powered wheelchair, commonly called a "powerchair" is a wheelchair that additionally incorporates batteries and [[electric motor]]s into the frame and that is controlled by either the user or an attendant, most commonly via a small joystick mounted on the armrest, or on the upper rear of the frame. Alternatives exist for the traditional manual joystick, including head switches, chin-operated joysticks, [[sip-and-puff]] controllers or other specialist controls, which may allow independent operation of the wheelchair for a wider population of users with varying motor impairments.{{cite journal |last1=Livingstone |first1=Roslyn |last2=Field |first2=Debra |title=Systematic review of power mobility outcomes for infants, children and adolescents with mobility limitations |journal=Clinical Rehabilitation |date=24 April 2014 |volume=28 |issue=10 |pages=954–964 |doi=10.1177/0269215514531262|pmid=24764156 |s2cid=44311983 }} Ranges of over 10 miles/15 km are commonly available from standard batteries. [68] => [69] => Powerchairs are commonly divided by their access capabilities. An indoor-chair may only reliably be able to cross completely flat surfaces, limiting them to household use. An indoor-outdoor chair is less limited, but may have restricted range or ability to deal with slopes or uneven surfaces. An outdoor chair is more capable, but will still have a very restricted ability to deal with rough terrain. A very few specialist designs offer a true cross-country capability. [70] => [71] => Powerchairs have access to the full range of wheelchair options, including ones that are difficult to provide in an unpowered manual chair, but have the disadvantage of significant extra weight. Where an ultra-lightweight manual chair may weigh under 10 kg, the largest outdoor power-chairs may weigh 200 kg or more. [72] => [73] => Smaller power chairs often have four wheels, with front or rear wheel drive, but large outdoor designs commonly have six wheels, with small wheels at front and rear and somewhat larger powered wheels in the centre. [74] => [75] => A power-assisted wheelchair is a recent development that uses the frame and seating of a typical rigid manual chair while replacing the standard rear wheels with wheels of similar size which incorporate batteries and battery-powered motors in the hubs. A floating rim design senses the pressure applied by the user's push and activates the motors proportionately to provide a power assist. This results in the convenience, and small size of a manual chair while providing motorised assistance for rough/uneven terrain and steep slopes that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to navigate, especially by those with limited upper-body function. As the wheels necessarily come at a weight penalty it is often possible to exchange them with standard wheels to match the capabilities of the wheelchair to the current activity. [76] => [77] => === Mobility scooters === [78] => [[Mobility scooter]]s share some features with powerchairs, but primarily address a different market segment, people with a limited ability to walk, but who might not otherwise consider themselves disabled. Smaller mobility scooters are typically three wheeled, with a base on which is mounted a basic seat at the rear, with a control tiller at the front. Larger scooters are frequently four-wheeled, with a much more substantial seat. [79] => [80] => Opinions are often polarized as to whether mobility scooters should be considered wheelchairs or not, and negative stereotyping of scooter users can be worse than for some manual or power-chair users. Some commercial organisations draw a distinction between power-chairs and scooters when making access provisions due to a lack of clarity in the law as to whether scooters fall under the same equality legislation as wheelchairs. [81] => [82] => === Single-arm drive wheelchairs === [83] => One-arm or single arm drive enables a user to self-propel a manual wheelchair using only a single arm. The large wheel on the same side as the arm to be used is fitted with two concentric handrims, one of smaller diameter than the other. On most models the outer, smaller rim, is connected to the wheel on the opposite side by an inner concentric axle. When both handrims are grasped together, the chair may be propelled forward or backward in a straight line. When either handrim is moved independently, only a single wheel is used and the chair will turn left or right in response to the handrim used. Some wheelchairs, designed for use by [[Hemiparesis|hemiplegics]], provide a similar function by linking both wheels rigidly together and using one of the footplates to control steering via a linkage to the front caster. [84] => [85] => === Reclining and tilting wheelchairs === [86] => [[File:Levo_Freisteller_025.jpg|thumb|A standing wheelchair with electrical 4-wheel drive and standing functions]] [87] => [88] => Reclining or tilt-in-space wheelchairs have seating surfaces that can be tilted to various angles. The original concept was developed by an orthotist, Hugh Barclay, who worked with disabled children and observed that postural deformities such as scoliosis could be supported or partially corrected by allowing the wheelchair user to relax in a tilted position. The feature is also of value to users who are unable to sit upright for extended periods for pain or other reasons. [89] => [90] => In the case of '''reclining wheelchairs''', the seat-back tilts back, and the leg rests can be raised, while the seat base remains in the same position, somewhat similar to a common [[recliner]] chair. Some reclining wheelchairs lean back far enough that the user can lie down completely flat. Reclining wheelchairs are preferred in some cases for some medical purposes, such as reducing the risk of pressure sores, providing passive movement of hip and knee joints, and making it easier to perform some nursing procedures, such as intermittent catheterization to empty the bladder and transfers to beds, and also for personal reasons, such as people who like using an attached tray.Lange, M. L. (June 2000). Tilt in space versus recline – New trends in an old debate. ''Technology Special Interest Section Quarterly,'' '''10''':1-3. The use of reclining wheelchairs is particularly common among people with spinal cord injuries such as quadriplegia. [91] => [92] => In the case of '''tilting wheelchairs''', the seat-back, seat base, and leg rests tilt back as one unit, somewhat similar to the way a person might tip a four-legged chair backward to balance it on the back legs. While fully reclining spreads the person's weight over the entire back side of the body, tilting wheelchairs transfer it from only the buttocks and thighs (in the seated position) to partially on the back and head (in the tilted position). Tilting wheelchairs are preferred for people who use molded or contoured seats, who need to maintain a particular posture, who adversely affected by sheer forces (reclining causes the body to slide slightly every time), or who need to keep a communication device, powered wheelchair controls, or other attached device in the same relative position throughout the day. Tilting wheelchairs are commonly used by people with cerebral palsy, people with some muscle diseases, and people with limited range of motion in the hip or knee joints. Tilting options are more common than reclining options in wheelchairs designed for use by children. [93] => [94] => === Standing wheelchairs === [95] => A [[standing wheelchair]] is one that supports the user in a nearly standing position. They can be used as both a wheelchair and a [[standing frame]], allowing the user to sit or stand in the wheelchair as they wish. Some versions are entirely manual, others have a powered stand on an otherwise manual chair, while others have full power, tilt, recline and variations of powered stand functions available. The benefits of such a device include, but are not limited to: aiding independence and productivity, raising self-esteem and psychological well-being, heightening social status, extending access, relief of pressure, reduction of pressure sores, improved functional reach, improved respiration, reduced occurrence of [[Urinary tract infection|UTI]], improved flexibility, help in maintaining [[bone mineral]] density, improved passive range motion, reduction in abnormal muscle tone and spasticity, and skeletal deformities. Other wheelchairs provide some of the same benefits by raising the entire seat to lift the user to standing height. [96] => [97] => === Sports wheelchairs === [98] => [[File:Wheelchair Racing Parapan 2007.jpg|thumb|A modern [[racing wheelchair]]]] [99] => A range of [[disabled sport]]s have been developed for disabled athletes, including [[wheelchair basketball|basketball]], [[Wheelchair Rugby|rugby]], [[wheelchair tennis|tennis]], [[wheelchair racing|racing]] and [[Wheelchair DanceSport|dancing]]. The wheelchairs used for each sport have evolved to suit the specific needs of that sport and often no longer resemble their everyday cousins. They are usually non-folding (in order to increase rigidity), with a pronounced [[camber angle|negative camber]] for the wheels (which provides stability and is helpful for making sharp turns), and often are made of composite, lightweight materials. Even seating positions may be radically different, with racing wheelchairs generally used in a kneeling position. Sport wheelchairs are rarely suited for everyday use, and are often a 'second' chair specifically for sports use, although some users prefer the sports options for everyday use. Some disabled people, specifically lower-limb amputees, may use a wheelchair for sports, but not for everyday activities.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} [100] => [101] => [[File:US v FR 2007 FIPFA WC.jpg|thumb|left|US vs. France, FIPFA World Cup, Tokyo, Japan, October 2007]] [102] => [103] => ==== Powerchair football ==== [104] => While most wheelchair sports use manual chairs, some power chair sports, such as [[Powerchair Football|powerchair football]], exist. [105] => [106] => E-hockey is hockey played from electrical wheelchairs. [107] => [108] => === Wheelchair stretchers === [109] => Wheelchair stretchers are a variant of wheeled stretchers/gurneys that can accommodate a sitting patient, or be adjusted to lie flat to help in the lateral (or supine) transfer of a patient from a bed to the chair or back. Once transferred, the stretcher can be adjusted to allow the patient to assume a sitting position. [110] => [111] => === All-terrain wheelchairs === [112] => [[File:All Terrain Wheelchair (6336275236).jpg|thumb|Tracked all terrain wheelchair]] [113] => All-terrain wheelchairs can allow users to access terrain otherwise completely inaccessible to a wheelchair user. Two different formats have been developed. One hybridises wheelchair and mountain bike technology, generally taking the form of a frame within which the user sits and with four mountain bike wheels at the corners. In general, there are no push-rims and propulsion/braking is by pushing directly on the tyres. [114] => [[File:Wheelchair for beach on uiderstrand Westkapelle Walcheren.JPG|alt=A chair with four wide, balloon-style wheels is in front of a fence at the beach|thumb|A beach wheelchair]] [115] => [116] => A more common variant is the beach wheelchair (beach-going wheelchair){{cite web|url=http://www.cityofmyrtlebeach.com/services/accessibility_information/index.php |title=Accessibility Beach Going Wheelchairs |access-date=14 September 2018 }} which can allow better mobility on beach sand, including in the water, on uneven terrain, and even on snow. The common adaptation among the different designs is that they have extra-wide balloon wheels or tires, to increase stability and decrease ground pressure on uneven or unsteady terrain. Different models are available, both manual and battery-driven. In some countries in Europe, where [[accessible tourism]] is well established, many beaches have wheelchairs of this type available for loan/hire. [117] => [118] => === Smart wheelchairs === [119] => A smart wheelchair is any powerchair using a [[control system]] to augment or replace [[user control]].Richard C. Simpson, (2005) "Smart Wheelchairs: A Literature Review" ''J. Rehabilitation Res. & Dev.'' 42 (4), pp. 423-438. Its purpose is to reduce or eliminate the user's task of driving a powerchair. Usually, a smart wheelchair is controlled via a [[computer]], has a suite of [[sensors]] and applies techniques in mobile [[robotics]], but this is not necessary. The type of sensors most frequently used by smart wheelchairs are the ultrasonic acoustic range finder (i.e. [[sonar]]) and [[Infrared|infrared red]] (IR) range finder.{{Cite journal|last=Simpson|first=Richard C.|date=2005|title=Smart wheelchairs: A literature review|journal=The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development|language=en|volume=42|issue=4|pages=423–36|doi=10.1682/jrrd.2004.08.0101|pmid=16320139|s2cid=17362214 |issn=0748-7711}} The interface may consist of a conventional wheelchair joystick, a "[[sip-and-puff]]" device or a touch-sensitive display. This differs from a conventional powerchair, in which the user exerts manual control over speed and direction without intervention by the wheelchair's control system. [120] => [121] => Smart wheelchairs are designed for a variety of user types. Some are designed for users with [[cognitive impairment]]s, such as [[dementia]], these typically apply collision-avoidance techniques to ensure that users do not accidentally select a drive command that results in a collision. Others focus on users living with severe motor disabilities, such as [[cerebral palsy]], or with [[quadriplegia]], and the role of the smart wheelchair is to interpret small muscular activations as high-level commands and execute them. Such wheelchairs typically employ techniques from [[artificial intelligence]], such as [[path-planning]]. [122] => [123] => === Technological developments === [124] => Recent technological advances are slowly improving wheelchair and powerchair technology. [125] => [126] => A variation on the manually-propelled wheelchair is the Leveraged Freedom Chair (LFC), designed by the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] Mobility Lab. This wheelchair is designed to be low-cost, constructed with local materials, for users in developing countries. Engineering modifications have added hand-controlled levers to the LFC, to enable users to move the chair over uneven ground and minor obstacles, such as bumpy dirt roads, that are common in developing countries. It is under development, and has been tested in Kenya and India so far. [127] => [128] => The addition of geared, all-mechanical wheels for manual wheelchairs is a new development incorporating a [[hypocycloid]]al [[reduction gear]] into the wheel design. The 2-gear wheels can be added to a manual wheelchair. The geared wheels provide a user with additional assistance by providing leverage through gearing (like a bicycle, not a motor). The two-gear wheels offer two speed ratios- 1:1 (no help, no extra torque) and 2:1, providing 100% more hill climbing force. The [[low gear]] incorporates an automatic "hill hold" function which holds the wheelchair in place on a hill between pushes, but will allow the user to override the hill hold to roll the wheels backward if needed. The low gear also provides downhill control when descending. [129] => [130] => A recent development related to wheelchairs is the [[handcycle]]. They come in a variety of forms, from the road and track racing models to off-road types modelled after [[mountain bikes]]. While dedicated handcycle designs are manufactured, clip-on versions are available that can convert a manual wheelchair to a handcycle in seconds. The general concept is a clip-on front-fork with hand-pedals, usually attaching to a mounting on the footplate. A somewhat related concept is the Freewheel, a large dolley wheel attaching to the front of a manual wheelchair, again generally to the footplate mounting, which improves wheelchair performance over rough terrain. Unlike a handcycle, a wheelchair with a Freewheel continues to be propelled via the rear wheels. There are several types of hybrid-powered handcycles where hand-pedals and used along with the electrical motor that helps on hills and large distances. [[File:UNAwheel Mini Active and UNAwheel Mini Basic wheelchair power add-ons in Los Angeles 2.jpg|thumb|A wheelchair with a lightweight power add-on attached]] [131] => The most recent generation of clip-on handcycles is fully electrical [[wheelchair power add-on]]s that use [[lithium-ion battery]], [[brushless DC electric motor]] and light-weight aluminium frames with easy to attach clamps to convert almost any manual wheelchair into electrical trike in seconds. That makes long-distance journeys and everyday tasks much easier and keeps wheelchair users hands clean. [132] => [133] => There have been significant efforts over the past 20 years to develop stationary [[wheelchair trainer]] platforms that could enable wheelchair users to exercise as one would on a [[treadmill]] or [[bicycle trainer]].{{Cite journal [134] => |last1=Langbein |first1=W Edwin |last2=Fehr |first2=Linda [135] => |title=Research Device to Preproduction Prototype: A Chronology [136] => |url=http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/93/30/4/pdf/langbein.pdf [137] => |journal=[[Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development]] |volume=30 |issue=4 |year=1993 |pages=436–42 |pmid=8158559 |issn=0748-7711 [138] => }}{{Cite journal [139] => |last1=O'Connor |first1=Thomas |last2=Fitzgerald |first2=Shirley G |last3=Cooper |first3=Rory A [140] => |last4=Thorman |first4=Tricia A |last5=Boninger |first5=Michael L [141] => |title=Kinetic and physiological analysis of the GameWheels system [142] => |url=http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/02/39/6/oconnor.html [143] => |journal=[[Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development]] |volume=39 |issue=6 |year=2002 |pages=627–34 |pmid=17943665 |issn=0748-7711 [144] => }} [145] => Some devices have been created that could be used in conjunction with virtual travel and interactive gaming similar to an [[omnidirectional treadmill]]. This convergence of virtual reality and a treadmill have been used for pediatric and adult rehabilitation to regain walking skills.{{Cite journal|last=Bittmann|first=Stefan|date=2021-06-01|title=Virtual Reality (VR) in Pediatrics: Innovative Perspectives With Special Reference To Clinical Applications and Pediatric Rehabilitation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.37191/mapsci-2582-385x-3(3)-070|journal=Journal of Regenerative Biology and Medicine|doi=10.37191/mapsci-2582-385x-3(3)-070|s2cid=236330182|issn=2582-385X}} [146] => [147] => In 2011, British inventor Andrew Slorance developed ''Carbon Black'' the first wheelchair to be made almost entirely out of carbon fibre{{cite web|url=http://www.medilink.co.uk/news/british_made_carbon_black_a_wheelchair_revolution_11-10-17.aspx |title=British made 'Carbon Black' a wheelchair revolution | News | Medilink, Yorkshire and Humber – British made 'Carbon Black' a wheelchair revolution |publisher=Medilink.co.uk |date=2011-10-17 |access-date=2012-11-19}}{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-15309885 | work=BBC News | title=London launch for Nairn firm's Carbon Black wheelchair | date=14 October 2011}} [148] => [149] => Recently, [[EPFL]]'s CNBI project has succeeded in making wheelchairs that can be controlled by brain impulses.{{Cite web|url=http://index.html/|title=CNBI – Defitech Chair in Brain-Machine Interface|access-date=2021-04-02|archive-date=2013-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813222110/http://index.html/|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.kurzweilai.net/nissan-teams-up-with-epfl-for-bmi-assisted-driving|title=Nissan teams up with EPFL for BMI-assisted driving|publisher=Kurzweil}}{{clear}} [150] => Interest in electric-powered wheelchairs that are able to climb stairs has increased over the past twenty years. Therefore, many [[Motorized wheelchair|electric wheelchairs]] with the ability to climb stairs have been developed. Electric-powered wheelchairs with climbing ability need to be stronger and have greater movement in comparison to an electric-powered wheelchair that cannot climb stairs. They must also be stable in order to prevent injury to the wheelchair user. There are currently a number of electric powered wheelchairs that are able to climb stairs available to purchase. Technical developments are continuing in this area.{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1177/1729881417721436|title = Electric-powered wheelchair with stair-climbing ability|year = 2017|last1 = Tao|first1 = Weijun|last2 = Xu|first2 = Junyi|last3 = Liu|first3 = Tao|journal = International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems|volume = 14|issue = 4|pages = 172988141772143|doi-access = free}} [151] => [152] => Experiments have also been made with unusual variant wheels, like the [[omniwheel]] or the [[mecanum wheel]]. These allow for a broader spectrum of movement, but have made no mass-market penetration. [153] => The [[electric wheelchair]] shown on the right is fitted with mecanum wheels (sometimes known as Ilon wheels) which give it complete freedom of movement. It can be driven forwards, backward, sideways, and diagonally, and also turned around on the spot or turned around while moving, all operated from a simple joystick. [154] => [155] => [156] => Beach wheelchair Netherlands.jpg|A beach wheelchair at a public beach in the Netherlands [157] => Snow wheelchair.jpg|A snow wheelchair at an outdoor park [158] => Leveraged wheelchair Kenya.jpg|A Leveraged Freedom Chair wheelchair user in Kenya. The chair has been engineered to be low-cost and usable on the rough roads common in developing countries. [159] => MecanumWheelchair.jpg|Wheelchair fitted with Mecanum wheels, taken at an Trade fair in the early 1980s [160] => [161] => [162] => === Other variants === [163] => Foot propulsion of a manual wheelchair by the occupant is possible for users who have limited hand movement capabilities or simply do not wish to use their hands for propulsion. Foot propulsion also allows patients to exercise their legs to increase blood flow and limit further disability. Users who do this commonly may elect to have a lower seat height and no footplate to better suit the wheelchair to their needs. [164] => [165] => Wheelbase chairs are powered or manual wheelchairs with especially [[Molding (process)|molded]] seating systems interfaced with them for users with a more complicated [[Human position|posture]]. A molded seating system involves taking a cast of a person's best achievable seated position and then either carving the shape from [[memory foam]] or forming a plastic mesh around it. This seat is then covered, framed, and attached to a wheelbase. [166] => [167] => A [[bariatric]] wheelchair is one designed to support larger weights; most standard chairs are designed to support no more than 250 lb (113 kg) on average. [168] => [169] => [[Pediatric]] wheelchairs are another available subset of wheelchairs. These can address needs such as being able to play on the floor with other children, or cater for children in large hip-spica casts due to problems such as hip dysplasia. [170] => [171] => ''Hemi wheelchairs'' have lower seats which are designed for easy foot propulsion. The decreased seat height also allows them to be used by children and shorter individuals. [172] => [173] => A [[knee scooter]] is a related device with some features of a wheelchair and some walking aids. Unlike wheelchairs they are only suitable for below knee injuries to a single leg. The user rests the injured leg on the scooter, grasps the handlebars, and pushes with the uninjured leg. [174] => [175] => Some walkers can be used as a wheelchair. These walkers have seat and foot plates, so an attendant can push while the patient is sitting on the walker. This is useful for a person who gets tired while walking with a walker, or has a limited walking range meaning the person can walk, but after a while, the person will collapse and fall to the ground. [176] => [177] => A commode wheelchair is a wheelchair made for the bathroom. A commode wheelchair has a hole in the seat so the user does not have to transfer into the toilet. Sometimes the hole can be covered. Sometimes there is a pan attached to the hole, so the user can urinate/defecate without having to wheel over the toilet. [178] => [179] => == Mobility and access == [180] => {{Stack| [181] => [[File:WheelchairRampAt2500AugustineBlvd.jpg|thumb|Wheelchair ramp and disabled parking space in [[California]]]] [182] => [[File:Wheelchair ramp Sejm Plenary Hall.JPG|thumb|upright|Wheelchair ramp in [[Sejm of the Republic of Poland|the Sejm]], lower chamber of the [[Polish parliament]] in [[Warsaw]]]] [183] => [[File:Gate for a wheelchair 1.jpg|thumb|A gate for wheelchairs in [[Hiroshima]]]] [184] => [[File:Wheelchair Playground Swing.jpg|thumb|upright|A wheelchair-swing on a playground in [[New Zealand]]]] [185] => [[File:Handicapped Accessible sign.svg|thumb|upright|The universal sign for [[disabled parking]]]] [186] => }} [187] => [188] => === Buildings === [189] => Adapting the built environment to make it more accessible to wheelchair users is one of the key [[Political campaign|campaigns]] of [[disability rights movement]]s and local equality legislation such the [[Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990]] (ADA). The [[social model of disability]] defines 'disability' as the discrimination experienced by people with impairments as a result of the failure of society to provide the adaptions needed for them to participate in society as equals. This includes both physical adaptions of the built environment and adaption of organizational and social structures and attitudes. A core principle of access is [[universal design]] - that all people regardless of disability are entitled to equal access to all parts of society like public transportation and buildings. A wheelchair user is less disabled in an environment without stairs. [190] => [191] => Access starts outside of the building, with the provision of reduced height kerb-cuts where wheelchair users may need to cross roads, and the provision of adequate wheelchair parking, which must provide extra space in order to allow wheelchair users to transfer directly from seat to chair. Some tension exists between access provisions for visually impaired pedestrians and wheelchair users and other mobility impaired pedestrians as textured paving, vital for visually impaired people to recognise the edge of features such as light-controlled crossings, is uncomfortable at best, and dangerous at worst, to those with mobility impairments. [192] => [193] => For access to public buildings, it is frequently necessary to adapt older buildings with features such as ramps or [[elevator]]s in order to allow access by wheelchair users and other people with mobility impairments. Other important adaptations can include powered doors, lowered fixtures such as sinks and water fountains, and accessible [[toilet]]s with adequate space and [[grab bars]] to allow the disabled person to transfer out of their wheelchair onto the fixture. Access needs for people with other disabilities, for instance visual impairments, may also be required, such as by provision of high visibility markings on the edges of steps and braille labelling. Increasingly new construction for public use is required by local equality laws to have these features incorporated at the design stage. [194] => [195] => The same principles of access that apply to public buildings also apply to private homes and may be required as part of local building regulations. Important adaptations include external access, providing sufficient space for a wheelchair user to move around the home, doorways that are wide enough for convenient use, access to upper floors, where they exist, which can be provided either by dedicated wheelchair lifts, or in some cases by using a stairlift to transfer between wheelchairs on different floors, and by providing accessible bathrooms with showers and/or bathtubs that are designed for accessibility. Accessible bathrooms can permit the use of mobile shower chairs or [[transfer bench]]es to facilitate bathing for people with disabilities. Wet rooms are bathrooms where the shower floor and bathroom floor are one continuous waterproof surface. Such floor designs allow a wheelchair user using a dedicated shower chair, or transferring onto a shower seat, to enter the shower without needing to overcome a barrier or lip. [196] => [197] => The construction of [[low floor]] [[tram]]s and [[bus]]es are increasingly required by law, whereas the use of inaccessible features such as [[paternoster lift]]s in public buildings without any alternative methods of wheelchair access is increasingly deprecated. Modern architecture is increasingly required by law and recognised good practise to incorporate better accessibility at the design stage. [198] => [199] => In many countries, such as the UK, the owners of inaccessible buildings who have not provided permanent access measures are still required by local equality legislation to provide 'reasonable adjustments' to ensure that disabled people are able to access their services and are not excluded. These may range from keeping a portable ramp on hand to allow a wheelchair user to cross an inaccessible threshold, to providing personal service to access goods they are not otherwise able to reach. [200] => [201] => === Vehicles === [202] => Public transit vehicles are increasingly required to be [[Accessibility|accessible]] to people who use wheelchairs. [203] => [204] => In the [[UK]], all single deck buses are required to be accessible to wheelchair users by 2017, all double-deck coaches by 2020. Similar requirements exist for trains, with most trains already incorporating a number of wheelchair-spaces. [205] => [206] => The EU has required airline and airport operators to support the use of airports and airliners by wheelchair users and other 'Persons with Reduced Mobility' since the introduction of EU Directive EC1107/2006. [207] => [208] => In [[Los Angeles]] there is a program to remove a small amount of seating on some trains to make more room for [[bicycle]]s and wheelchairs.{{cite web|last=Newton |first=Damien |url=http://la.streetsblog.org/2008/10/16/metro-making-room-for-bikes-on-their-trains/ |title=Metro Making Room for Bikes on Their Trains | Streetsblog Los Angeles |date=16 October 2008 |publisher=La.streetsblog.org |access-date=2012-11-19}} [209] => [210] => [[New York City]]'s entire bus system is wheelchair-accessible, and a multimillion-dollar renovation program is underway to provide elevator access to many of the city's 485 subway stations. [211] => [212] => In [[Adelaide]], [[Australia]], all public transport has provision for at least two wheelchairs per bus, tram or train. In addition, all trains have space available for bicycles. [213] => [214] => The [[Washington, D.C.]] Metro system features complete accessibility on all its subways and buses. [215] => [216] => In [[Paris]], [[France]], the entire bus network, i.e. 60 lines, has been accessible to wheelchair users since 2010.{{cite web|url=http://en.parisinfo.com/paris-map/disabled-people-access-transports/public-transport-accessibility/|title=Network of accessible Parisian buses; Paris: Public transport and accessibility |publisher=PARISINFO.COM The official website of the Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau |access-date=2013-05-27}} [217] => [218] => In the United States, a wheelchair that has been designed and tested for use as a seat in motor vehicles is often referred to as a "WC19 Wheelchair" or a "transit wheelchair". ANSI-RESNA WC19 (officially, SECTION 19 ANSI/RESNA WC/VOL. 1 Wheelchairs for use in Motor Vehicles) is a voluntary standard for wheelchairs designed for use when traveling facing forward in a motor vehicle. ISO 7176/19 is an international transit wheelchair standard that specifies similar design and performance requirements as ANSI/RESNA WC19. [219] => [220] => There are special vans equipped for wheelchairs. These vans are large and have a ramp on a side door or the back door, so a wheelchair can get inside the vehicle while the user is still in it. Some of the back seats will be removed and replaced with wheelchair security harnesses. Sometimes wheelchair vans are equipped so the wheelchair user can drive the van without getting out of the wheelchair. [221] => [222] => A vehicle can be equipped with hand controls. Hand controls are used when a person can not move their legs to push the pedals. The hand controls do the pushing of the pedals. Some racecar drivers are paralyzed and use hand controls. [223] => [224] => ===Public realm=== [225] => [[File:Footbridge Ramp - geograph.org.uk - 1215145.jpg|thumb|This footbridge includes a step-free ramp to assist wheelchair users.]] [226] => Some elements of the outdoor public realm present barriers to wheelchair use, such as grade-separated areas where no ramps are provided. UK guidance recommends a minimum width of 1.5m for a wheelchair user and an ambulant pedestrian to move side by side; with maximum ramp gradients of 8% for manual wheelchair use (5% is preferred).DfT Inclusive Mobility https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1044542/inclusive-mobility-a-guide-to-best-practice-on-access-to-pedestrian-and-transport-infrastructure.pdf [227] => [228] => == Distribution organizations == [229] => Several organizations exist that help to give and receive wheelchair equipment. Organizations that accept wheelchair equipment donations typically attempt to identify recipients and match them with the donated equipment they have received. Organizations that accept donations in the form of money for wheelchairs typically have the wheelchairs manufactured and distributed in large numbers, often in developing countries. Organizations focusing on wheelchairs include [[Direct Relief]], the [[Free Wheelchair Mission]], [[Hope Haven]], [[Personal Energy Transportation]], the [[Wheelchair Foundation]] and [[WheelPower]]. [230] => [231] => In the United Kingdom wheelchairs are supplied and maintained free of charge for non-ambulatory disabled people.{{cite book|title=Disability Rights handbook|date=2012|publisher=Disability Rights UK|location=London|isbn=9781903335567|edition=37}} [232] => [233] => == Seating systems == [234] => Wheelchair seating systems are designed both to support the user in the sitting position and to redistribute pressure from areas of the body that are at risk of [[pressure sore|pressure ulcers]].Garber, S.L. (1985) ''Wheelchair Cushions: A Historical Review.'' The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 39.7. pp.453-59. For someone in the [[sitting]] position, the parts of the body that are the most at risk for tissue breakdown include the [[ischial tuberosity|ischial tuberosities]], [[coccyx]], [[sacrum]] and [[greater trochanter]]s. Wheelchair cushions are the prime method of delivering this protection and are nearly universally used. Wheelchair cushions are also used to provide stability, comfort, aid posture and absorb shock.Ferguson-Pell, M. (1992) ''Choosing a Wheelchair System.'' Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. [https://books.google.com/books?id=E_1l8zfjAQwC&q=wheelchair+cushion&pg=PA49 p.49.] Wheelchair cushions range from simple blocks of foam costing a few pounds or dollars, to specifically engineered multilayer designs with costs running into the hundreds of pounds/dollars/euros. [235] => [236] => Prior to 1970, little was known about the effectiveness of [[wheelchair cushion]]s and there was not a clinical method of evaluating wheelchair seat cushions. Most recently, [[pressure imaging]] (or pressure mapping) is used to help determine each individual's [[pressure distribution]] to properly determine and fit a seating system.Eakin, P.A. Porter-Armstrong, A.P. & Stinson, M.D. (2003) ''Pressure mapping systems: reliability of pressure map interpretation.'' Clinical Rehabilitation 17: pp.504-511.Ferguson-Pell, M., Cardi, M. D. ''Prototype Development and Comparative Evaluation of Wheelchair Pressure Mapping System.'' Assistive Technology. Vol. 5, No. 2. pp.78-91Hanson, D., Langemo, D., Anderson, J., Thompson, P., Hunter, S. (2009) ''Can pressure mapping prevent ulcers?'' Nursing. Vol. 39. Issue 6. pp.50-51. [237] => [238] => While almost all wheelchair users will use a wheelchair cushion, some users need more extensive postural support. This can be provided by adaptions to the back of the wheelchair, which can provide increased rigidity, head/neck rests and lateral support and in some cases by adaptions to the seat such as pommels and knee-blocks. Harnesses may also be required. [239] => [240] => ==Accessories== [241] => There is a wide range of accessories for wheelchairs. There are cushions, cup holders, seatbelts, storage bags, lights, and more. [242] => A wheelchair user uses seatbelts for security or posture. Some wheelchair users want to use a seatbelt to make sure they never fall out of the wheelchair. Other wheelchair users use a seatbelt because they can not sit up straight on their own. [243] => [244] => ==Notable wheelchair manufacturers == [245] => * [[Everest and Jennings]] [246] => * [[Küschall]] [247] => * [[Otto Bock]] [248] => * [[Invacare]] [249] => * [[TiLite]] [250] => * [[Mogo Wheelchairs]] [251] => [252] => == See also == [253] => * [[Lift chair]] [254] => * [[Mobility scooter]] [255] => * [[Motorized wheelchair]] [256] => * [[Standing wheelchair]] [257] => * [[Wheelchair accessible van]] [258] => * [[Wheelchair DanceSport]] [259] => * [[Wheelchair ramp]] [260] => * [[Wheelmap.org]], [[Web mapping|web mapping project]] (collects information worldwide about [[wheelchair accessibility]] of places) [261] => [262] => == References == [263] => {{Reflist|2}} [264] => [265] => == External links == [266] => * {{Wiktionary-inline}} [267] => * {{Commons category-inline|Wheelchairs}} [268] => [269] => {{Health care}} [270] => {{Human-powered vehicles}} [271] => {{Disability navbox}} [272] => {{Authority control}} [273] => [274] => [[Category:Wheelchairs| ]] [] => )
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Wheelchair

Wheelchair is a device designed to assist people with mobility impairments in moving around and performing daily activities. It consists of a seat with wheels that can be manually self-propelled by the user or pushed by a caregiver.

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It consists of a seat with wheels that can be manually self-propelled by the user or pushed by a caregiver. The invention of the wheelchair dates back to ancient civilizations, but it gained significant advancements during the 20th century. The history section of the Wikipedia page delves into the origins of the wheelchair, discussing various early prototypes and examples found in ancient Egypt, Greece, and China. The page then describes the evolution of the wheelchair throughout history, including developments in design and materials. The Types and Features section explains the different types of wheelchairs available, such as manual and powered wheelchairs, as well as sports and beach wheelchairs. It also explores the various features and accessories that can be found in modern wheelchairs to enhance comfort and functionality. The Use and Benefits section highlights the importance of wheelchairs in improving the quality of life and independence of individuals with mobility impairments. It explains how wheelchairs enable people to participate in social activities, navigate environments, and access public spaces. Furthermore, the Wikipedia page outlines legal aspects and regulations surrounding wheelchair accessibility, including the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in the United States. It also touches upon the advancements in wheelchair technology, such as the development of robotic wheelchairs and exoskeletons. The Impact and Cultural Depictions section emphasizes the impact of wheelchairs on society and the representation of wheelchair users in popular culture. It cites notable wheelchair users and their contributions to various fields, as well as media portrayals of wheelchair users in films and literature. Finally, the page includes a section on Wheelchair Sports, discussing the emergence and popularity of adaptive sports for wheelchair users. It highlights notable wheelchair sports, such as wheelchair basketball, rugby, and racing, and their inclusion in international competitions like the Paralympic Games. Overall, the Wikipedia page on Wheelchair provides a comprehensive overview of the device's history, types, usage, and impact, aiming to educate readers about its significance in empowering individuals with mobility impairments.

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