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In Turnov, municipal representatives for ANO became non-affiliated, which led to the dissolution of the local organization of the movement, against the backdrop of internal pressures within the party and growing dissatisfaction with national politics. #ANO #politika #komunálnívolby (translated)

AFRICA DAILY REPORT — 26 OCTOBER 2026 1. DR CONGO — Ebola response worker killed and another seriously injured Importance: 10/10 — Critical The World Health Organization reported that attackers killed a nurse and severely injured another health worker responding to an Ebola alert in Bafwasende, Tshopo province, on Saturday. The attack was disclosed on Sunday. The suspects have not been identified. The violence further complicates outbreak control in Congo, where the health ministry has recorded more than 9,800 cases and 4,700 deaths since May. Source — Associated Press, 26 October 2026 https://apnews.com/article/congo-ebola-b739277681b530aef772cf66be7e41f0 2. UGANDA — Mandatory 21-day quarantine introduced for returnees from DR Congo Importance: 10/10 — Critical Uganda announced that citizens returning with recent travel history to DR Congo must quarantine for 21 days, at their own expense. The government also strengthened airport and border screening and required passenger locator forms. Uganda says it has no active Ebola outbreak. Officials are investigating the travel histories of infected patients who passed through Uganda before diagnosis in Kenya and Nigeria; no direct transmission link has been established. Source — Reuters, 25 October 2026 https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/uganda-impose-21-day-quarantine-returning-citizens-with-congo-travel-history-2026-10-25/ 3. GABON — Offshore drilling rig sinking leaves one reported dead, four missing Importance: 10/10 — Critical Borr Drilling's Prospector 5 rig sank off Mayumba during preparations for drilling. Reuters reported one worker found dead and four still missing among the 115 aboard, citing sources; Gabon's government had not yet confirmed the death. Preliminary information suggests a seabed punch-through destabilised the rig. Search operations continue, production was halted and officials ordered a technical investigation. No harmful discharge had been observed. Source — Reuters, 25 October 2026 (updated casualty information) https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/borr-drilling-rig-sinks-offshore-gabon-five-personnel-missing-2026-10-25/ 4. ALGERIA–NIGER — Parliament authorises potential Algerian military deployment Political/security development — Neutral coverage Algeria's parliament unanimously approved sending army units to Madama in northern Niger, near the Libyan border. No troops had officially deployed at the time of reporting. The move would mark Algeria's first overseas military deployment since 1973 and reflects closer security cooperation with Niger, where insurgent violence and shared energy infrastructure are major concerns. Source — Reuters, 25 October 2026 https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/algeria-send-troops-niger-first-foreign-deployment-since-1973-2026-10-25/ 5. LIBYA–UNITED STATES — Libya summons US envoy over presidential remarks Political/diplomatic development — Neutral coverage Libya's foreign ministry summoned the US chargé d'affaires after President Donald Trump characterised Libya negatively during a campaign rally. Authorities in both eastern and western Libya criticised the remarks. Trump subsequently expressed respect for Libyans while reiterating US concerns about irregular migration. The dispute has become a diplomatic issue amid Libya's divided domestic governance. Source — Reuters, 26 October 2026 https://www.reuters.com/world/us/libya-summons-us-envoy-protest-trump-remarks-2026-10-26/ 6. NIGER — Overnight petrol-sales restrictions imposed amid shortages Importance: 9/10 — Very High Niger restricted petrol sales from 21:00 to 06:00 except at designated stations, saying suppliers needed time to replenish stocks. A ban on selling fuel in jerry cans outside petrol stations also applies in areas served by stations. Long queues and transport disruption have affected residents and taxi drivers, whose union has requested exemptions or changes. Source — Africanews, 25 October 2026 https://www.africanews.com/2026/10/25/niger-imposes-curfew-on-petrol-sales-amid-national-fuel-shortage/ 7. GABON — Social media restored after eight-month suspension Political/digital-rights development — Neutral coverage Gabon restored access to major social platforms following a suspension imposed in February. The media regulator said the interruption had allowed changes to its oversight framework; users are now required to provide identification. Opposition figures and civil-liberties advocates had criticised the ban, while authorities argued stronger content regulation was necessary. Source — Africanews/AFP, 25 October 2026 https://www.africanews.com/2026/10/25/gabon-restores-social-media-access-after-an-eight-month-ban/ 8. KENYA — Red Cross reinforces Ebola safe-burial training after second death Importance: 9/10 — Very High Kenya Red Cross personnel conducted simulations of safe and dignified burial procedures after Kenya confirmed a second Ebola death. Officials reported nine infections, all linked to the initial patient, and 135 identified contacts. Seven confirmed patients remained in care, with no new cases reported outside Nairobi. The training addresses a high-risk stage of Ebola response. Source — Africanews, 25 October 2026 https://www.africanews.com/2026/10/25/red-cross-trains-staff-as-kenya-records-its-second-death-from-ebola/ 9. SOUTH AFRICA — Pick n Pay reduces first-half loss as turnaround advances Importance: 8/10 — High Retailer Pick n Pay reported that its first-half headline loss narrowed 31.9% to 299 million rand, while trading profit rose 58.1% to 490 million rand. Group turnover increased 2.4% to 60.5 billion rand, helped by discount retailer Boxer. The results indicate progress in restructuring, although the core Pick n Pay business remains under pressure. Source — Reuters, 26 October 2026 https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/south-africas-pick-n-pay-narrows-headline-loss-boxer-boosts-performance-2026-10-26/ 10. SOUTH AFRICA — Rand steady ahead of domestic data and US rate decision Importance: 7/10 — Significant The rand traded near 16.61 per US dollar in early Monday dealings, little changed from the previous close. Investors are awaiting South African money-supply, credit, trade, budget and producer-inflation data, as well as the US Federal Reserve's 28 October decision. The currency remains sensitive to global monetary policy and domestic growth indicators. Source — Reuters, 26 October 2026 https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/south-african-rand-steady-with-local-economic-data-fed-decision-focus-2026-10-26/ #AfricaNews #AfricaDailyReport #TopNewsOfAfrica #AfricaToday #Uganda #UgandaHealth #EbolaOutbreak #EbolaPrevention #EbolaQuarantine #21DayQuarantine #DRCongo #PublicHealth #BorderSecurity #HealthScreening #DiseasePrevention #SouthAfrica #SouthAfricaEconomy #PicknPay #RetailIndustry #BusinessTurnaround #CorporateEarnings #FinancialRecovery #AfricanBusiness #Algeria #Niger #AlgeriaNigerRelations #MilitaryDeployment #SahelSecurity #AfricanSecurity #WrldOrg

Antonio Vitiello reported that Milan had a day off and would train the following day at 11:15, before departing for England at 16:30. He added that a press conference with Amorim and Loftus-Cheek was scheduled for 19:15 and that a significant turnover was expected for the Europa League match against Bournemouth. #Bournemouth #Milan #EuropaLeague #calcio (translated)

RADIO ARC 101:“NEWSSTANDS, ‘ENDANGERED SPECIES’ LIKE CAFÉS: MONEY LOST AND HOPES FROM STANFORD” by NANDO SILVESTRI SOURCE: https://radioarc.it/edicole-razze-in-estinzione-come-i-bar-soldi-persi-e-speranze-da-stanford/ Newsstands are another repository of humanity and knowledge, in many respects similar to cafés, at least as far as the unfortunate fate that has befallen many of them is concerned. The smell of printed paper, coloured card, variegated covers, surprise packets and cellophane was an olfactory molasses that once intoxicated young and old alike and represented, at the same time, a sought-after destination for daily walks and pauses. Stopping by the newsstand meant drawing upon knowledge, entertainment, culture, imagination and creativity. All prerogatives lost on account of the shapeless and amorphous surrogates disseminated by the web. This is the principal reason for the cumulative and recurring closure of a great many Italian newsstands: in economics, one speaks of a sector in demand collapse. But it is not merely a newsstand that closes; a piece of the local and national economy closes with it. From 35,000 newsstands in 2005 to about 20,000 in 2024: -43%. With them goes direct turnover of over €400 million per year, but the real hole is the indirect economy that is never calculated. Each average newsstand in a small town generated distribution worth €15,000 per year in margins for local distributors, couriers, and printers. Moreover, the customer who bought the newspaper would have a coffee, buy a bus ticket, place a bet. Download the Medium App One must consider that without a newsstand, the village cinema loses its only physical promotional outlet, not to mention the losses in terms of advertising. When it closes, it is not only the newsagent who loses. The café loses, the driver loses, the printer loses. In Irpinia, over the last five years, Avellino has lost six newsstands, Ariano Irpino three, Sant’Angelo dei Lombardi two. The total loss in Irpinia amounts to about 22% of outlets. All this means that many of the closures mentioned above have deprived Irpinian cafés of several dozen customers, harming workers, distributors and suppliers. These are jobs that do not make the news, but they exist. Another hard blow inflicted upon the local and national economy in the name of a false progress that almost always favours the business of fixers and the usual suspects. However, what is happening in Puglia, a few kilometres from Irpinia, opens up scenarios of renewal based precisely upon the reconversion of disused newsstands. These are prospects so unique and innovative as to have aroused interest worldwide, especially at Stanford University. This is news of enormous significance that few news programmes have disseminated, in the name of a perennial pre-emption by technologies contemptuous of common sense, tradition and art. In San Severo, 40 km from Upper Irpinia, a newsstand abandoned for six years in Via Matteo Tondi became, on 27 March 2026, the Teatro-Edicola Foyer’97: six chairs, four square metres, an idea by Francesco Gavino. The well-received 10- to 15-minute shows have piqued the curiosity of Stanford University. Its academic journal, the Stanford Social Innovation Review [SSIR], has chosen the Teatro Edicola in San Severo as an international case study with the reportage “The Six-Seat Revolution”. Why is Stanford watching us? Because it has realised that those four square metres can once again generate indirect economic activity. Indeed, 60 spectators in an afternoon can become 60 coffees at the neighbouring café. With a symbolic ticket price of €5, we are talking about a cultural micro-economy. Not to mention the indirect income from tourists and journalists who arrive and frequent B&Bs and restaurants. It is the model Irpinia needs: not to leave the void, but to reconvert it virtuously. Every closed newsstand can become an information point, a micro-cinema, a service hub. Otherwise we shall continue to count only the lowered shutters, without counting the money that no longer circulates.

Antonio Vitiello reported that Amorim had said that Milan would make some rotations, adding that the criticism was normal in a club like the Rossoneri. According to Amorim, Camarda was ready to play, felt very confident, and loved wearing the Milan shirt. #Milan #Calcio #SerieA (translated)

Research by Estonian scientists shows that the long-term durability of paper depends on the degradation of its components and the level of moisture, highlighting that even dry paper can conceal hidden risks of hydrolysis and enzymatic degradation. #kodukontor #raimoülavere #hübriidtöö (translated)

Fraudsters from Turnov stole real estate and financial assets worth over 4.8 million crowns from a lonely and disabled senior citizen, with their actions being uncovered by staff at a healthcare facility, which led to an investigation and the filing of charges. #podvod #senioři #bezpečnost (translated)

Nephew is writing. Friends from the area of Turnov and Malá Skála, please take a look. I kindly ask for sharing! Today, October 1, 2027, between 8:27 and 8:30, this person came onto our property and stole a bicycle. Additionally, when leaving, he didn’t close the gate, so our dog ran away. Fortunately, we managed to find him and he is fine. I’m attaching a photo and video from the surveillance footage. If anyone recognizes this person or has any information, please send me a private message. We would really appreciate sharing this, so we can locate the individual. Thank you. #Přátelé #Sdílení #Bezpečnost (translated)

Jacquet, Da Cunha, Doué, Camavinga, Maignan, le pressing… Il y a beaucoup de motifs de satisfaction à sortir de ce match. Zidane a réussi son coup avec ce turnover inspiré. On a déjà hâte d’être au prochain match. Et ça, ça faisait un bon moment qu’on ne l’avait plus ressenti… #Football #Zidane #Matchday

"BLASTING NEWS ITALIA": SIX-SEAT REVOLUTION: FOGGIA'S NEWSSTAND THEATRE BECOMES A CASE STUDY AT STANFORD SOURCE: https://it.blastingnews.com/cultura-spettacoli/2026/09/rivoluzione-a-sei-posti-il-teatro-edicola-di-foggia-caso-studio-a-stanford-004141773.html SAN SEVERO (FG) - The Newsstand Theatre of San Severo, created from a disused news-stand, is a case study for Stanford University by Chiara Valentini The Newsstand Theatre of San Severo, in the province of Foggia, known as the smallest theatre in the world, has become a prestigious case study for Stanford University. The news, released on 19 September 2026, concerns the publication in the Stanford Social Innovation Review of the reportage entitled "The Six-Seat Revolution". The feature is entirely devoted to the innovative cultural project of the theatre company Foyer 97 and its artistic director, Francesco Gravino. The article, authored by the Foggia-born researcher Luciano Magaldi and supervised by editor David V. Johnson, appears in the magazine's Dispatches section. The Stanford Social Innovation Review is a publication that focuses on cross-sectoral solutions to global problems. The Apulian project, at the heart of this international recognition, was born from the transformation of a disused and abandoned site into a vibrant space dedicated to very small-scale theatrical performances. A six-seat stage for a unique experience The Newsstand Theatre is distinguished by its extremely small dimensions: it has just six chairs and occupies less than two square metres. Its innovative format provides for performances every 15 minutes, ensuring a high turnover of audiences. Attendance has been sold out, attracting a heterogeneous audience of young people and adults. This particular configuration drastically reduces the distance between actors and spectators, concentrating the theatrical experience in an intimate and original space created from a former news-stand. Francesco Gravino expressed his pride, linking this important recognition to the journey undertaken by the Foyer 97 company. The artistic director also mentioned the numerous requests to replicate the model received from other Italian cities, including Lucca and Rome. Gravino emphasised the urgent need to introduce specific regional regulations to facilitate the reconversion of disused sites into cultural activities, describing them as genuine "cultural outposts" for the community. Currently, Gravino and the company's actors are engaged in preparing the new programme. Foyer 97: thirty years of activity and new challenges The theatre company Foyer 97 is about to celebrate a significant anniversary. Francesco Gravino announced that "next year our company will be 30 years old", a milestone that will be celebrated with the introduction of some important innovations. This anniversary is closely linked to the resumption of activities scheduled for October and to the presentation of the new programme for the Newsstand Theatre. The "Stanford Social Innovation Review" reportage recalled that the Newsstand Theatre was inaugurated on the morning of 27 March 2026, coinciding with World Theatre Day. This event marked the beginning of a project that continues to generate interest and to demonstrate the potential of urban regeneration through culture.

Post di 4 anni fa, quando vi fu il primo allarme di Zelenzky sul “missile russo in Polonia” poi riconosciuto come incidente ucraino. Per la cronaca, negli anni successivi, nella sede Nato di Bruxelles è stato operato un “turnover” del personale, licenziando i dipendenti con #Zelensky #Russia #NATO #PL #UA #NATO #BE

What was the first Social Network in History? In Italy: Dada or InterNetWork City? SOURCE: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-first-social-network-history-italy-dada-city-sardella-ph-d--ngw2f/ When discussing technological primacy, historical precision is fundamental. Particularly when too many narratives from the web risk generating confusion. Contenuto dell’articolo Abstract This article critically analyses contemporary narratives on the origin of social networks, distinguishing between journalistic reconstructions and academic historiography. It clarifies that platforms such as Internetwork City and Dada/SuperEva, whilst innovative, cannot be defined as "first Italian social networks" according to criteria recognised by international research. The text reconstructs the genealogy of social media from early digital communities (Usenet, BBS) through to modern social networks, highlighting the anticipatory role of systems such as Plato. Finally, it demonstrates how certain Italian publications have attributed primacy unsupported by historical sources, underlining the necessity for a rigorous and documented approach. Keywords: digital historiography, Italian proto-social platforms, Internetwork City, Dada/SuperEva, origins of social networks In recent years, various narratives have circulated regarding the origin of social networks, some of which attribute primacy to projects that, while innovative, do not correspond to the effectively documented chronology. To reconstruct with precision the history of global social networks, it is necessary to begin with academic sources and verifiable testimonies, excluding retrospective reconstructions devoid of historical corroboration. But first and foremost, let us provide an encyclopaedic British definition: social media constitute a form of communication on online platforms through which users share information, ideas, personal messages and other textual and audio-visual content. This should not be confused with social networking, that is to say, the modalities by which Internet users construct virtual communities amongst themselves by sharing their textual and audio-visual content; social media, conversely, concerns web-based platforms that enable one to build a friendly, familial and professional audience. The earliest forms of social media appeared almost as soon as technology could support them: electronic mail and chat programmes débuted in the early 1970s, but the first virtual communities did not emerge. They did not emerge until the creation of the Usenet discussion group network in 1979: these permitted users to post and receive messages within thematic areas called newsgroups. Usenet and other discussion forums, such as privately hosted Bulletin Board Systems (BBS), allowed individuals to interact, but each was essentially a closed system. With the release in 1993 of the Mosaic web browser, those systems were provided with an easy-to-use graphical interface. Furthermore, the architecture of the World Wide Web made it possible to navigate from one site to another with a click, and faster Internet connections permitted richer multimedia content than that which could be found in text-heavy newsgroups. The First Modern Global Social Network: SixDegrees.com Contenuto dell’articolo As the prestigious Encyclopaedia Britannica cites, the first globally known companies to create modern social networks based on web technology were Classmates.com and SixDegrees.com. Between these two, in truth, the academic community and historians of digital media concur in identifying SixDegrees.com as the first true modern social network: it was the first to introduce the fundamental characteristics that would define the sector: personal profiles, friends lists and an integrated private messaging system. Indeed, Classmates.com, founded earlier in 1995, employed an aggressive advertising campaign with pop-ups to attract web browsers to its site based upon connections between students from secondary school and/or university classes, branches of the armed forces and places of work. SixDegrees.com was launched after it, in 1997, but with most of the functionalities that would characterise such social networks: members could create profiles for themselves, maintain friends lists and contact one another through the site's private messaging system. After claiming to have attracted more than three million users by the year 2000, it failed to translate those numbers of success into revenue as it subsequently collapsed along with numerous other internet companies when the dot-com bubble burst in the early 2000s. The First Italian Social Network: Which One? Contenuto dell’articolo In recent years, a widespread narrative has emerged on the web according to which the first Italian social network would have been Internetwork City, a project born in May 1995 from the intuition of Claudio Cecchetto with the technical guidance of Perl and Java programmer Marco Camisani Calzolari. Other sources from the websphere (the totality of all globally accessible websites) narrate of the Dada/SuperEva group as the first Italian social network. In the first case, it was certainly, for the era, a story of radio and digital innovation made in Italy: in this interview with Giornalettismo from 29 June 2022 given to Gianmichele Laino (https://www.giornalettismo.com/marco-camisani-calzolari-internetwork-city/), Internetwork City is defined as the "first social network in history made in Italy". Contenuto dell’articolo And reading further, the interviewee, Marco Camisani Calzolari, a contract university lecturer and radio-television communicator on digital themes, states: "In May 1995, in a basement in Via Melzi D'Eril, a truly revolutionary idea was being born. Behind it was the intuition of Claudio Cecchetto and the guidance of Marco Camisani Calzolari: Internetwork City is the first social network in the world, a space within which users managed to interact, in an era when the network was a place where possibilities for interchange were still a futuristic eventuality." And whilst in the pioneering basement of Via Melzi D'Eril in May 1995 Internetwork City was being born, perhaps unbeknownst to its inventors, in January 1995, a full four months earlier, DADA (Design Architettura Digitale Analogico) had already been born, another entirely Italian social network, founded by four young Florentine architects (Paolo Barberis, Alessandro Sordi, Jacopo Marello and Angelo Falchetti), as one reads on the ZeroUnoWeb portal. The four Florentine friends transformed their architecture studio into a company in which Barberis and Sordi drew in the other two entrepreneurs, spending all their savings on the purchase of computers and multimedia equipment. It was not simply a matter of creating yet another web portal but a true digital ecosystem that anticipated many functions of contemporary social networks: profiles, communities, interaction and shared content. This narrative of DADA, however, is "once again refuted" if we read the journalistic article in La Repubblica of 27 May 2021 bearing the signature of journalist Riccardo Luna, entitled "In Milan, Claudio Cecchetto (and Marco Camisani Calzolari) launch a social network," readable by clicking the following link: https://www.repubblica.it/tecnologia/2021/05/27/news/a_milano_claudio_cecchetto_e_marco_camisani_calzolari_lanciano_un_social_network-302961639/ Contenuto dell’articolo The subtitle echoes: "It was the first social network in history and it was born in Italy. And in 1995 the web had practically only just been born," in addition to "In May 1995 the first social network in history was born and it was born in Italy. Perhaps the first. Who knows. But if one considers that Facebook is from 2004, Second Life and MySpace from 2003, one understands perfectly well the enormity of what I have just written. In 1995 the web had practically only just been born." But here, strangely, the discourse is not entirely clear: if in the subtitle one asserts decisively "it was the first social network in history," why does one then read: "Perhaps the first. Who knows." It seems to me a contradiction, quite frankly. But let us leave the arduous decisional task to impartial readers. Therefore, let us proceed with the rest of the article: "In the meantime, in Italy someone constructs a social network. Who? Claudio Cecchetto. Yes, him, the author of Gioca Jouer, the inventor of Radio Deejay and of another way of making radio. He was also a pioneer of the Internet. In May 1995 he launches a social network called Internetwork City, the city of the Internet network. It had been built, one line of code after another, by a young programmer who, thanks to this story, would become a brilliant communicator of digital matters (for some time he has been one of the faces of Striscia la Notizia): Marco Camisani Calzolari. When he thinks back to those times, MCC becomes enthusiastic: 'It was a social network in every respect. A place where one could register, have a profile and speak with others. It was one of the first in the history of the web, and Claudio Cecchetto had invented it. He had conceived it whilst navigating with Videotel, but then the World Wide Web had arrived. At the time I worked as a programmer for a fashion company: I had learnt to do it by downloading the instructions for writing code in Perl and in Java from the BBSs that were on the network'." Contenuto dell’articolo From this it emerges that the idea for the project was supported by the media personality of Claudio Cecchetto and brought to fruition by programmer Marco Camisani Calzolari: the two pioneers of the Italian web have (also in this journalistic article) confirmed how InterNetwork City was, in their opinion, the first social network in the world created precisely in the Belpaese. But will this be objectively and impartially true according to the historical historiography of Internet history? To ascertain this, we must analyse academic historiographical sources: these lead us back to the surprising computational history of a great (and semi-unknown) precursor of social networks present as early as the 1960s and 1970s: Plato. PLATO: The Precursor of All Social Networks in the World Contenuto dell’articolo PLATO (Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations) represents one of the most fascinating cases of anticipatory technology in the history of computing: developed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 1960 by Donald L. Bitzer, this system initially had purely didactic purposes, but evolved rapidly, becoming a true digital social ecosystem decades before the advent of the Internet as we know it. It introduced the concept of "Personal Notes" in 1973, a system of forums organised by subject where users could post messages, reply and create structured discussions. This anticipated by over twenty years web forums and Usenet newsgroups in accessible form. The "Talkomatic" system, created in 1973 by Doug Brown, permitted simultaneous conversations between multiple users in separate channels. Each user saw the letters of other participants appear character by character as they were typed, creating an unprecedented immediate communication experience. "Personal Notes" functioned essentially as an internal email system, permitting private communications between system users, with storage and reply capabilities. Users could create "term-talk," personal messages visible to others, sharing thoughts, updates or information: a conceptual precursor of modern social media posts. Plato was not merely technology: it was a true community. Thousands of users, primarily university students, teachers and researchers, connected through dedicated terminals with characteristic plasma screens: To play: it hosted some of the first multiplayer video games in history, such as "Empire" (a precursor of space games), "Moria" (one of the first dungeon crawlers) and "Airfight" (multiplayer aerial combat). To socialise: friendships, romantic relationships and communities formed around shared interests. To collaborate: study groups, research projects and academic discussions flourished on the platform. Despite its innovative capabilities, Plato remained confined principally to the academic environment and to certain business applications for several reasons: Plato terminals were extremely costly and the system required powerful mainframes; and unlike the Internet, it was a closed system, centrally controlled; dedicated terminals or specialised connections were required, not available to the general public; and whilst the Internet developed on open protocols, Plato remained an isolated ecosystem. In conclusion: even though the unknown Community Memory (1973) preceded Plato as a publicly accessible social system but with more limited functionalities, Plato had social functionalities as early as 1973. It was the first true precursor of modern social networks, but in a technological context that was solely academic, not mass-market, owing to prohibitive costs and the extremely rare and extraordinarily slow computer connections of those years. Therefore, all the first prototypes and first social networks born from the 1990s onwards (including the Florentine project Dada/SuperEva and the InterNetwork City of Claudio Cecchetto and Marco Camisani Calzolari) reinvented the same concepts in a technological and economic context that permitted their planetary diffusion shortly before the advent of the new millennium. Now, given that we live in a context of great development of large language models upon which artificial intelligence is based, just out of curiosity, I shall ask Microsoft's chatbot, Copilot (in my opinion, the most reliable to date) what it thinks about the journalistic narrative of Giornalettismo and La Repubblica in favour of InterNetwork City; therefore, this is my question: "Is it correct to assert, impartially, that Internetwork City of Cecchetto and Camisani Calzolari was the 'first social network in history Made in Italy'?" The answer emerges from the following photographs. Contenuto dell’articolo Contenuto dell’articolo I now report word for word the text generated by the large language model (LLM) Copilot: "Here is the most balanced and rigorous answer that can be given today, based on available sources and digital historiography. Is it correct to define it as 'first social network in history Made in Italy'? 🧭 Brief answer No: it is not correct to assert it impartially as an ascertained historical fact. It is, however, correct to say that certain publications and certain protagonists of the era present it as such, while the academic community and international historiography on social networks do not recognise Internetwork City as 'first social network in history'. 🔍 What the sources say The Italian journalistic sources consulted present Internetwork City as: "the first social network in the world" (Giornalettismo) "the first social network in history and it was born in Italy... perhaps the first. Who knows." (La Repubblica) "the first social network" (Giornalettismo) These are, however, journalistic narratives, not historical classifications shared by international research. 🧠 Why it is not possible to assert it as an impartial historical fact To be recognised as 'first social network in history', a project must satisfy criteria shared by the scientific community, for example: technical definition of social network (user profile, network of contacts, persistent interaction, user-generated content, etc.) international academic recognition verifiable technical and historical documentation comparison with previous platforms (e.g. The WELL, 1985; Usenet, 1979; Minitel, 1982; GeoCities, 1994) Internetwork City does not appear in any international academic taxonomy of social networks, nor in reference works on the history of the web. The sources that define it as 'first social network' are interviews, popular articles and narrative reconstructions, not historical studies. 📌 What can be correctly asserted An impartial and accurate formulation could be: Internetwork City (1995), conceived by Claudio Cecchetto and developed by Marco Camisani Calzolari, is one of the first Italian experiments in interactive online community. Certain journalistic publications have described it as 'the first social network in history Made in Italy', but this definition is not recognised by international historiography on social networks. This sentence is balanced, truthful and does not attribute undemonstrable historical certainties." In summary: in the impartial opinion of Microsoft Copilot, the assertion according to which InterNetwork City "was the first social network in history and was born in Italy" is enunciated only as a journalistic narrative but has no corroboration in reality whatsoever, not being in any way supported by international academic historiography of the history of social networks. Now, however, other articles taken from websphere publications assert that the first (and true) Italian social network was, instead, conceived and created by the Dada group and subsequently through SuperEva in January 1995, anticipating by four months the aforementioned Milanese InterNetwork City. But let us read it all directly in the StartUp Italia article bearing the signature of writer Aldo V. Pecora, which I shall report from this link: https://startupitalia.eu/education/scuola/quando-prima-di-facebook-4-italiani-avevano-inventato-un-social-network-la-storia-di-dada-e-di-supereva/#:~:text=Alla%20base%20di%20questa%20visione,il%20valore%20aggiunto%20del%20sito. Contenuto dell’articolo "When Zuckerberg was still at college there were those who, in Italy, had already invented social networks. A story, that of SuperEva and, above all, of those four 'madmen' of Dada, that would truly deserve a film. A story that we today attempt to recount by making a leap backwards of twenty years, whilst those who wrote it, or rather, designed it, had with every evidence made a journey into the future. Dada, the Martians come from the future The 'back to the future' of Paolo Barberis and Alessandro Sordi begins in the early 1990s, as young students at the University of Florence. It is 1992 when they decide to go before the examination board without even a sheet of paper, a drawing, nothing. Only a computer and a multimedia project, one of the first in Italy and perhaps in Europe developed in 3D. 'The board remained closeted for over an hour — recalls Sordi today — and we didn't know whether shortly thereafter they would send us packing.' Instead it was a success and the beginning of an adventure. Barberis and Sordi involve two other friends, Jacopo Marello and Angelo Falchetti, spend all their savings on the purchase of PCs and multimedia equipment and together open an architecture studio: Dada, acronym for Design Architettura Digitale Analogica. How Dada connected Florence to the Internet Year 1995. Things change. Dada becomes a limited company: 20 million initial investment (the computers purchased for the architecture studio). And the project of creating a multimedia city, Florence, becomes that of bringing the city online. Few know it, but it was precisely Dada that connected the Tuscan capital to the Internet. ADSL and so-called broadband connections did not yet exist. What years, those years. Whilst Alessandro Sordi reviews them, on the telephone he betrays a little emotion: 'Commercial internet was beginning, the first nodes in Rome and Milan, but in Tuscany there was nothing. We decided to purchase the cable and brought the first CDN to Florence.' It is the era of providers, or rather, ISPs, and anyone who manages to make a client dialogue with a server can sell dial-up connection services. Sordi and partners involve family and friends. Everyone does everything: Barberis answers the telephone and provides help desk support, the others concern themselves with making professionals and companies understand the potential of the Internet and sell annual subscriptions at 249 thousand lire. The web that found (and changed) Dada These are the years of a single browser, Netscape Navigator. It was conceived by that same Marc Andreessen who today can be called literally papa by people like Zuckerberg and half of Silicon Valley. It is web 0.0, that before Google, where the search engines are Lycos, AltaVista, Yahoo. In Italy for a couple of years a gentleman from Cagliari by the name of Nichi Grauso, founder of Video On Line, has been putting tremendous amounts of money into the Internet, whilst in Milan Marco Negri and Stefano Quintarelli launch I.Net and Joy Marino ITNet. The national telephone company, SIP, is reborn under the acronym Telecom Italia. A monopoly that begins to creak with the launch by Olivetti of Italia Online and, above all, of the first Italian search engine, Arianna, which will soon find itself duelling with Virgilio, the first creation of the Matrix of Paolo Ainio, Carlo Gualandri and Marco Benatti. Dada understood before others in which direction the web would go. 'From there a business model was born — recounts Sordi — because the provider collected network subscription fees in advance and we used that money to finance research on web services, something that was science fiction for those years.' 'One world alone, one network alone' Science fiction that was the fortune of the group of Tuscan architects. After a year turnover rises to 500 million and Barberis's company delineates the future of the web: content and, above all, community. On the Internet there are not only professionals and companies but people, who begin to use it daily and to focus on groups, first in mailing lists and newsgroups, but shortly thereafter also on websites. Dada intuited before others that there is a market, certainly formless, like water, but immediately monetisable, thanks to advertising. A large public company, SMA 2002, enters the capital of the Florentine company, and together the two entities found one of the very first Italian advertising concessionaire companies entirely focused on the Internet. 1997: Dada's phase 2 begins. The government passes new communications regulation and the Florence provider obtains authorisation to scale its core business of Internet access across the entire national territory. Sordi recalls, smiling. These are the years in which one thinks of monetising another business, that of so-called 'housing'. In the meantime, someone already has his head in the future. It is Paolo Barberis, who imagines a network where beyond computers being connected, people above all can be connected amongst themselves. 'I had something of a mania for putting things in the right place with respect to the order they would have in the future,' he tells us. An order that according to Barberis passes through the 'desk metaphor'. 'Many years ago — he recalls — it was clear to me that soon we would move from our desktop, with file management, archive, rubbish bin et cetera towards a map. What today we call "map as a service". We started from connectivity but then gave services, and as architects we wanted to construct the new places. Design the house imagining the use that must be made of it every day, how many people will pass through it, with attention also to the smallest particular, to individual objects. Those who design must focus, because a house must be beautiful but must above all make us live well and better.' From SuperEva to the Stock Exchange At the base of this vision the birth, in 1999, of a website that would make the history of the Italian web: SuperEva. The first embryo of Dada's portal comprised a search engine and the famous guides, which would become the backbone and added value of the site. Because, as always, the true novelty at the beginning of every great experience is camouflaged in a little corner. Through the guides, Dada begins to create thematic micro-communities that stand thanks to advertising. From there onwards Dada will begin to churn out millions upon millions. Of euros and no longer of lire. The Dada ecosystem counts more or less one-fifth of Italian web traffic, has consolidated its own technological asset and encounters various investors along its path: 'Today we would call them angels — says Sordi — but at the time they were enlightened entrepreneurs.' It is they who will help the Tuscan company take the great step: the Stock Exchange. It is 29 June 2000 when Dada SpA is listed on the Nuovo Mercato index of Piazza Affari. An injection of liquidity that brings tens of millions into the coffers of the Florentine internet company. In a few months the employees become 400, and there is almost no longer room to keep them all, in what was once the headquarters of Libreria Cima. Meanwhile, Barberis & Co. also begin to keep an eye on the foreign market, searching for partnerships to internationalise. Always keeping their feet on the ground. It survives (magnificently) the dot-com bubble 'At the time — recalls Alessandro Sordi, who in Dada was Vice President — they told us "spend everything, spend everything immediately". The tendency was to spend all the money that the stock exchange had given you. We were prudent but at the same time aware that we should not buy to satisfy the stock exchange.' And they did well, because shortly thereafter the so-called dot-com bubble would burst, which saw illustrious giants like Cisco lose in one blow something like 86% of their own value. In parallel, many Italian ISPs were forced to close their doors, crushed by Telcos, which in the meantime took control of the connections market, sweeping away with one stroke of the sponge the 'old' dial-ups in favour of broadband. Few know, however, that there was also a gift that Dada had given to all employees: stock options. They were given to all, but truly all, from secretaries, to developers, to graphic designers, to sales. Today for startups they are called equity; at the time the options of quoted companies like Dada were real money. From provider to internet company But the vision, the maniacal passion for the creation and consolidation of vertical communities and the development of a second asset dedicated to B2B services allow Dada to sleep soundly. Sordi recalls: 'In large companies the concept of pivot is not a rigid thing. It was very natural to ask oneself daily "what is the best thing to do today".' Because it is a large startup where things happen, before others. And where you can make them happen. If the BlackBerry arrives in Italy, for example, it is thanks to them, who had direct contacts with RIM as well as with the greatest tech companies in the world. The startups conceived by employees They experiment, they have fun, and greatly so. They launch themselves into the market of paid services (music, ringtones, WAP), which will become the third pillar of the new Dada, and constitute a small internal incubator, Dada Lab: 'We didn't know it was called an incubator. Every six months we set up a process where employees could propose new ideas. Pitches were made but they weren't called pitches. We decided to carry forward the best project,' recounts Sordi. Projects that, once launched, were followed scrupulously: 'We received an hourly email, with the metrics of all the business models. There were systems hooked to the models that recorded every hour. In short, a sort of automatic Analytics that informed us constantly and in real time of the progress of individual projects. Something that we maintain today, albeit in different form (monitors attached to the walls, editor's note), in Nana Bianca.' The Dada ecosystem, recounted by those who lived it We are in the middle of the first decade of the 2000s. At that time Dada experiences the epoch of maximum splendour. It enters the digital asset of the RCS Group, and acquires various startups and companies, such as Register.it, the first Italian registrar, the Wireless Solutions of Massimo Ciociola (now CEO of Musixmatch), free hosting communities like Freeweb.org and then the Clarence portal, and then the first Italian blog platform, Splinder, the Blogo network and so many other companies that, all together, will compose the galaxy of the Dada Group. It is the startup that becomes increasingly 'a platform from which to launch services. There were people of great talent, with whom you enjoyed working, stimulating changes,' recalls Paolo Barberis, who when he goes back with memory transmits even telephonically a mixture of emotions between nostalgia and pride: 'Marco Argenti, who in Seattle at Amazon is head of AWS mobile, Amazon's store, Max Pellegrini, now head, in New York, of mobile entertainment at Real Networks (those of the noted Real Player, editor's note), and then again Antonio Tomarchio (founder of Beintoo), Francesca Lerario, Mariano Di Benedetto, Roberto Barberis (now CEO of 4W), Filippo Satolli (COO of Instal.com), Stefano Sordi (marketing director of Aruba), Carlo Meglio (CEO of Moqu Adv), David Casalini...' Disclaimer: David Casalini, a name that is not new to us at Startupitalia, given that he is also our publisher. At this point a telephone call with him is obligatory. 'I was 23 years old when I arrived at Dada,' recalls Casalini. 'I was truly in another world: I had my office in Empoli, which for me was already the office of a lifetime, a 16th-century tower with my beautiful Linux server... The dream of my life was to be able to run the Empoli provider (Empoli Net, editor's note).' Then, one day, the telephone call from Angelo Falchetti arrives. 'In short order I found myself managing a team of 30 people. All talents with whom working was a spectacle. Dada was doing what today startups are not doing; it grew continuously, 40–50–60 million. There was a moment in which Dada was hiring people all over the world, like Brian Buschmann, who today is head of the UX unit of Gucci.' David is truly a torrent in flood, he begins to reel off on the telephone (and then on Messenger) a series of names and anecdotes that becomes truly difficult even to manage to note down, let alone recount them all. When Dada was truly scaling, in the USA Much abroad, USA, above all. In 2005 Dada had already consolidated for at least a couple of years what without fear of contradiction can be considered the first Italian social network, amongst the largest in Europe: Incontri di SuperEva, a community for lonely hearts with 2 million members, when the various Facebooks and, above all, Tinder did not yet exist. Social networks are discussed, and we have proof in the slides (see above) that Marco Argenti and Paolo Barberis will bring to Dada-Day 2004 and 2005. Precisely when, across the ocean, an unknown Harvard student by the name of Mark Zuckerberg was attempting to explain, to an empty hall, a website called The Facebook. And again through Dada passes one of the first experiments in competition with iTunes and iPods. A joint venture, in the United States, with Sony: 'Dada US — recalls Barberis — made a merger uniting its own mobile assets with those of Sony.' A deal that generated turnover only in the USA of something like 100 million dollars. The Dada model: 'design it as if you were already living it' The former twenty-year-olds of Dada, in short, had become adults and seemed almost to transmit the idea of being a group of Martians come from the future: 'I believe — recalls Barberis — that our difference with respect to that historical moment lies in what then consolidated itself in the broader reasoning of design thinking: having answers in the short term, whilst you are executing things, with visionary work. Imagining how the world will be in a few years and trying to design it as if you were already living it. Making certain, in short, that things respond to a vision and do not remain circumscribed to something imminent and nothing more. A bit like making the digital agenda today: you can set yourself the objective of 10 things to do, or else first imagine how the country will be in 10 years and then begin to do things, to create the conditions that will take you there.' However, like every most beautiful love story, that of Dada with its founders will also end. From the progressive farewell of those who had given it birth to the sale to the Buongiorno group, passing through the dismemberments of the various assets. Thus it happens that, by a strange trick of fate, today what remains of SuperEva coexists under the same roof as historical competitors like Virgilio and Libero, reunited in the new Italiaonline galaxy. But that is another story. Now, for intellectual objectivity, I shall pose the same question that I posed earlier to Copilot, but regarding the Florentine narrative of Dada/SuperEva: "Is it correct to assert, impartially, that Dada/SuperEva was the 'first social network in Italy'?" The answer emerges from the following photographs. Contenuto dell’articolo Contenuto dell’articolo I now report word for word the text generated by the large language model (LLM) Copilot: "Here is the most balanced, rigorous and historically founded version of the answer — with punctual citations to the sources you requested. Is it correct to assert, impartially, that Dada/SuperEva was 'the first social network in Italy'? 🧭 Brief answer No: it is not correct to assert it as an objective historical fact. It is, however, correct to say that certain journalistic sources and communications of the era presented SuperEva as a 'social network', but international historiography and academic studies do not classify it as such, nor as 'first Italian social network'. 🔍 What the sources say The available sources show two levels of narrative: 1. Journalistic and corporate narrative (post-2004) In 2004 a Marketpress communiqué announced: 'The social network lands in Italy: it is called SuperEva.com and bears the Dada marque' This is a communicative and promotional definition, not a historical classification. StartupItalia, in an article from 2016, recounts the story of Dada and SuperEva as Italian pioneers of the social web, but in narrative tone: 'When Zuckerberg was still at college there were those who, in Italy, had already invented social networks.' Here too: narrative, not historiography. 2. Historical and academic sources International historical reconstructions of social networks (Boyd & Ellison, 2007; History of the Web; Internet Histories) do not include SuperEva amongst the foundational social networks. Furthermore, Dada itself — in corporate reconstructions — describes SuperEva as: • a portal • a community • a content aggregator • a system of personal spaces and web services but not as a social network in the technical sense (profile, network of contacts, feed, structured interaction). Example: ZeroUno defines Dada as 'the most important Italian player for communities and social networks', but referring to the subsequent period and to the overall ecosystem, not to SuperEva as 'first social network'. 🧠 Why it is not correct to define it as 'first Italian social network' To be recognised as such, the following would be required: • technical criteria (profile, explicit social network, feed, internal messaging, declared relationships) • academic recognition • comparison with previous platforms (Clarence, 1996; C6, 1997; Digiland, 1999; Italian IRC and BBS communities already active from the 1980s–1990s) SuperEva does not satisfy these criteria and is not recognised as 'first Italian social network' by any academic or historical source. 📌 What can be asserted in an impartial and correct manner A balanced formulation could be: SuperEva (1999), developed by Dada, was one of the largest Italian portals and communities of the era. Certain journalistic sources and corporate communications presented it as a 'social network', but this definition is not recognised by international historiography nor can it be considered, in the technical sense, the first Italian social network. This sentence is accurate, documentded and does not attribute unsupported historical certainties." In summary: neither the Dada/SuperEva project nor InterNetwork City can be individually classified as "the world's (or Italy's) first social network", given that precursors to such platforms already existed, such as the aforementioned case of PLATO in the 1970s. Moreover, internet history confirms that Dada.it (1995) and SuperEva (1999) came to serve over 30 million private users and 500,000 companies across 11 countries: SuperEva became a veritable "mythical place" of the Italian web, one of the first major communities in the Bel Paese, while Dada transformed into a multinational corporation listed on the Stock Exchange from 2000 to 2018. Conversely, InterNetwork City (1995), created by Marco Camisani Calzolari with Claudio Cecchetto, remained a pioneering, experimental project, without a diffusion comparable to the major portals that followed, and never achieved the scale or notoriety of SuperEva. In this context, finally, we return to the matter of official digital historiography and the international academic taxonomy of social networks, which have never officially recognised the respective journalistic/corporate narratives that we have sought to document impartially in this article. In conclusion, at the international academic and digital historiographical level: The first social network in the pioneering computing history of the 1960s–1970s was Plato. The first modern social network was SixDegrees.com. In Italy in the 1990s, both InterNetwork City and Dada/SuperEva can be defined as the first two pioneering experiments of the Italian social web (of precocious, innovative and anticipatory nature in the Belpaese), whilst not being recognised by international historiography as 'true and proper social networks' in the modern sense.

🚨 Une convention et un poste ne suffisent pas : la vérité sur les partenariats santé-collectivités 📒 Des partenariats efficaces entre collectivités locales et services de santé : enseignements d'une région défavorisée de Sydney, Australie ✍️ International Journal of Health Policy and Management (IJHPM), Kerman University of Medical Sciences - MARS 2026 Auteur·es : Karla Jaques, Raquiba Jahan Khan, Christopher Browne, Maria Beer, Karen Wardle, Jennie Pry, Susan Gibbeson, Edith Barnes, Tim Hayes, Patrick Harris — équipe rattachée principalement au Centre for Health Equity Training, Research and Evaluation (UNSW) et au South Western Sydney Local Health District (SWSLHD). Capsules Audio de Pratiques en Santé 🎙️🎥 https://www.pratiquesensante.com/blog/pratiques-15/des-partenariats-efficaces-entre-collectivites-locales-et-services-de-sante-enseignements-d-une-region-defavorisee-de-sydney-australie-6115 🔍💡 Partenariats santé-collectivités : quatre cas australiens révèlent que la convention et le poste dédié sont des points de départ, pas des garanties. Sans portage politique durable ni financement stable, le maillon se fragilise. 🧩 Des leçons directement transposables aux CLS et démarches intersectorielles. Analyse de Pratiques en Santé et lien vers la source ℹ️➕ https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13338731/pdf/ijhpm-15-9045.pdf 📌 Ce document décortique, à partir de quatre partenariats réels, ce qui fait tenir — ou vaciller — une collaboration structurée entre une collectivité et un service de santé. Il ne s'arrête pas au « il faut travailler ensemble » : il montre qu'une convention formalisée et un poste dédié sont nécessaires mais insuffisants sans portage hiérarchique, plans de travail partagés et temps long. Pour quiconque anime un CLS, un ASV ou un projet « santé dans toutes les politiques », c'est un miroir précis des mécanismes concrets (financement croisé, statut du poste, turnover, cloisonnements sectoriels) et un argumentaire solide pour pérenniser les fonctions de coordination. 🇬🇧: Effective partnerships between local councils and health services: lessons from a disadvantaged region of Sydney, Australia - https://www.pratiquesensante.com/en/blog/practices-15/des-partenariats-efficaces-entre-collectivites-locales-et-services-de-sante-enseignements-d-une-region-defavorisee-de-sydney-australie-6115 #️⃣ #Intersectorialité #SantéDansToutesLesPolitiques #ContratLocalDeSanté #DéterminantsDeSanté #UrbanismeFavorableSanté #GouvernanceTerritoriale #ÉquitéEnSanté #pratiquesensante

Staff turnover is rampant under Trump, with insidious results — Each seat left to an acting official is one he can fill on his own terms without the Senate’s advice and consent: no vetting, no confirmation hearing, no vote https://t.co/kBoJjCu313 #StaffTurnover #TrumpAdministration #PoliticalAppointments #US